1、第七讲 冠词、介词 一 冠词高考感悟A 组 单句语法填空12019全国卷Of _ nineteen recognized polar bear subpopulations,three are declining,six are stable,one is increasing,and nine lack enough data.the 考查冠词。此处特指确认的 19 个亚种群，故用定冠词 the。22019全国卷When we got a call saying she was short-listed,we thought it was _ joke.a考查冠词。joke“笑话，玩笑”，是
2、可数名词。空格后用了单数joke，故其前用 a。32019浙江卷Everybody wears _ same style of clothes.Uniforms can be useful in unexpected ways.the 考查冠词。此处特指校服的款式相同，the same.“相同的”，故填 the。42018全国卷Im walking on a path in the forest in the Central African Republic.Unexpectedly,Im face-to-face with the gorilla,who begins screaming a
3、t _ top of her lungs.That makes her baby scream,and then a 400-pound male appears.the 考查冠词。at the top of“在的顶部”，为固定搭配。52017全国卷As _ result,people will eat more food to try to make up for that something missing.a 固定短语 as a result 表示“结果”，句意为：结果，人们将吃更多的食物去弥补损失的东西故填 a。62018全国卷Corn production has jumped ne
4、arly 125 percent over _ past 25 years,while rice has increased only 7 percent.the 考查固定搭配中的定冠词。over the past 25 years“在过去的 25 年里”。72017浙江卷Its not all that hard to build an advanced and large vocabulary.Like many things in life,its _ ongoing process,and the best part of the process is that theres enou
5、gh room for improvement,which means youll just keep getting better and better.an 考查冠词。此处表示积累词汇是一个持续的过程，又因为单词ongoing 的发音以元音音素开头，故填不定冠词 an。B 组 单句改错12019全国卷Each of my cafes will have a different theme and an unique style._anaunique 是读音以辅音音素开头的单词，其前用 a，不用 an。类似的词还有 university,European,useful 等。22018 全国卷
6、During my last winter holiday,I went to countryside with my father to visit my grandparents._countryside 前加 thecountryside 意为“农村；乡下”，与 the 连用。32017全国卷In the summer holiday following my eighteenth birthday,I took driving lessons.I still remember how hard first day was._first 前加 the 或 my由于序数词 first 前应
7、该用定冠词 the 或者用限定词进行修饰，故first 前加 the 或 my。42016全国卷If we stay at home,it is comfortable and there is no need to spend money.But in that case,we will learn little about world._world 前加 the冠词漏用。world 是独一无二的事物，前面要加定冠词 the。考点研析考点一 不定冠词a,an1在发音以辅音音素开头的单词前用a，在发音以元音音素开头的单词前用an。a university,a useful animal,a E
8、uropean car,an hour,an honest boy,an X-ray,an ugly man,an honor等。Judging from his words,he must be an honest man.从他的话判断，他一定是一位诚实的人。As is known to us，Russia is a European country.众所周知，俄罗斯是一个欧洲国家。2不定冠词a/an放在单数可数名词前，泛指一个人或一个事物。2018湖北重点中学联考They found an apartment in America where they lived only half a
9、year.他们在美国找到一个公寓，在那里待了仅仅半年。3表示泛指。说话人第一次提及某人或某物时通常用不定冠词。It was a cold winter night and the moon was shining brightly.那是一个寒冷冬天的夜晚，月亮在夜空中闪耀着。4表示量指。不定冠词表示“一”这个数量，但数的概念没有one 强烈。As the old saying goes，“Rome was not built in a day.”常言道，冰冻三尺非一日之寒。5不定冠词a(n)表示“某一个”，相当于some/a certain。A Mr.Brown came to see you
10、 just now.刚才有一位布朗先生来找你了。6“a(n)序数词”表示“又一，再一”；“a most形容词”表示“非常，很”。2018山西适应性考试I really enjoyed my stay in Xian.Its indeed worth a second visit.我真的喜欢待在西安，它的确值得再次游览。He put forward a most useful suggestion at the meeting.在会议上他提出一个非常实用的建议。7在抽象名词success,failure,surprise,pleasure,beauty,wonder,comfort,danger
11、,shock等前加不定式a/an，表示“一个的人或一件的事”。The operation is a success and the patient is now out of danger.手术很成功，病人目前脱离了危险。8不定冠词常用在一些固定搭配中。如：all of a sudden 突然as a matter of fact 事实上in a hurry 匆忙地pay a visit to 参观；拜访as a result/consequence 因此have a gift/talent for 在某方面有天赋have/catch a cold 感冒make a living 谋生have
12、/take a rest 休息in a way 从某种意义上说give sb.a lift 让某人搭便车do sb.a favor 帮某人一个忙keep an eye on 留心You can ask anyone for help.Everyone here is willing to lend you ahand.你可以向任何人求助，这里的每个人都乐意帮助你。即学即练(单句语法填空)12020石家庄检测一I have known from Gu Yu that from tiny street stands to large chains,_ huge number of people a
13、ccept mobile payment,mostly through popular apps Alipay and WeChat.a考查冠词。a huge number of 固定短语“许多”，修饰可数名词复数，故填 a。22020湖北省四地七校联考For years Chinas Hainan Province has been developing its tourism industry,with the key decision made by central authorities that aims to turn the island into _ international
14、 tourist destination.an 考查冠词。设空处修饰 international tourist destination，表泛指，且 international 的发音是以元音音素开头的，故填 an。32020重庆一中下学期月考三“Todays young people in China are passionate about Chinese cultural elements，”Jin Qu,vice president of YOHO,_ urban clothing shopping website in China,said at a cultural festiva
15、l in November.an 考查冠词。_ urban clothing shopping website in China 作YOHO 的同位语，应用不定冠词表示泛指，且 urban 的发音是以元音音素开头，故填 an。42020四川成都诊断I visited Hangzhou for the first time in the summer of 2016.It is so attractive that I decided to go there for _ second time next year.a 考查冠词。句意：2016 年夏天我第一次去杭州旅游。那里如此迷人，我决定明年再
16、去一次。a second time 表示“又一次，再一次”，故填 a。52020湖南省师大附中月考五It was not until FW.Taylor,_ engineer,began introducing his ideas about systematizing these processes in the early 1890s that this approach to factory management began to change.an 考查冠词。句意：直到 19 世纪 90 年代早期，一位名叫泰勒的工程师将他关于程序系统化的想法加以介绍后，工厂的这种管理方法才开始改变。e
17、ngineer 为可数名词，此处表泛指，且发音以元音音素开头，故填 an。考点二 定冠词the1特指某人或某事The village where I was born has taken on a new look in the past ten years.我出生的那个小村庄在过去十年里面貌焕然一新。2用于序数词和形容词/副词最高级以及形容词only,very,same等之前。As is known to all,China is the biggest developing country in the world.众所周知，中国是世界上最大的发展中国家。Yang Liwei is the
18、 first man who has been into space in China.在中国杨利伟是第一个登上太空的人。3某些形容词、分词前表示一类人或用在姓氏复数前表示一家人，要想到用定冠词。As far as I know,the Greens are going to move to Beijing.据我所知，格林一家要搬到北京去。4在世界上独一无二的事物，西洋乐器以及发明物的名词前要想到用定冠词。The little girl likes to play the violin and often plays it after school.这个小女孩喜欢拉小提琴，经常放学后演奏。5用
19、在表示计量的名词前，如by the hour,by the day,by the week，by the dozen,by the yard等，但是如表示单位的名词为不可数名词，之前不用冠词，如by weight/height等。As far as I know,he will get paid by the week.据我所知，他会按周得酬。6用于the more.the more.(越越)结构中。The more careful you are,the fewer mistakes you will make.你越小心，犯的错误就越少。7定冠词用于固定短语中at the moment 此刻
20、；目前at the same time 同时on the contrary 相反on the whole 总的来说to tell the truth 说实话in the distance 在远处on the other hand 另一方面make the most of 充分利用by the way 顺便说一下go to the cinema/theater 去看电影/戏剧in the middle of 在中间You should make the best of such a good chance to practise your spoken English.你应该充分利用这个好机会练
21、习你的口语英语。即学即练(单句语法填空/单句改错)12019福州四校联考On _ topic of classical music,I always love the clapping and the cheering that come at the end of a concert.the 考查冠词。此处表示特指，故用定冠词 the。22019甘肃第一次诊断Actually,in _1970s scientists got together to decide to put off the use of molecular(分子的)cloning until the safety of t
22、hat technology could be tested carefully and proved.the 考查冠词。句意：事实上，在 20 世纪 70 年代，科学家们就一起决定要推迟分子克隆技术的使用，直到这项技术的安全性得以谨慎测试和证明。年代前面要用定冠词 the 修饰，故填 the。32019石家庄检测二In addition to these tasks,the boy will even be able to play the basketball and do exercise with others._去掉 the考查冠词。球类、棋类前不用冠词。考点三 零冠词1在不可数名词
23、或可数名词复数前表示泛指不用冠词Keeping a diary is a good habit,by which youll make great progress.记日记是一个可以让你取得进步的好习惯。2用于与by连用的表示交通工具、通讯工具的名词前Are you going there by plane or by ship?你是乘飞机还是乘船去那里？3用于系动词turn后的单数名词作表语时After years of hard work,Tom turned engineer while Mary good manager.多年的努力之后，汤姆成了工程师而玛丽成了一个好经理。4零冠词用于
24、固定搭配中on purpose 故意地by chance 碰巧catch/on fire 着火at dawn/dusk 在黎明/黄昏make room for 让位out of date 过时的by air/bus 乘飞机/公交by sea/car 乘船/乘小汽车即学即练(单句改错)12016全国卷At the first,I thought I knew everything and could make decisions by myself._去掉 theat first 起初；一开始，为固定短语。22020南昌市一模I think its a great fun and I can m
25、ake more friends._去掉 great 前 afun 为不可数名词，故前面不用冠词 a。32020石家庄检测二In addition to these tasks,robots will even be able to play the chess and do exercise with people._去掉 the球类，棋类前不用冠词。42020新疆第一次适应性测试Thirdly,youll have to share with each other and make the good friends._删去 good 前的 the考查冠词。friends 为名词复数，表示泛
26、指，其前不需要用冠词。二 介词 高考感悟单句语法填空12019全国卷Modern methods _ tracking polar bear populations have been employed only since the mid-1980s,and are expensive to perform consistently over a large area.of/for考查介词。a method of/for doing sth.做某事的方法。22019 北京卷First celebrated _ 1970,the Day now includes events in more
27、than 190 countries and regions(地区)in 考查介词。在 1970 年，应用介词 in。在年、月和季节前，用介词in。32019全国卷We were first greeted with the barking by a pack _ dogs,seven to be exact.of 考查介词。a pack of 是固定搭配，意为“一群”。42019浙江卷But can uniforms help improve school standards?The answer _ this question is not clear.to考查固定搭配中介词的使用。the
28、 answer to.的答案。52018全国卷While running regularly cant make you live forever，the review says it is more effective at lengthening life _ walking,cycling or swimming.than 考查介词。根据句中的比较级 more effective 可知，这里是把running 与 walking,cycling,swimming 进行比较，故填 than。62018浙江卷If you are not going to suffer this proble
29、m,then I suggest that the next time you go to your mums home _ dinner,get a few cooking tips from her.for 考查介词。根据语境可知，此处应用介词 for 表示“目的”。72017全国卷In 1863 the first underground passenger railway in the world opened in London.It ran for just under seven kilometers and allowed people to avoid terrible cr
30、owds on the roads above as they travelled to and _ work.from 考查介词。此处是指“当他们来回上下班时”。82018全国卷I was searching _ these three western lowland gorillas Id been observing.No one had seen them for hours,and my colleagues and I were worried.for 考查介词之固定搭配。search for 寻找，为固定搭配。考点研析考点一 介词的基本用法1at,in,on表示时间(1)at表示
31、某一时刻at 12：00(在12点),at noon(在中午),at night(在夜里),at midnight(在半夜),at dawn/daybreak(在黎明，破晓)，at sunrise/sunset(在日出/日落)，atdusk(在黄昏)。(2)in指上午、下午及晚上或月、年等较长的时间in the 1980s/1980s,in the Qing Dynasty,in October,in the morning/afternoon/evening。(3)on用于表示具体的日子或一个特定的时间(如：某日、某节日、星期几等)，或某一具体日子的上午、下午、晚上等。on October
32、1st,on a rainy day,on National Day,on the morning of July 3rd。2by,before,after,until/till,during,within表示时间(1)by 到时(为止)(2)before 在以前(3)after 在后(4)until/till 直到为止(5)during 在期间(6)within 在之内He often falls asleep during the class,which makes his teacher very angry.他常常上课睡觉，这使他的老师很生气。3between,among表示“在之间”
33、between指“在之间(两者之间)”，常和and连用；among表示“在之间(三者或三者以上)”。Keep the close relationship between teachers and students.保持亲密的师生关系。4by,in,on,with表示“使用工具、手段、方式等”(1)by表示“乘，坐(交通工具)”或“通过方式”(2)in当“用”讲时，后常接表示语言、材料等的词(3)with表示使用某种具体的工具、手段等by bike,by taxi,by plane,by ship,by bus,by airgo to school on my bike,on footHer
34、parents always talk to her in German.她的父母总是用德语和她交谈。We see with our eyes,hear with our ears,and walk with our legs.我们用眼睛看，用耳朵听，用腿走路。5about,on表示“关于”about多用于表示内容比较普通、不太正式的情形，on多指内容属于专门性的，是严肃的或学术性的，有时两者可通用。He gave a report on/about the international situation at the meeting.他在会上做了一个关于国际形势的报告。6from,since
35、表示时间(1)from表示开始的时间，译为“从开始”，多用于“from.to/till”结构中；(2)since表示“自以后，从以来”。We work from Monday to Friday every week.我们每周从周一工作到周五。I havent heard from him since last year.自从去年，我就没有收到过他的来信。7with的常见用法(表示关系)和一起；(表示状态)具有；带有；(表示方式)用；凭借；(表示原因)由于，因为。Would you like to go to the theatre with us?你愿意和我们一起去看戏吗？The small
36、 child trembled with fear.那个小孩吓得打哆嗦。8for的用法表示“为了；给，对(表示对象、用途等)；因为，由于；向，往(表示去向)；就而言”。The biggest concern for most of us is the quality of public education.我们大多数人最关心的是公共教育的质量问题。9without的用法表示“没有，缺乏；不和在一起；不用；不拿；不带”。It is a pity that David is away on business.Anyhow,youve got a great deal of time to tour
37、 in New York without him.很遗憾，大卫出差了。不管怎样，你有大量时间可以单独在纽约游览。10against的用法(表示方位)倚靠着；(表示态度)反对；(表示对比)以为背景。An agreement seems to be impossible because the majority of the committee members are against it.看来意见达成一致是不可能了，因为大多数委员会成员都表示反对。11beyond的用法(表示位置)在另一边；在更远处；(表示程度)超出；非所能及。Everybody was touched beyond words
38、 after they heard her moving story.听了她感人的故事，大家都被感动得无以言表。即学即练(单句语法填空/单句改错)12020山西六校阶段性测试Cupping is a traditional Chinese medical practice which has been around _ more than 2,000 years.22017全国卷This trend,which was started by the medical community(医学界)_ a method of fighting heart disease,has had some u
39、nintended side effects such as overweight and heart disease the very thing the medical community was trying to fight.32016全国卷Chopsticks are not used everywhere in Asia.In India,for example,most people traditionally eat _ their hands.for aswith42020河南郑州一中六次测试Most caves are formed _nature under the gr
40、ound,but some have entrances people can find.52020惠州调研Despite of serious illness,he overcame all difficulties and was admitted to Tsinghua with high marks._62020太原模拟Just being active,like when you run around at outside or play basketball at school,is a type of exercise._by删除 of 删除 around 后的 at考点二 固定
41、搭配1名词与介词搭配by accident 偶然by chance 碰巧on board 在船上(或飞机上、火车上)on business 因公出差on average 平均in charge 掌管，主管in particular 特别；尤其；详细地in place 适当的，恰当的in the distance 在远处in favo(u)r of 赞成；支持in honour of 为了纪念；对表示敬意in spite of 尽管，虽然in turn 依次；转而in vain 徒劳in memory of 为纪念in return 作为回报in order 按顺序；处于良好状态2动词与介词搭配
42、remind sb.of sth.提醒某人某事rob sb.of sth.抢劫某人某物call at 访问(某地)call for 要求；需要care about 关心do harm to 伤害fix ones eyes on 注视get rid of 免除；摆脱run out of 用完come up with 提出make fun of 取笑adapt to 适应refer to 涉及；查阅come across (偶然)遇见3形容词与介词搭配be curious about对好奇be proud of因而自豪be popular with受到的欢迎be anxious about为忧虑b
43、e concerned about对担心、忧虑be present at出席be absent from缺席be free from免于即学即练(单句语法填空/单句改错)12020唐山质量检测However,as more of these pop-up museums started coming _ existence over the next two years,they seemed to become a trend that should have been taken more seriously.into考查介词。然而，在接下来的两年里，随着更多快闪博物馆的出现，它们似乎成了
44、一个趋势。come into existence 固定短语“出现，存在”，填 into。2 2020 湖 南 长 郡 中 学 适 应 性 考 试 When you have high self-respect and self-confidence,you feel good _ life.You feel secure and have an open heart and a calm mind.about考查介词。句意：当你高度自尊、自信的时候，你会感觉生活很美好。feel good about.固定短语“对感觉良好”，故填 about。32020沈阳质量监测Because hearing
45、 loss is typically considered a health problem for the elderly,it is difficult to convince already stubborn teenagers that they really are doing damage _ their ears.to 考查介词。do damage to 固定短语“对造成损害”是固定用法，故填 to。42017全国卷It ran for just under seven kilometers and allowed people to avoid terrible crowds
46、on the roads above as they travelled to and _ work.fromto and from 为固定搭配，意为“来回”。52020江西五校第一次联考Marie-Paule Kieny is the Assistant Director-General at the WHO.She said，“Antibiotic resistance is growing and we are fast running out _ treatment options.”She urged governments to give drug companies reason
47、s to develop new treatments.of考查介词。固定搭配 run out of 意为“用完”，故填介词 of。62020兰州诊断The moment I warned Xiao Ming to take care of,the ice broke and he slipped into the water._去掉 of考查介词。take care 后有宾语时才需加上介词 of。72020武汉市武昌区调研Therefore,I think its a good idea for you to return.So what are you waiting？_waiting 后加 for考查固定短语。wait 是不及物动词，接宾语时要加介词 for，本句中 waiting for 的宾语是疑问代词 what。
