1、语法专题突破专题一名词和冠词考点精讲 名词考点一可数名词1可数名词变复数的规则变化可数名词变复数形式时一般在词尾加-s或-es，变化形式如下表：构成方法例词一般在词尾加-smapmaps，seaseas，girlgirls以-s，-x，-ch，-sh结尾的名词后加-es (stomach除外)classclasses，boxboxes，watchwatches，dishdishes以-f或-fe 结尾的词变-f或-fe为-v，再加-esleafleaves，knifeknives，wifewives，wolfwolves加-sbeliefbeliefs，chiefchiefs，proofpro
2、ofs，roofroofs，gulfgulfs，safesafes以辅音字母加-y结尾的名词，变-y为-i加-espartyparties，familyfamilies，storystories，companycompanies以元音字母加-y结尾的名词，加-stoytoys，boyboys，daydays，rayrays以辅音字母加-o结尾的名词一般加-esheroheroes，potatopotatoes，tomatotomatoes不少外来词加-spianopianos，photophotos，kilokilos两者皆可volcanovolcanoes/volcanos以元音字母加-o结
3、尾的名词加-sradioradios，bamboobamboos，zoozoos2可数名词变复数的不规则变化名词变复数不规则变化的形式如下表：构成方法例词增加字母childchildren，oxoxen改变名词中的元音字母或其他形式 manmen，womanwomen，footfeet，goosegeese，mousemice单复数同形sheep，deer，series，means，fish，species表示“某国人”的名词加-sAmericanAmericans，GermanGermans，GreekGreeks单复数同形Portuguese，Chinese，Japanese以-man或-
4、woman 结尾的，将-man和-woman分别改-men和-womenEnglishmanEnglishmen3合成名词变复数合成单数如果有主体名词，将主体名词变为复数sons-in-law(女婿)，lookers-on(旁观者)，passers-by(过路人)，story-tellers(讲故事的人)如无主体名词时，通常在最后一个词后加复数词尾grown-ups(成年人)，breakfasts，housewives“man/woman名词”构成的合成词变复数时，man/ woman和名词均需变为复数women-singers(女歌手)，men-servants(男仆人)考点二不可数名词的数
5、(1)一般说来抽象名词为不可数名词，但当抽象名词表示具体的东西时，可用作可数名词且词义发生变化，主要类型如下：抽象名词表示具有某种特性、状态、感情情绪的人或事。抽象名词(不可数)具体化(表达个体概念时，是可数名词)in surprise 惊讶地a surprise 一件令人惊讶的事win success获得成功a success 一个(件)成功的人(事)win honour 赢得荣誉an honour 一个(件)引起尊敬的人(事)failure 失败a failure 一个失败者/一件失败的事by experience靠经验an experience 一次经历with pleasure 乐意a
6、 pleasure一件乐事抽象名词与a(n)连用，淡化了抽象概念，转化为似乎可以体验到的动作、行为或类别。A knowledge of English is a must in international trade英语知识在国际贸易中是必不可少的。It is a waste of time reading such a novel读这种小说就是浪费时间。She made an apology to her mother for her wrong doings她为自己做错的事向母亲道歉。(2)有些物质名词是不可数名词，但表示数量或种类时，可以用作可数名词。如：some coffee一些咖啡，
7、a coffee一杯咖啡，three coffees三杯咖啡；some drink一些饮料，a drink一杯饮料，three drinks三杯饮料；his hair他的头发，a few grey hairs几根白发；glass玻璃，a glass一只玻璃杯。考点三名词所有格(1)-s所有格the boys mother，the childrens toys，the teachers books，Lucy and Lilys bedroom(共用)，Lucys and Lilys bedrooms(各自的)(2)“of名词”所有格the roof of the house，the cover
8、of the book，the name of the girl，a picture of my father(3)双重所有格a friend of my brothers(one of my brothers friends)，a picture of my fathers(one of my fathers pictures)特别提示：不定代词后接else时，其所有格放在else之后。如：somebody elses bag, somebody elses books。考点四名词的构词法1动词变名词的后缀后缀例词-ion/-tion/-sion/-ationcorrectcorrectio
9、n改正attractattraction吸引concludeconclusion结论；结束decidedecision决定admitadmission接纳；准许入学inviteinvitation邀请explainexplanation解释expectexpectation期望-er/-orteachteacher老师announceannouncer播音员conductconductor指挥；售票员-mentpunishpunishment惩罚achieveachievement功绩；成就argueargument辩论；论据equipequipment装备；设备-ance/-enceappe
10、arappearance出现；外貌performperformance表演；节目existexistence存在；生存preferpreference偏爱-inghearhearing听力；听觉beginbeginning开始-ure/-turemixmixture混合presspressure压力departdeparture离开；出发-yrecoverrecovery恢复；痊愈discoverdiscovery发现其他choosechoice选择varyvariety多样化；种类tendtendency趋向；趋势2形容词变名词的后缀后缀例词-ageshortshortage不足；短缺-cy
11、efficientefficiency效率；功效fluentfluency流利；流畅frequentfrequency时常；频繁accurateaccuracy准确性privateprivacy隐私；私密-domfreefreedom自由；自主wisewisdom明智；智慧-cedifferentdifference差异silentsilence沉默-nessweakweakness虚弱；弱点kindkindness仁慈；好意carelesscarelessness粗心大意-thstrongstrength力气；强项warmwarmth温暖；热情-y-ty-ityhonesthonesty诚实
12、difficultdifficulty困难cruelcruelty残酷；残暴safesafety安全disabledisability无能；伤残responsibleresponsibility责任冠词考点一不定冠词(a/an)的用法(八个“一”)“一”(one)Ill return in a day or two一两天我就回来。“每一” (per)We have eight classes a day我们每天上八节课。“同一”(the same)The children are of an age这些孩子们同岁。“一类”(复数名词)A horse is a useful animal马是一种
13、有用的动物。“任一”(any)A dictionary is enough一本词典足够。“某一”(a certain)A MrSmith is waiting to see you一位史密斯先生正等着见你。“一个、一场、一次、一件”(抽象名词)As a manager，he is a success while as a father he is a failure作为一名经理，他是位成功者，而作为一名父亲他是个失败者。“一种(份，阵)”(物质名词)What a heavy rain!多大的一场雨啊！特别提示：牢记高考中常见的纯不可数名词。它们是information，fun，weather，
14、progress，advice，news，space，word(news)，furniture，equipment等，均不可与不定冠词连用。考点二定冠词the的用法1特指上文提及的或读者清楚的或受定语修饰的人或物。Where is the teacher you talked about yesterday?你昨天谈到的那位老师在哪儿？2用于单数可数名词前，表示整个类属。The tiger is in danger of becoming extinct老虎濒临灭绝。Alexander Bell invented the telephone in 18761876年亚历山大贝尔发明了电话。3用
15、在序数词和形容词最高级前。Yang Liwei is the first man who has been sent into space in China在中国，杨利伟是第一个登上太空的人。特别提示：当序数词不表示顺序而表示“又一，再一”时，用不定冠词。如：a second time，意为“再一次；又一次”。“a/an比较级”表示“(众多人或事物中)比更的一个”，属于泛指；“the比较级”表示“两者中较的一个”。“the最高级”表示三者或三者以上的人或事物中“最的一个”；“a most形容词”表示“很，非常。”This one is too smallCan you show me a la
16、rger one? 这个太小了。你能给我拿一个大一点的吗？Tom is the older of the two boys汤姆是两个男孩中年龄较大的一个。Part one is a most difficult part but not the most difficult第一部分是非常难的部分，但不是最难的部分。4用在江河、湖泊、海洋、山脉和群岛的名称前。the Yellow River黄河the Pacific Ocean太平洋5用在某些由普通名词构成的国家名称、机关团体、阶级等专有名词前。the Peoples Republic of China中华人民共和国the United Sta
17、tes美国6用在姓氏的复数形式前，表示全家人或这一姓的夫妇二人。the Greens格林一家the Smiths史密斯一家7表示所有，相当于物主代词，用在表示身体部位的名词前。She caught me by the arm她抓住了我的手臂。8用在某些形容词或分词前，表示一类人或事。the poor /rich/dead/living/wounded穷人/富人/死人/活着的人/受伤的人。9表示朝代和年代的词前。the Ming Dynasty明朝in the 1980s在20世纪80年代10用在表示计量的名词前，如by the hour，by the day，by the dozen，by t
18、he yard等，但是如果表示单位的名词为不可数名词，之前不用冠词，如by weight/height等。I got paid by the hour我按小时得到报酬。11表示世界上独一无二的事物的名词，如：sun, sky, moon, world等前面一般用定冠词，但其前有描绘性的修饰语时，用不定冠词。请比较：As is known to all, the earth moves around the sun众所周知，地球绕着太阳转。What a bright moon!多么明亮的月亮！特别提示：有些事物虽然是独一无二的，但习惯上不用冠词，如space太空，nature自然，man人类等。
19、考点三零冠词的用法1不可数名词、复数名词表泛指，用零冠词。Teachers are badly needed in the remote districts偏远地区非常需要教师。2称呼语及表示独一无二的头衔、职务的名词作表语、补足语或同位语时，不加冠词。DrPeter Spence，headmaster of the school，told us，“A fifth of pupils here go on to study at Oxford and Cambridge”这所学校的校长Peter Spence博士告诉我们，这里五分之一的学生将继续到牛津或剑桥大学深造。3月、季、星期、节假、洲前
20、；三餐、球类、惯用语前；学科、棋类名词前，用零冠词。A year can be divided into four seasonsspring，summer，autumn and winter一年可以分为四季春、夏、秋、冬。特别提示：如果表示季节的名词指具体某年的某个季节，需加定冠词，如in the spring of the year 2017。4no与such连用时应放在such之前，such后的名词不用冠词。There is no such thing as a free lunch in the world天下没有免费的午餐。5在turn(变成)后作表语的可数名词单数前不用冠词，但be
21、come后作表语的可数名词单数前要加冠词。He became a doctor while his brother turned teacher他成了一名医生而他弟弟当了教师。6“零冠词单数名词as/though主语谓语(系动词)主句”，意为“虽然/尽管，但是。”Hero as he is，he has some shortcomings虽然他是英雄，但他也有一些缺点。考点四常见的含冠词的固定搭配1含不定冠词的固定搭配have a knowledge/ understanding of了解，have a good view of饱览，in a hurry匆忙地，as a result因此，as
22、 a rule通常，as a whole总体上，as a matter of fact事实上，at a loss不知所措，in a word总之2含定冠词的固定搭配make the most/best of充分利用，in the end最后，by the way顺便说一下，in the distance在远处，in the way挡道，on the whole总的来说3含零冠词的固定搭配at present目前，take part in参加，in peace平静，by chance/ accident碰巧，on purpose故意，on second thoughts再三考虑，ahead of
23、 time提前，in advance提前难点释疑 名词的“数”的判断1不可数名词没有复数形式，不能与不定冠词连用。 Time passed，and still Mark did not appear时间一点点过去，可是马克还没有出现。(time表示“时间”，为不可数名词)2单数名词不能单独使用，要与冠词、指示代词、不定代词等连用，否则就用复数形式表示复数含义。Some data in the report shows that reading remains a big part of many childrens lives这个报告中的有些数据表明，阅读仍然是很多孩子生活中的一个重要部分。(
24、report为可数名词，用单数形式时，前面要有限定词)3注意固定短语中名词的单复数。On the journey to Hawaii，I was in high spirits在去夏威夷的旅途中，我情绪高昂。(in high spirits表示“兴高采烈”，为固定搭配)4注意名词应该与其修饰语保持数的一致：(1)much，a great deal of等接不可数名词；(2)a lot of，some等接复数名词或不可数名词；(3)a few，many等接复数名词；(4)many a接单数名词。His work has been attracting a great deal of attent
25、ion他的作品吸引了大量关注。(attention表示“注意，关注”，为不可数名词)冠词使用中的特殊情况1and连接的两个名词指同一个人或事物时，后面一个名词前不用任何冠词；但如果指不同的人或事物，则两个名词前要分别加冠词。The teacher and writer has come to the meeting这位老师兼作家来参加会议了。The teacher and the writer have come to the meeting这位老师和这个作家都来参加会议了。2表示季节、月份、日期、星期等的名词前通常不用任何冠词，但是如果名词前有修饰语或特指某一季节、月份等，要用冠词。Spri
26、ng is the best season of the year春天是一年中最好的季节。The spring of 2008 was a terrible spring2008年的春天是个糟糕的春天。3表示语言的名词前通常不用任何冠词；但是如果该种语言与language连用，则其前要用定冠词。He speaks Chinese fluently(He speaks the Chinese language fluently)他汉语说得很流利。4形容词的最高级作表语，表示自身比较时，其前一般不用任何冠词；但如果作定语，表示三者或三者以上的比较，则the不能省略。He feels happies
27、t when hes working for others为别人工作时他觉得最幸福。The best student in my class is the shortest boy with the shortest hair我班里最优秀的学生是那个个头最矮、头发最短的男孩。5festival构成的节日名称前通常用定冠词；day构成的节日名称前通常不加任何冠词。Most people will go home to gather in the Spring Festival大多数人会在春节回家团聚。We gave our teacher a present on Teachers Day教师节
28、那天，我们送给老师一件礼物。6有无冠词含义不同的词组小结。解题策略 策略一根据修饰词确定名词的单复数形式1不定冠词a，an后用名词单数形式；2有these，those，several, many, all, both, a pair of, a variety of，different或除one以外的数词等修饰时名词用复数形式；3名词前有one of，among时用名词复数形式。策略二根据谓语动词确定名词的单复数形式名词作主语时，如果谓语动词是动词原形或谓语动词中包含有are，have，were要考虑用名词的复数形式。策略三根据常识和句意确定名词的单复数形式表示两个(或两个以上)的可数名词及并
29、列名词时，名词需用复数形式。【典例1】 Although they are seen as companions and part of the family today，China and Western countries have different cultural _beliefs_ (belief)about dogs解析： 由空前的different可知应填复数形式，故用beliefs。【典例2】I decided to label one of my small_ purses_(purse), which I actually had with me that day，wit
30、h her name，along with some cash inside and an encouraging note解析：由空前的one of可知应填复数形式，故用purses。【典例3】While there are amazing stories of instant transformation，for most of us，the _changes_ (change) are gradual and require a lot of effort and work，like cleaning up a polluted river解析：由空后的谓语动词are可知应填复数形式，故
31、用changes。【典例4】It thinks that Chinglish may hurt peoples ability to speak standard English and makeit hard for them to communicate with _foreigners_ (foreigner)解析：根据常识和句意可知此处应该是很多外国人，所以该用复数形式，故用foreigners。策略四冠词注意泛指还是特指如果空格后的名词或“形容词名词”前没有形容词性物主代词、不定代词、名词所有格或指示代词等限定词时很可能填冠词。1如果空格及后面的名词可翻译成“一个(本、种等)”，一般
32、填a/an；如果可翻译成“这/那个，这/那些”一般填the。2如果名词后有of短语、不定式、分词或从句等作定语时很可能填the。The story happened in a small town in Victoria故事发生在维多利亚的一个小镇上。Do you know the man standing at the gate of the door?你认识那个站在门口的人吗？策略五注意不定冠词a/an的区别看到辅音音素开头的名词要想到应为不定冠词a；看到元音音素开头的名词要想到应为不定冠词an。I watch TV for sixteen or seventeen hours a day
33、我一天要看十六七个小时的电视。Hes such an outstanding player that teenagers regard him as a hero他是如此优秀的运动员，以至于青少年视他为英雄。易错聚焦 1书面表达中对于复数名词易疏漏-s或-es2部分名词的复数错误3部分词性易混作名词 动词误作名词形容词误作名词动词名词形容词名词succeedsuccesshonesthonestyaffecteffecthealthyhealth4可数与不可数名词混淆不可数可数take actiontake measuressome advicesome suggestionstake exe
34、rciseeye exercisesmake progressmake mistakesinformationcontributions5对抽象名词具体化的应用判断失误(误)The Christmas evening party was success(正)The Christmas evening party was a success6冠词在一些固定结构中的误用7冠词表示类别和不用冠词时的易错点(误)In many places of China, a bicycle is still the popular means of transportation(正)In many places
35、 of China, the bicycle is still a popular means of transportation达标检测 单句语法填空1(2020浙江卷)This style of farming lasted for quite a long time Then，with _the_ rise of science，changes began解析：考查定冠词。句意：随着科学的崛起，事情发生了变化。with the rise of 译为“随着的崛起”是固定短语。故填the。2(2019全国卷)When they were free from work，they invited
36、 us to local events and let us know of an interesting _competition_ (compete)to watch，together with the story behind it 解析：考查词性转换之名词。由空格前的不定冠词an与空格后的不定式to watch可以确定空格处应该填名词形式。故填competition。3(2019浙江卷)Other American studies showed no _connection/connections_(connect) between uniforms and school perfor
37、mance解析：考查词性转换之名词。句意：其他的美国研究表明校服和学校表现之间没有联系。no是形容词，形容词修饰名词，位于名词前，名词可用复数也可用单数形式。connect是动词，“联系”的意思，因此，要用其名词形式。故填connection/connections。4(全国卷)This development was only possible with the _introduction_(introduce) of electric-powered engines and lifts解析：空格前是the，其后接名词。introduce的名词形式是introduction。故填introd
38、uction。5(全国卷)She is determined to carry on with her _education_(educate)解析：形容词性物主代词 her应该用来修饰名词，educate的名词形式是education。故填education。6(全国卷)Chengdu has dozens of new millionaires, Asias biggest building, and fancy new hotels But for tourists like me, pandas are its top _attraction_(attract)解析：空格前有形容词性的
39、物主代词，因此要用名词形式。故填attraction。7(全国卷)Then, handle the most important tasks first so youll feel a real sense of _achievement_(achieve)解析：介词of后要用名词作宾语。固定表达a sense of achievement“成就感”。故填achievement。8(全国卷)Some people think that the great Chinese scholar Confucius, who lived from roughly 551 to 479 BC, influ
40、enced the _development_(develop) of chopsticks解析：空前有冠词，此处应用名词作动词的宾语。故填development。9(全国卷)In addition to their simple beauty, what makes the adobe dwellings admirable is their _ability_(able) to “air condition” a house without using electric equipment解析：形容词性物主代词their之后应当用名词，故将able转化为其名词形式ability。句意：除了
41、朴素之美外，这些土坯房令人赞叹的是其具有不使用电气设备就能自动进行空气调节的能力。10(2018全国卷)To avoid knee pain, you can run on soft surfaces, do exercises to _strengthen_(strength) your leg muscles(肌肉), avoid hills and get good running shoes 解析：考查词形变化。锻炼以增强你腿上的肌肉。此处to是不定式符号，其后用动词原形。故填strengthen。11(20186月浙江高考) Making Chinese _dishes_ (dish
42、)is seen as especially troublesome解析：考查名词单复数。dish是可数名词，其前无限定词，故用其复数形式dishes。12(全国卷)This trend, which was started by the medical community(医学界) as a method of fighting heart disease, has had some unintended side _effects_(effect) such as overweight and heart diseasethe very thing the medical communit
43、y was trying to fight解析：side effect“副作用”，由前面的some和下文中的两个例子overweight and heart disease可知名词effect用复数形式effects。13(全国卷)In 1863 the first underground passenger railway in the world opened in London It ran for just under seven kilometers and allowed people to avoid terrible _crowds_(crowd) on the roads a
44、bove as they travelled to and from work解析：crowd是可数名词，此处表复数概念，且前面没有冠词，故应用复数形式crowds。14(全国卷)She has turned down several _invitations_(invitation) to star at shows in order to concentrate on her studies解析：several“几个”，其后的可数名词要用复数形式。故填invitations。15(2017浙江)Last October, while tending her garden in Mora,
45、Sweden, Lena Pahlsson pulled out a handful of small _carrots_(carrot) and was about to throw them away解析：a handful of“一把，几个”，后接可数名词的复数形式。a handful of carrots“几个胡萝卜”。故填carrots。16(全国卷)The nursery team switches him every few _days_(day) with his sister so that while one is being bottle-fed, the other i
46、s with mumshe never suspects解析：few用来修饰可数名词复数，故答案为days。every few days“每隔几天”。句意：护理小组每隔几天就要把他和他的妹妹交换一下以便一个在被人工喂养时另一个和妈妈待在一起，他的母亲从来没有怀疑过。17(全国卷)Recent _studies_(study) show that we are far more productive at work if we take short breaks regularly解析：根据后面的谓语动词show可知，主语应该是复数形式。故填studies。18(四川)Any smell mig
47、ht attract natural _enemies_(enemy) that would try to eat the little panda解析：句意：任何气味都可能引来天敌它们会吃掉熊猫宝宝的。天敌不止一个，故用复数形式enemies。19(全国)Id skipped nearby Guilin, a dream place for tourists seeking the limestone mountain tops and dark waters of the Li River that are pictured by artists in so many Chinese _p
48、aintings_(painting)解析：many用于修饰可数名词复数，故填该名词的复数形式paintings。20(2019全国卷)Of _the_ nineteen recognized polar bear subpopulations, three are declining, six are stable, one is increasing, and nine lack enough data解析：考查冠词。此处为特指，意为“在已知的19个北极熊亚种群中”，故填the。21(2019全国卷)When we got a call saying she was short-liste
49、d，we thought it was _a_ joke 解析：考查冠词。根据句意“我们还以为这是一个玩笑” 可知，此处joke为泛指，故填a。22(2018全国卷)Corn production has jumped nearly 125 percent over _the_ past 25 years, while rice has increased only 7 percent解析：考查冠词。句意：玉米产量在过去25年里增长了近125%，而大米只增长了7%。故是特指在过去的25年里。故填the。23(全国卷)This included digging up the road, layi
50、ng the track and then building a strong roof over _the_ top解析：此处特指“地铁的顶部”，故用定冠词the。24(全国卷)Instead, she is earning 6,500 a day as _a_ model in New York解析：句意：相反，她在纽约作为一名模特每天收入6 500英镑。用不定冠词a表泛指。25(2019浙江卷)Everybody wears _the_ same style of clothes解析：考查冠词。句意：每个人都穿相同风格的衣服。same是形容词，意思是“相同的”，常与the连用修饰名词。故
51、填the。26(2018全国卷)Unexpectedly, Im face-to-face with the gorilla, who begins screaming at _the_ top of her lungs That makes her baby scream, and then a 400-pound male appears 解析：考查冠词。此处为固定短语at the top of，此处表示以最大的肺活量喊叫。故填the。27(全国卷)Give your body and brain a rest by stepping outside for _a_ while, exer
52、cising, or doing something you enjoy解析：让你的身体和思想休息一会儿。固定表达for a while一会儿。故填a。28(全国卷)The adobe dwellings(土坯房) built by the Pueblo Indians of the American Southwest are admired by even _the_ most modern of architects and engineers解析：空格之后为形容词的最高级形式，故填定冠词the。单句改错(每小题仅有1处错误)1(2020新课标卷I)Next I broke the eg
53、gs into a bowl and beat them quickly with chopstick _chopstick改为chopsticks_解析：考查名词复数。句意：下一步我把鸡蛋打到一个碗里，然后用筷子快速搅拌。chopstick是可数名词，意为“筷子”，通常以复数形式出现，故将chopstick改为chopsticks。2(2020新课标卷II)Luckily, I will go home in two weeks for summer vacations_vacations改为vacation_解析：考查不可数名词。句意：幸运的是，两周后我就要回家过暑假。分析句子，vacat
54、ion译为“假期”是个不可数名词，后面不可加s表示复数。summer vacation 译为“暑期”是固定搭配。故将vacations改为vacation。3(2020新课标卷)Then I put the tomatoes and the beaten eggs into pan together_pan前加the_解析：考查冠词。句意：然后我把西红柿和打好的鸡蛋一起放进平底锅。此处特指上文提到的pan，所以其前应加定冠词the，故在pan前加the。4(2020新课标卷) For example, every morning, my dad has to have the bowl of
55、egg soup while I have to eat an apple _the改成a_解析：考查冠词。句意：例如：每天早晨，我的父亲不得不喝一碗鸡蛋汤，然而，我不得不吃一个苹果。泛指“一碗鸡蛋汤”，bowl以辅音音素开头，用不定冠词a，所以the改成a。5(2019全国卷)Since I was a kid, Ive considered different job I would like to do_job改为jobs_解析：考查名词的数。“job(工作；职业)”为可数名词，用different(不同的)修饰时意思为不同种类的工作，应该用名词的复数形式。故将job改为jobs。 6(
56、2019全国卷)I wish to have a chain of cafes in many different city _city改为cities_解析：本句考查名词的用法。many different后跟可数名词的复数形式。故把city改为cities。7(全国)If we go on a trip abroad, we can broaden our view and gain knowledges we cannot get from books_knowledgesknowledge_解析：knowledge为不可数名词，没有复数形式。8(全国)The teenage year
57、from 13 to 19 were the most difficult time for me_yearyears_解析：此处指1319岁的年龄段，故用复数。9(全国)The airs we breathe in is getting dirtier and dirtier_airsair_解析：由后面的定语从句we breathe in可知，此处先行词的意思是“空气”，air当“空气”讲时为不可数名词。句中的be动词is也是提示。故把airs改为air。10(新课标全国)When I finally arrived at my friend he lent me lots of clot
58、hes_friendfriends_解析：根据句意可知，当我最后到达“我朋友的家”(my friends)时，他借给我许多衣服。故friend应改friends。11(2018全国卷)Last winter when I went there again, they had a big separate house to raise dozens of chicken _chickenchickens_解析：考查名词复数。他们拥有一个大的独立住宅，还养了许多只鸡。根据前文的dozens of可知，其后用名词复数形式。12(2019全国卷)To everyones surprising, the
59、 ball went into the net _surprising改成surprise_解析：考查固定搭配。“to ones名词”在句中表示结果，“to ones surprise”意思为“使某人惊讶的是”。故将surprising改为surprise。13(新课标全国)This made for the grow in the porcelain industry_growgrowth_解析：定冠词the后面应跟名词形式，故grow应改为growth。14(2019全国I卷)Suddenly football fell just in front of me but almost hit
60、 me _在football前加a_解析：考查冠词。名词football为可数名词，前边需要有限定词。这里football第一次出现，故在football前加a。15(全国卷)They live far from the school, and it takes them about a hour and a half to go to work every day_第一个aan/one_解析：hour是以元音音素开头的单词，前面要用不定冠词an。表示“一个小时”可以用an hour也可以用one hour。16(新课标全国)There are all kinds of the flowers
61、 and trees around the classroom buildings_去掉第一个the_解析：此处为泛指，不表特指，故删除第一个the。17(四川)Today, I am going to talk about what you should do when a fire alarm goes off Soon the firefighters will come and put out a fire_第二个athe_解析：结合语境和常识可知，有火灾发生消防员才会来救火，故此处特指上文提到的a fire，应用定冠词the。18(陕西)That day I didnt learn
62、much about animals, insects or trees, but I learnt a impressive lesson about gravity!_aan_解析：“学到了印象深刻的一课”，故用不定冠词表“泛指”；impressive以元音音素开头，故a应改为an。19(2018全国卷) During my last winter holiday, I went to countryside with my father to visit my grandparents _countryside前加the_解析：考查冠词。去年寒假，我和父亲去乡下拜访爷爷奶奶。此处特指去的
63、是乡下，故加定冠词the。20(全国)At the first, I thought I knew everything and could make decisions by myself_去掉the_解析：at first起初，首先，为固定短语。语法填空Look at this photo, Lucy went on her trip to the _1mountains_ (mountain)! Shes really _2a_ born beauty，isnt she? Well, Im just telling _3the_truth She once told me that sh
64、e usually put cucumber slices on her face, those little greenish _4things_(thing) Havent you heard they say on TV that cucumbers soften the skin, wipe out the roughness and build _5strength_ (strong)? Yeah! They wipe out tight and tired feelings and remove lines and age _6signs_(sign) As for me，I ha
65、ve _7a_ preference for a walk in the open For one thing, the fresh air can help me get rid of those negative feelings, thus making me refreshed for _8a_ days work again Actually, staying energetic and keeping beautiful are a _9necessity_ (necessary) for us in our careers Being energetic, we can pace
66、 ourselves and work more efficiently Staying young with good _10looks_ (look), well be more confident in our daily work文章大意：本文讲述说话人如何保持心态年轻和保养自己，并说明这样做的好处。解析：1根据语境可知，此处表示“去山里旅行”，常用mountain的复数形式来表示。故填mountains。2beauty是抽象名词，在这里抽象名词具体化了，表示“一个天生的美人”，故该空应用不定冠词a。3这里名词truth表示“事实，真相”，tell the truth表示“说实话”，为
67、固定用法。故填the。4little在此处意为“小”，而不是“少”，由前面的修饰语those可知，这里应用提示词的复数形式things。5这里用提示词的名词形式strength，表示“强度，力量”，为不可数名词。6由语境可知，这里表示“消除皱纹和老化的迹象”，sign作“迹象”讲时为可数名词，故填复数形式signs。7have a preference for表示“偏爱”，是固定短语，因此本空填a。8此处表示“一天的工作”，是泛指。故用不定冠词a。9设空处位于冠词a之后，再结合句意可知，此处应填necessary的名词形式necessity(必需品，必需的事物)，为可数名词。10本空在句中作介
68、词的宾语，因此这里的look是名词，表示“相貌，容貌”时为可数名词，常用复数形式。故填looks。短文改错We are all longing for success However, there is no shortcut to successes We have to make good preparation and keep on trying before we finally achieve our goals Take Steve Jobs as a example He dropped out university in his twenties，but he always
69、attended class and grabbed every chance to study When he designed the products of iPod and iPhone, he made great effort to realize his ideas He was suffered one failure after another before he eventual succeeded Just as the saying go, “Rome was not built in a day”If you want to succeed，you have to k
70、eep on trying your idea and never give up答案：We are all longing for success However, there is no shortcut to We have to make good and keep on trying before we finally achieve our goals Take Steve Jobs as example He dropped out university in his twenties，but he always attended and grabbed every chance to study When he designed the products of iPod and iPhone, he made great to realize his ideas He was suffered one failure after another before he succeeded Just as the saying , “Rome was not built in a day”If you want to succeed，you have to keep on trying your and never give up
