1、定语从句1. 定语从句中的引导词及其在从句中的作用所作成分代替人代替物代替人或物主语whowhichthat宾语whom/whowhichthat定语whose/of whomwhose/of whichIs he the man who/that wants to see you? 他是那个想见你的男人吗？(who/that在从句中作主语)He is the man whom/that I saw yesterday. 他就是我昨天见的那个人。(whom/that在从句中作宾语)The man whom you spoke to just now is our English teacher
2、. 刚才和你说话的那个男人是我们的英语老师。The package(which/that)you are carrying is about to come unwrapped. 你拿的那个包裹快要散开了。(which/that在从句中作宾语)A child whose parents are dead is called an orphan. 双亲都死了的孩子叫作孤儿。(whose表示那个孩子的双亲)He lives in a room whose window faces south. 他住在那个窗户朝南的房子里。(whose表示那个房子的窗户)2. 关系代词that和which的用法区别
3、情况说明只用that不用which先行词是不定代词或由不定代词修饰时先行词是序数词、形容词最高级或被其修饰时先行词被the very，the only等修饰时主句是以which，what，who开头的特殊疑问句时先行词既有人也有物时两个定语从句中一个关系代词用which，另一个要用that只用which不用that引导非限制性定语从句时关系代词前有介词时先行词本身是that时It is the best film(that)I have seen.这是我看过的最棒的电影。He is the very man that they are looking for.他正是他们在寻找的人。They t
4、alked of things and persons that they remembered in the school.他们谈到他们记得的学校的那些人和事。3. 关系代词as引导限制性定语从句的用法（1）as既可指人又可指物，在定语从句中充当主语、宾语等，引导限制性定语从句时的固定搭配：the same .as .；such .as .；so/as .as .She is such a nice girl as we all like.她是一个我们大家都喜欢的好女孩。【注意】This is such a beautiful park that everyone wants to visi
5、t it.这是一个如此漂亮的公园以至于每个人都想去参观。This is such a beautiful park as everyone wants to visit.这是一个如此漂亮的每个人都想去参观的公园。句由于从句中不缺少任何语法成分，故从句在这个结构中为结果状语从句。句从句中动词visit缺少宾语，故应用关系代词as引导定语从句。（2）the same .as与the same .that的区别： This is the same pen as I bought yesterday. 这和我昨天买的那支钢笔一样。This is the same pen that I bought y
6、esterday.这就是我昨天买的那支钢笔。1. In the cafe, customers will enjoy themselves in the historical environment what is created for them.【答案】what改为that/which【解析】本句考查定语从句。先行词environment 在从句中做主语，指物，关系代词用that/which。故把what改为that/which。1. 常用的关系副词：when，why，where(在从句中只作状语)2. 意义及作用关系副词先行词在从句中的成分when名词，表时间时间状语why名词，表原因原
7、因状语where名词，表地点地点状语Ill never forget the day(that/which)we spent together last week.我将永远不会忘记上周我们一起度过的那一天。Ill never forget the day when I got to know you.我将永远不会忘记我认识你的那天。I dont like the way(that/in which)he talks.我不喜欢他谈话的方式。Do you know the reason why(for which)he was so sorry?你知道他那么难过的原因吗？【注意】 在口语和非正式场
8、合, when, where和why或相当于关系副词的 “介词which”结构可用that来代替并可省略。 Do you know anywhere (that) I can get a drink? 你知道在哪儿我能喝杯酒吗？why或that引导的定语从句, 先行词是reason, 且reason又作主句 主语时, 表语从句不能用because引导, 而要用that引导。其句型 为：The reason why.is that.或The reason that.is that.。 The reason why he was late for school was that he was in
9、jured in the traffic accident on his way to school. 他上学迟到的原因是他在上学路上的交通事故中受伤了。The reason that he explained at the meeting was that he had to look after his mother in hospital. 他在会上解释的原因是他不得不去照顾他住院的母亲。 “地点模糊”的先行词后跟where引导的定语从句。当先行词为 point, situation, conditions, case, position, stage, scene, spot, act
10、ivity, family, job等表示某人/物所处的情况、发展的 阶段或表达某事的某个方面时, 用where引导定语从句, where 相当于from which, under which等, 表示“在这种情况下”, “从中”等。 Were just trying to reach a point where both sides will sit down together and talk. 我们只是尽力想能达到双方共同坐下来商谈的地步。3. 关系代词与关系副词的选择依据考虑代替先行词的关系词在从句中充当的语法成分, 如果关系词在从句中作主语、表语、宾语和定语, 就用关系代词；如果关系
11、词在从句中作状语, 就用关系副词。The house where he lives needs repairing. which/that he lives in 他住的房子需要修理。Have you asked her for the reason that/which my explain her absence? why she was absent? 你是否问过她缺席的原因？辨别先行词表示的是人、物、时间、地点还是原因。 I dont like the man who always speaks ill of others. 我不喜欢总是说他人坏话的人。 I will never fo
12、rget the days when we worked together. 我永远也忘不了我们在一起工作的日子。判断从句是限制性还是非限制性定语从句。A dictionary is a book that gives the meanings of words. 词典是解释词语意思的书。A dictionary is a book, which gives the meanings of words. 词典是一本书, 它给出词语的意思。判断关系词在从句中作宾语还是作状语, 取决于定语从句中的谓语动词。This is the point where I disagree. 这就是我不同意的地方
13、。(disagree为不及物动词, 故关系词用where。)This is the point (which/that) I disagree with. 这就是我不同意的地方。(从句缺少介词with的宾语, 用that/which引导, 也可以省略)We have entered into an age _ dreams have the best chance of coming true. A. whichB. whatC. whenD. that【答案】C【解析】考查定语从句。句意：我们已经进入到了一个时代，在这个时代梦想实现的机会最大。句中先行词为an age（一个时代），且先行词在
14、从句中做时间状语，所以关系词用when。 故选C。【易错提醒】当先行词是时间名词时，既可以用when引导定语从句，也可以用that或which引导定语从句，关键要看关系词在从句中作何种成分。若关系词在定语从句中充当状语，用when引导；若关系词在从句中充当主语或宾语，则用that或which引导。如：Do you remember the days when we chatted with each other all night?你还记得我们整夜聊天的那些日子吗？（when在从句中作状语）Do you remember the days that/which we spent togethe
15、r on the farm?你还记得我们在农场一起度过的那些日子吗？（that或which作spent的宾语）一、有时从句中的介词可以提前到关系代词之前，形成介词关系代词结构，关系代词可以用which，whose，whom，不可以用that。介词关系代词引导定语从句常见的有以下几种结构：（1）介词关系代词Mandela was the black lawyer to whom I went for advice.Mandela was the black lawyer whom I went to for advice.曼德拉是我寻求帮助的一位黑人律师。 （2）名词/代词/数词介词关系代词He
16、 wrote a book, the name of which Ive completely forgotten.他写了一本书，书名我完全给忘记了。The old man has two daughters, both of whom are doctors.那位老人有两个女儿，她们都是医生。（3）形容词最高级介词关系代词China has thousands of islands，the largest of which is Taiwan.中国有成千上万的岛屿，其中最大的是台湾。 （4）介词关系代词名词I called him by the wrong name，for which mi
17、stake I apologized.我叫错了他的名字，为此我向他表示了歉意。(不能使用whose)二、介词关系代词结构中介词的选用1.一般来说，确定关系代词前的介词，可以从以下三方面入手：先行词的意义；从句中的动词或形容词与先行词的固定搭配；句子的意思。Ill never forget the time during which I spent my childhood in the country. 我永远不会忘记孩童时代我在乡村度过的时光。2. 表示整体和部分关系，介词常用of。在some，any，few，none，all，both，neither，most，each等代词或数词的前、后
18、可以用of which/whom。John invited about 40 people to his wedding，most of whom are family members. 约翰邀请了大约40人参加他的婚礼，他们当中绝大部分是家庭成员。3.有时介词where可以引导定语从句，此时要和介词which引导的定语从句从意思上加以区别。His head soon appeared out of the window，from where he saw nothing but trees. 他的头很快从窗口探了出来，从那里除了树木他什么也看不到。(from where相当于from out
19、 of the window，而不是from the window)三、 of whom, of which与whose的用法解析。1. whose的用法whose引导定语从句, 后应紧跟名词, 构成名词短语。The boy, whose father is an engineer, studies very hard. 那位小男孩学习很努力, 他的父亲是位工程师。whose引导定语从句时, 先行词既可指人, 也可指物。The bicycle, whose brake was damaged, has now been repaired. 那辆自行车的闸坏了, 现在已修好了。whose在定语从
20、句中与它所修饰的名词一起可作介词宾语, 可以与介词一起放在先行词与从句之间。在whose引导的定语从句中, 可用of which代替whose, 但词序不同, 即“whose名词the名词ofwhich”；而用of whom代替时只能指人, 有时可以与whose互换。The boss, in whose factory Marys father once worked, is kind to her. 老板对玛丽很好, 玛丽的父亲曾经在他的工厂工作过。He lives in the room whose window (the window of which) faces south. 他住在
21、窗户朝南的房间里。2. 下列情况只用of which或of whom, 而不用whose引导定语从句。定语从句的主语是some, many, few, little, much, most等词时，用of which/whom，不用whose。Here are the questions, some of which I thought difficult for you. 就是这些问题，我认为其中一些对你来说有难度。Present at the meeting were almost experts on DNA, most of whom came from the USA. 出席会议的大多
22、是DNA专家, 其中大部分来自美国。定语从句的主语是all, both, neither, each, none等词时，用of which/whom，不用whose。He has two sons, both of whom are doctors. 他有两个儿子，都是医生。I bought him two pieces of clothing, neither of which he likes. 我给他买了两件衣服, 他一件也不喜欢。定语从句的主语是表示数量的词时，用of which/ whom，不用whose。Here are many books, two of which he bo
23、rrowed. 这儿有许多书，他借走了两本。This semester our school offers many optional courses for the students, _ appeals to many students.A. each of which B. all of whomC. each of whom D. all of which【答案】A【解析】考查介词+关系代词形式定语从句。句意：这学期我们学校为学生开设了很多选修课，每一门课都吸引了很多学生。本句为定语从句修饰先行词courses，且先行词在从句中做主语，指物，故用关系代词which，故排除B、C选项；又
24、因从句中谓语动词appeals为第三人称单数形式，故此处应为强调“每一门”，故选A。一、可以引导非限制性定语从句的引导词大部分可以引导限制性定语从句的关系词也可以引导非限制性定语从句，但是关系代词that和关系副词why通常除外。1. 关系代词which先行词通常是指物的名词或代词，其中先行词还可以是短语或整个句子。The villa, which we saw yesterday, is very beautiful. 我们昨天看的别墅很漂亮。（which指代the villa）Tom was always late for school, which made his teacher an
25、gry. 汤姆上学总是迟到，这一点令他的老师很生气。（which指代整个主句的内容）2. 关系代词who,whom与whose先行词指人时，who在引导的非限制性定语从句中作主语，whom作宾语，whose作定语。Bobs father, who worked on the project, spent four years in Egypt. 鲍勃的父亲从事这项工程，在埃及度过了四年。（who作主语）A young man had a new girlfriend, whom he wanted to impress. 一个年轻的小伙子新交了一个女朋友，他想给她留下深刻的印象。（whom作宾
26、语）I decided to write about Chaplin, one of whose films I had seen several years before. 我决定写有关卓别林的文章，他的一部电影我几年前就看过了。（whose作定语）3. 关系副词when与where关系副词在所引导的非限制性定语从句中作状语，where表示地点，when表示时间。Next month, when youll spend your summer holidays in your hometown, is approaching. 下个月即将来临，届时你们将在家乡度暑假。（when指代表示时间的
27、名词短语next month，并作从句的状语。）She is going to live in Macao, where she has some close friends. 她要到澳门去居住，在那里她有几个密友。（where指代表示地点的名词Macao，并在从句中作状语。）4. asas可以引导非限制性定语从句，常有正如的意思，所引导的从句既可置于主句之前， 也可置于主句之后。as多用于固定搭配中：as is known to all众所周知as has been said before如前所说as is often the case情况常常如此as may be imagined这可以想
28、象得出as has been pointed out正如已经指出的那样as often happens这种情况常常发生as is mentioned above 正如上面所提到的As you know, David is a photographer. =David, as you know, is a photographer. = David is a photographer, as you know. 戴维是名摄影师，你是知道的。（as引导非限制定语从句，指代整个主句的内容。）【易混辨析】as与which引导非限制性定语从句时的区别aswhich指代指代整个主句所表达的内容既可指代整个
29、主句的内容，又可指代主句中的一部分位置as引导的非限制性定语从句可以放在主句之前、句中或主句之后which引导的非限制性定语从句只能放在主句之后意义常常有正如，正像，关于这一点的含义which引导的从句常常说明主句的情况，和主句往往有逻辑上的因果关系。which的意思相当于and thisAs we know, smoking is harmful to ones health. 众所周知，吸烟有害健康。（as引导定语从句，位于句首，指代整个主句内容）Allen has made much progress in English, which delighted us. 艾伦英语取得了很大进步
30、，这使我们很高兴。（which引导定语从句，相当于and this，表示因果关系）二、限制性定语从句与非限制性定语从句的区别限制性定语从句非限制性定语从句意 义起限定作用，指特定的人或物，从句不可省略，否则原句句意不完整仅作补充或说明，若去掉从句，主句意思完整结构要求紧跟先行词，从句与先行词之间不加逗号用逗号与先行词或主句隔开功 能修饰先行词修饰先行词或整个主句引导词所有的关系代词及副词关系代词或关系副词，但是关系代词that及关系副词why除外省略情况关系代词在限制性定语从句中作宾语时可以省去非限制性定语从句的所有关系词均不可省The house, which we bought last
31、month, lies in the center of the city. 那套房子位于市中心，是我们上个月买的。（非限制性定语从句，不表明有多少套房子）The house (which/that) we bought last month lies in the center of the city. 我们上个月买的那套房子位于市中心。（限制性定语从句，暗含可能有若干套房子之意）Now Irene Astbury works from 9am to 5pm daily at the pet shop in Macclesfield, _62_ she opened with her lat
32、e husband Les.【答案】where【解析】考查非限制性定语从句。分析句子结构可知，先行词为the pet shop，在非限制性定语从句中作opened一词的宾语，故用which。一、定语从句中需注意的问题1. 当先行词为表示方式的the way时，从句不能用how来引导，应用that或in which，或将它们全部省略。2. as引导限制性定语从句时，常用于下列句式中：such名词as .像一样的；the same名词as .和同样的。3. 当先行词是time时，若time表示次数，应用that引导定语从句，并且that可以省略；若time表示一段时间讲，应用when或at/dur
33、ingwhich引导定语从句。This is the second time(that)the president has visited the country. 这是这位总统第二次访问这个国家。This is at a time when/during which there were no radios，no telephones or no TV sets.这是在一个没有收音机，没有电话，也没有电视的时代。4. 定语从句中的主谓一致当关系代词在从句中作主语时，从句中谓语动词的数原则上要与先行词保持一致，但要注意以下几点：先行词是one of复数名词结构时，关系代词引导的定语从句中的谓语
34、动词一般用复数形式；但如有the very，the only，the first，the last，the right等修饰one时，谓语动词用单数。This is one of the most interesting questions that have been asked. 这是被问过的最有意思的问题之一。She is the only one of the girls who studies hard. 她是这些女孩中唯一一个刻苦学习的。二、定语从句与地点状语从句的区别当定语从句的引导词与地点状语从句的连接词都是where时，定语从句修饰、限制、说明地点名词；而状语从句则说明动作发
35、生的地点，where没有对应的地点名词或代词。This is the place where we used to live a few years ago. 这就是几年前我们常居住的地方。（定语从句）Lets go where we can find a better job. 我们到我们能找到更好工作的地方去吧。（地点状语从句）三、定语从句与强调句型的区别定语从句对名词或代词的修饰和限制，关系词可能是that, which, as, who, but, 另一方面，句子中的It有所指；而强调句型是对某部分加强语气，强调语气的连接词只能是that, who，并且句子中的It 没有任何意义；一般
36、比较明显，而有时就难以区别，还需要根据上下文的语境来判断。It is a book that he wants.它究竟是强调句型还是定语从句，就要从语境上来考察。如果它是用来回答What is this / that? 这样的问题，意思是：它是一本他想要的书。句子显然是定语从句。如果是用来回答What does he want? 这样的问题，那么意思是：他想要的是一本书。显然，句子是强调句型。1.Their child is at the stage_ she can say individual words but not full sentences.A. whyB. whereC. wh
37、ichD. what【答案】B【解析】考查定语从句。句意：他们的孩子正处于能说单个单词而不能说完整句子的阶段。句中she can say individual words but not full sentences是一个定语从句，先行词是the stage，关系词在定语从句中作地点状语，用关系副词where，故选B。2.One afternoon where I was in primary school, I was walking by the school playground.【答案】One afternoon I was in primary school, I was walki
38、ng by the school playground.【解析】考查定语从句。先行词one afternoon表示时间在定语从句中作状语，所以关系词使用when。故将where改为when。3. Now Irene Astbury works from 9am to 5pm daily at the pet shop in Macclesfield， _62_ she opened with her late husband Les.【答案】where【解析】考查非限制性定语从句。分析句子结构可知，先行词为the pet shop，在非限制性定语从句中作opened一词的宾语，故用which。
39、4. They were well trained by their masters _64_ had great experience with caring for these animals.【答案】who【解析】考查定语从句。句意：它们被他们的主人训练地很好，它们的主人在照顾这些动物方面很有经验。先行词为masters（主人），且从句缺主语。故关系词填who。5. On the edge of the jacket, there is a piece of cloth _58_gives off light in the dark.【答案】that/which【解析】考查定语从句。这是
40、个限制性定语从句，先行词是cloth，指物，从句中缺少主语，因此，可以用that或which引导。故填that/which。6. The students benefitting most from college are those _9_ are totally engaged(参与)in academic life.【答案】who/that【解析】考查定语从句。句意：从大学中获益最多的学生是那些完全投入学术生活的学生。_3_ are totally engaged(参与)in academic life.是定语从句，修饰先行词those，空格处在句中作主语，代指人，故填who或that。
41、7. Self-drivingisanarea_Chinaandtherestoftheworldareonthesamestarting line.A. that B. whereC. which D. when【答案】B【解析】考查定语从句。句意：自动驾驶是一个中国和世界其它国家都在同一起跑线的领域。句中先行词为area，在从句中作地点状语，故用关系副词where，相当于in which。故选B。8. Kate, _sister I shared a room with when we were at college, has gone to work in Australia.A. wh
42、om B. thatC. whose D. her【答案】C【解析】考查定语从句关系词。句意：凯特已经去澳大利亚工作了。我们在大学的时候，我和她的姐姐共住一室。分析句子，句中先行词为Kate，在非限定性定语从句中作名词sister的定语，故用关系代词whose。故选C。9. She and her family bicycle to work, _ helps them keep fit.A. which B. who C. as D. that【答案】A【解析】考查非限制性定语从句。句意：她和家人骑自行车去上班，这有助于她们保持健康。_ helps them keep fit是非限制性定语从
43、句，该从句修饰整个主句，引导词在从句中作主语，故该从句应用关系代词which引导。A选项正确。10. By boat is the only way to get here, which is _ we arrived.A. where B. when C. why D. how【答案】D【解析】句意：乘船是到达这里唯一的途径，这就是我们如何到达的。分析which引导的非限定性定语从句可知，后面为表语从句。分析句意可知，这里用连接副词how引导表语从句，充当方式状语，表示如何。故选D。11. The little problems _ we meet in our daily lives ma
44、y be inspirations for great inventions.A. that B. as C. where D. when 【答案】A【解析】考查关系词。句意：我们在日常生活中遇到的小问题可能就是伟大发明的灵感。此句是定语从句，从句缺少宾语，先行词是problems，用that。I. 单项填空1 Youll find taxis waiting at the station you can hire to reach your host family.AwhereBwhichCby whichDon which【答案】B【解析】考查定语从句。句意：你会发现出租车在车站等着你，你
45、可以雇出租车去接你的寄宿家庭。分析句子结构知，先行词为taxis，定语从句中缺少宾语，且taxis为物，故用which引导定语从句。故选B项。2 Almost every day we come across situations _ we have to make decisons one way or another.AthatBwhereCwhatDwhich【答案】B【解析】考查定语从句连接词。句意：几乎每天我们都会遇到这样或那样的情况，我们不得不做出决定。本句为定语从句修饰先行词situation，且先行词在从句中做地点状语。故应用关系副词where。故选B。3 _break the
46、 law should be punished”he shouted.ASomeoneBAnyoneCWhoeverDThose who【答案】D【解析】考查定语从句。句意：“那些犯法的人应该受到惩罚，”他喊道。根据语境判断，本题的主语部分需由从句充当，A、B均不符合要求，可排除。whoever引导名词性从句时，谓语动词必须是单数形式，与题干不符，故应排除C选项，所以答案为D。4Do not talk about such things _ you do not understand.AthatBwhichCasDwhere【答案】C【解析】考查连接词。句意：不要谈论你不懂的事情。固定句式“.
47、such+名词+as+名词或从句”，as引导定语从句,代指先行词things,在定语从句中做understand的宾语。故选C。5 He wrote a letter _ he explained what had happened in the accident.Aon whichBthatCin whichDhow【答案】C【解析】考查定语从句。句意：他写了一封信，信中他解释了事故中发生的一切。此处为定语从句，先行词为a letter，in the letter表示“在信中”，所以此处用介词in+关系代词which，故C项正确。6This was returned because the
48、person _ this letter was addressed had died three years ago.Ato whomBto whichCwhichDwhom【答案】A【解析】考查介词+关系代词。句意：这封信被退回来是因为收信人三年前去世了。分析句子可知，the person为先行词，在后面的定语从句中，作介词的宾语，而定语从句中涉及be address to sb“给写信”。所以介词为to。故A选项正确。7Yangzhou, _the amazing gardens capture the hearts of visitors, has been modernizing i
49、ts transportation.AwhoseBwhichCof whichDof whom【答案】C【解析】考查介词+关系代词。句意：扬州，以其令人惊叹的园林抓住了游客的心，正在实现交通现代化。分析句子可知，此句为非限制性定语从句，关系代词of which在定语从句做定语，相当于the amazing gardens of Yangzhou.故选C。8 The land is known for a historic site with beautifully colored walls, _are painted the events of the past.Aof whichBfrom
50、 whereCon whichDabout where【答案】C【解析】考查介词+which引导的定语从句。句意：这片土地以拥有美丽的彩色墙壁历史遗址而闻名，墙上画着过去发生的事情。这里是定语从句和倒装句结合在一起考，句子正常的语序是the events of the past are painted on the wall, 所以应该是on which。9As to the “996 work schedule”, _ employees work from 9 am to 9 pm, 6 days a week, Peoples Daily commented that valuing h
51、ard work does not mean forcing employees to work overtime.AthatBwhichCwhereDwhen【答案】C【解析】考查关系副词。句意：在“996工作时间表”中，员工每周工作六天，从早上9点工作到晚上9点，人民日报评论说，重视努力工作并不意味着强迫员工加班。分析句子可知， “996 work schedule”为先行词，在后面的定语从句中，作地点状语，所以关系副词为where。故C选项正确。10He is confident, _ in my opinion, is most important in society.AhowBwh
52、ichCthatDwhat【答案】B【解析】考查非限定性定语从句。句意：他很自信，在我看来，这是在社会上最重要的。此处为非限定性定语从句，关系词指代前面的内容，在从句中作主语，故B项正确。II. 语法填空阅读下面短文，在空白处填入1个适当的单词或括号内单词的正确形式。If you only got six hours shut eye last night, there is no need 1 ( lose )sleep over it.Scientists say that though it is 2 (wide) believed that we need eight hours of
53、 sleep a night, six to seven hours is the natural amount.Advising short-sleepers to rest easy, the US researchers say, 3 (have) important implications(暗示,含义) for the idea that we need to take sleeping pills because sleep has been reduced from 4 (it) natural level by the widespread use of electricity
54、, TV, the Internet and so on.The lead author of a study, Ghandi, said: “Theres the 5 (expect) that we should all be sleeping for eight or nine hours a night, and if we took away modern technology, we would be sleeping more. But now, for the first time, we are showing thats not 6 truth.”Most of those
55、 7 were studied slept for less than seven hours a night, with the average amount just six hours and 25 minutes. This is much less than the eight hours often 8 (recommend) in western societies.Despite this, the people studied were in good health, 9 lower rates of obesity(肥胖症), better blood pressure a
56、nd 10 (healthy) hearts than people in industrialised societies. They were also fitter.【语篇解读】这是一篇说明文。研究表明：和八小时的睡眠相比，一个晚上六到七个小时的睡眠更好。1. to lose 【解析】考查固定句式。There is no need to do sth.是固定句式，意为“没有必要做某事”，故填to lose。2. widely 【解析】考查副词。该空修饰动词believe，需用副词，故填widely。3. has 【解析】考查时态和主谓一致。句意：建议睡眠不足的人放松休息对我们需要服用安眠
57、药的想法有重要意义。根据下文可知，该句应用一般现在时态。且主语为动名词，谓语动词应该用第三人称单数形式，故谓语动词应该用第三人称单数形式，故填has。4. its 【解析】考查代词。句意：由于电力、电视、互联网等的广泛使用，睡眠已从其自然水平上减少了。 该空修饰后面的名词level，应该用形容词性物主代词，故填its。5. expectation 【解析】考查名词。句意：人们期望我们每晚睡八到九个小时，如果我们将现代科技拿开，我们就会睡得更多。该题【解析】考查There be+n.结构，该空作表语，因此应该填名词。且根据“There be+n.结构中，be动词和n.保持形式上的一致”原则，该空
58、应该填单数名词expectation。6. the 【解析】考查冠词。句意：我们第一次证明这不是事实。truth经常和定冠词the连用，故该空填the。7. who 【解析】考查定语从句。句意：大多数接受研究的人每晚睡眠时间不到7个小时，平均睡眠时间只有6小时25分钟。_7_were studied是定语，修饰those，指人，引导词在从句中作主语，当先行词为those时，引导词只能用who。故填who。8. recommended 【解析】考查非谓语动词。句意：这比西方社会经常推荐的8小时要少得多。该空作定语，修饰the eight hours，the eight hours和recommend之间是被动关系，需用过去分词作定语，故填recommended。9. with 【解析】考查介词。句意：尽管如此，与工业化社会的人相比，研究人员身体健康，肥胖率更低，血压水平更好，心脏更健康。该空后面是三个名词，且该空表示伴随情况，故该空填介词with。10. healthier 【解析】考查比较级。句意：尽管如此，与工业化社会的人相比，研究人员身体健康，肥胖率更低，血压水平更好，心脏更健康。该空修饰名词hearts，应用形容词。且根据前文的lower，better可知，该空应该填healthy的比较级，故填healthier。
