1、【KS5U原创】阅读理解特训：3真2模含解析2014届高三英语二轮突破18C8 2013湖北卷 EA German study suggests that people who were too optimistic about their future actually faced greater risk of disability or death within 10 years than those pessimists who expected their future to be worse.The paper, published this March in Psychology
2、 and Aging, examined health and welfare surveys from roughly 40，000 Germans between ages 18 and 96.The surveys were conducted every year from 1993 to 2003.Survey respondents (受访者) were asked to estimate their present and future life satisfaction on a scale of 0 to 10, among other questions.The resea
3、rchers found that young adults (age 18 to 39) routinely overestimated their future life satisfaction, while middleaged adults (age 40 to 64) more accurately predicted how they would feel in the future.Adults of 65 and older, however, were far more likely to underestimate their future life satisfacti
4、on.Not only did they feel more satisfied than they thought they would, the older pessimists seemed to suffer a lower ratio (比率) of disability and death for the study period.“We observed that being too optimistic in predicting a better future than actually observed was associated with a greater risk
5、of disability and a greater risk of death within the following decade，” wrote Frieder RLang, a professor at the University of ErlangenNuremberg.Lang and his colleagues believed that people who were pessimistic about their future may be more careful about their actions than people who expected a rosy
6、 future.“Seeing a dark future may encourage positive evaluations of the actual self and may contribute to taking improved precautions (预防措施)，” the authors wrote.Surprisingly, compared with those in poor health or who had low incomes, respondents who enjoyed good health or income were associated with
7、 expecting a greater decline.Also, the researchers said that higher income was related to a greater risk of disability.The authors of the study noted that there were limitations to their conclusions.Illness, medical treatment and personal loss could also have driven health outcomes.However, the rese
8、archers said a pattern was clear.“We found that from early to late adulthood, individuals adapt their expectations of future life satisfaction from optimistic, to accurate, to pessimistic，” the authors concluded.67According to the study, who made the most accurate prediction of their future life sat
9、isfaction?AOptimistic adults. BMiddleaged adults.CAdults in poor health. DAdults of lower income.68Pessimism may be positive in some way because it causes people _Ato fully enjoy their present lifeBto estimate their contribution accuratelyCto take measures against potential risksDto value health mor
10、e highly than wealth69How do people of higher income see their future?AThey will earn less money.BThey will become pessimistic.CThey will suffer mental illness.DThey will have less time to enjoy life.70What is the clear conclusion of the study?APessimism guarantees chances of survival.BGood financia
11、l condition leads to good health.CMedical treatment determines health outcomes.DExpectations of future life satisfaction decline with age.【要点综述】 本文是一篇议论文，主要讲述对未来过于乐观的人将面对残疾或死亡的巨大危险。在研究中，研究人员发现，年轻人对未来过于乐观，中年人对未来的预测很准确，而老年人相对低估。随着年龄的增长，人们对未来的预测越来越现实。67B 细节理解题。根据第四段中的“while middleaged adults (age 40 to
12、 64) more accurately predicted how they would feel in the future.”知，中年人对未来预测得更准确。故B正确。68C 细节理解题。根据第六段中的“people who were pessimistic about their future may be more careful about their actions ”知，对未来悲观的人可能在行动时更小心、更谨慎。句中的be more careful about与take measures against potential risks一致。故C正确。69A 细节理解题。根据第八段
13、中的“respondents who enjoyed good health or income were associated with expecting a greater decline.”知，身体好、收入高的人认为，他们的收入在未来将会下降，即挣的钱少了。故A正确。70D 推理判断题。根据最后一段中的内容可知，研究人员认为有一点很清楚：从少年到成年，每个人都在调整自己对未来生活的满意度，从乐观，到适度到悲观。故D正确。C82013江苏卷 CIf a diver surfaces too quickly，he may suffer the bends.Nitrogen(氮)dissol
14、ved(溶解)in his blood is suddenly liberated by the reduction of pressure.The consequence，if the bubbles(气泡)accumulate in a joint，is sharp pain and a bent bodythus the name.If the bubbles form in his lungs or his brain，the consequence can be death.Other airbreathing animals also suffer this decompressi
15、on (减压) sickness if they surface too fast：whales, for example.And so, long ago, did ichthyosaurs.That these ancient sea animals got the bends can be seen from their bones.If bubbles of nitrogen form inside the bone they can cut off its blood supply.This kills the cells in the bone，and consequently w
16、eakens it，sometimes to the point of collapse.Fossil(化石) bones that have caved in on themselves are thus a sign that the animal once had the bends.Bruce Rothschild of the University of Kansas knew all this when he began a study of ichthyosaur bones to find out how widespread the problem was in the pa
17、st.What he particularly wanted to investigate was how ichthyosaurs adapted to the problem of decompression over the 150 million years.To this end, he and his colleagues traveled the worlds naturalhistory museums, looking at hundreds of ichthyosaurs from the Triassic period and from the later Jurassi
18、c and Cretaceous periods.When he started, he assumed that signs of the bends would be rarer in younger fossils, reflecting their gradual evolution of measures to deal with decompression.Instead，he was astonished to discover the opposite.More than 15% of Jurassic and Cretaceous ichthyosaurs had suffe
19、red the bends before they died，but not a single Triassic specimen(标本)showed evidence of that sort of injury.If ichthyosaurs did evolve an antidecompression means, they clearly did so quicklyand, most strangely, they lost it afterwards.But that is not what Dr Rothschild thinks happened.He suspects it
20、 was evolution in other animals that caused the change.Whales that suffer the bends often do so because they have surfaced to escape a predator (捕食动物)such as a large shark.One of the features of Jurassic oceans was an abundance of large sharks and crocodiles，both of which were fond of ichthyosaur lu
21、nches.Triassic oceans，by contrast，were mercifully shark and crocodilefree.In the Triassic, then, ichthyosaurs were top of the food chain.In the Jurassic and Cretaceous，they were prey(猎物)as well as predatorand often had to make a speedy exit as a result.61Which of the following is a typical symptom o
22、f the bends?AA twisted body.BA gradual decrease in blood supply.CA sudden release of nitrogen in blood.DA drop in blood pressure.62The purpose of Rothschilds study is to see _Ahow often ichthyosaurs caught the bendsBhow ichthyosaurs adapted to decompressionCwhy ichthyosaurs bent their bodiesDwhen ic
23、hthyosaurs broke their bones63Rothschilds finding stated in Paragraph 4 _Aconfirmed his assumption Bspeeded up his research processCdisagreed with his assumption Dchanged his research objectives64Rothschild might have concluded that ichthyosaurs _.Afailed to evolve an antidecompression meansBgradual
24、ly developed measures against the bendsCdied out because of large sharks and crocodilesDevolved an antidecompression means but soon lost it【要点综述】 本篇为科普说明文，讲述鱼龙患减压病的原因和后果。Dr Rothschild通过实验推翻了关于鱼龙进化的一些猜测。61A细节理解题。根据the bends可定位到首段。由“The consequenceis sharp pain and a bent bodythus the name.”可知答案，a ben
25、t body和a twisted body是同义转换。由第二句的“Nitrogen dissolved in his blood is suddenly liberated by the reduction of pressure.”可知，这是说the bends的形成原因，故C、D项错，而B项文章没有提及。62B推理判断题。题干中的关键词是Rothschilds study，由此可定位到第三段的前两句。根据“to find out how widespread the problem was in the pastto investigate was how ichthyosaurs ada
26、pted to the problem of decompression”可知答案为B。63C推理判断题。根据第四段“he assumed that signs of the bends would be rarer in younger fossils, reflecting their gradual evolution of measures to deal with decompression.Instead, he was astonished to discover the opposite.”可知，Rothschild的假设结论与在研究过程中得出的结果是相反的，故选C项。64A推
27、理判断题。根据倒数第二段可知，Rothschild认为鱼龙在进化过程中反减压方式进化失败，故选A项。C82013江西卷 CMany people think that listening is a passive business. It is just the opposite. Listening well is an active exercise of our attention and hard work. It is because they do not realize this, or because they are not willing to do the work, t
28、hat most people do not listen well. Listening well also requires total concentration upon someone else. An essential part of listening well is the rule known asbracketing. Bracketing includes the temporary giving up or setting aside of your own prejudices and desires, to experience as far as possibl
29、e someone elses world from the inside, stepping_into_his_or_her_shoes. Moreover, since listening well involves bracketing, it also involves a temporary acceptance of the other person. Sensing this acceptance, the speaker will seem quite willing to open up the inner part of his or her mind to the lis
30、tener. True communication is under way. The energy required for listening well is so great that it can be accomplished only by the will to extend oneself for mutual growth.Most of the time we lack this energy. Even though we may feel in our business dealings or social relationships that we are liste
31、ning well, what we are usually doing is listening selectively. Often we have a prepared list in mind and wonder, as we listen, how we can achieve certain desired results to get the conversation over as quickly as possible or redirected in ways more satisfactory to us. Many of us are far more interes
32、ted in talking than in listening, or we simply refuse to listen to what we dont want to hear.It wasnt until toward the end of my doctor career that I have found the knowledge that one is being truly listened to is frequently therapeutic(有疗效的). In about a quarter of the patients I saw, surprising imp
33、rovement was shown during the first few months of the psychotherapy(心理疗法), before any of the roots of problems had been uncovered or explained. There are several reasons for this phenomenon, but chief among them, I believe, was the patients sense that he or she was being truly listened to, often for
34、 the first time in years, and for some, perhaps for the first time ever.66. The phrase “stepping into his or her shoes” in Paragraph 2 probably means _A. preparing a topic list first B. focusing on ones own mindC. directing the talk to the desired results D. experiencing the speakers inside world67W
35、hat is mainly discussed in Paragraph 2?A. How to listen well. B. What to listen to.C. Benefits of listening. D. Problems in listening.68According to the author, in communication people tend to _A. listen actively B. listen purposefully C. set aside their prejudices D. open up their inner mind69Accor
36、ding to the author, the patients improved mainly because _A. they were taken good care of B. they knew they were truly listened toC. they had partners to talk to D. they knew the roots of problems70What type of writing is the article likely to be?A. Science fiction. B. A news report. C. A medical re
37、port. D. Popular science.【要点综述】 本文主要介绍了倾听的好处，并通过自己作为医生的亲身体验说明倾听对于病人来说是最好的疗法。66. D考查词意猜测。由画线短语所在句前部分“to experience as far as possible someone elses world from the inside”可推出画线短语应该是“走进说话者的内心世界”的意思。67. A考查段落大意。由第二段的内容以及第二段第一、二句“Listening well also requires total concentration upon someone else. An esse
38、ntial part of listening well is”可知此段主要讲述了如何才能听得好。68. B考查细节理解。由第三段第二句“what we are usually doing is listening selectively.”可知在交流中我们倾向于有选择地也就是有目的地听。69. B考查细节理解。根据最后一段第一句“one is being truly listened to is frequently therapeutic(有疗效的)”可知真正被倾听是最有疗效的医治方法。70. D考查推理判断。综观全文，本文主要说明了倾听的好处，故此篇文章应该属于通俗(大众)科普类文章。C
39、82013辽宁卷 CHere is an astonishing and significant fact: Mental work alone cant make us tired.It sounds absurd.But a few years ago, scientists tried to find out how long the human brain could labor without reaching a stage of fatigue(疲劳)To the amazement of these scientists, they discovered that blood
40、passing through the brain, when it is active, shows no fatigue at all! If we took a drop of blood from a day laborer, we would find it full of fatigue toxins(毒素) and fatigue products.But if we took blood from the brain of an Albert Einstein, it would show no fatigue toxins at the end of the day.So f
41、ar as the brain is concerned, it can work as well and swiftly at the end of eight or even twelve hours of effort as at the beginning.The brain is totally tireless.So what makes us tired?Some scientists declare that most of our fatigue comes from our mental and emotional(情感的) attitudes.One of England
42、s most outstanding scientists, JA. Hadfield, says, “The greater part of the fatigue from which we suffer is of mental origin.In fact, fatigue of purely physical origin is rare.” Dr.Brill, a famous American scientist, goes even further.He declares, “One hundred percent of the fatigue of a sitting wor
43、ker in good health is due to emotional problems.”What kinds of emotions make sitting workers tired? Joy? Satisfaction? No! A feeling of being bored, anger, anxiety, tenseness, worry, a feeling of not being appreciatedthose are the emotions that tire sitting workers.Hard work by itself seldom causes
44、fatigue.We get tired because our emotions produce nervousness in the body.64What surprised the scientists a few years ago?AFatigue toxins could hardly be found in a laborers blood.BAlbert Einstein didnt feel worn out after a days work.CThe brain could work for many hours without fatigue.DA mental wo
45、rkers blood was filled with fatigue toxins.65According to the author, which of the following can make sitting workers tired?AChallenging mental work.BUnpleasant emotions.CEndless tasks.DPhysical labor.66Whats the authors attitude towards the scientists ideas?AHe agrees with them.BHe doubts them.CHe
46、argues against them.DHe hesitates to accept them.67We can infer from the passage that in order to stay energetic, sitting workers need to _Ahave some good foodBenjoy their workCexercise regularlyDdiscover fatigue toxins【要点综述】 本文是议论文，主要讲科学家们发现大脑本身能不知疲倦地工作许多小时，导致我们疲劳的不是脑力工作本身，而是一种令人不愉快的情感，所以我们在工作中应该保持
47、愉快的心情。64C细节理解题。根据第一段中“But a few years ago, scientists tried to find out how long the human brain could labor without reaching a stage of fatigue.”可知大脑能不知疲倦地持续工作许多小时。65B细节推断题。根据最后一段中“No! A feeling of being bored, anger, anxiety”说明是一种令人不愉快的情绪导致疲劳。66A推理判断题。根据第一段中“Here is an astonishing and significant fact”和最后一段最后两句的描述可知，作者完全赞同科学家的看法。67B推理判断题。既然“一种令人不愉快的情绪会导致疲劳”，那么为了保持活力，sitting workers要享受他们的工作。
