1、重难语法课(1)时态与语态 语境中体悟用法朗读下面短文，体会、领悟加黑部分的时态、语态。I am Li Fan, chairman of the Students Union. I am writing to draw your attention to some improper behaviour in our campus: littering and scribbling. It has been making our school dirty and unpleasant. I always feel ashamed whenever I see this. It is clearl
2、y not appropriate for a student to litter and scribble about. Last week, the Students Union held a meeting to seek some solutions to these problems. We were having a heated discussion when our headmaster came and joined us. After the meeting, the headmaster said that the school had made efforts to i
3、mprove this situation and more dustbins would be placed around. Recently, the Students Union has set up specific rules against such behaviour. At the same time, all of us should develop good habits and behave ourselves. We believe that, with the joint efforts of both teachers and students, our schoo
4、l will become a more enjoyable place in the near future. 用法体悟现在进行时，表示现在正在发生的动作。现在完成进行时，表示从过去开始一直延续到现在并有可能继续下去的动作。一般现在时，表示经常性或习惯性动作。一般过去时，表示在过去某个时间里(last week上周)所发生的动作。过去进行时，表示在过去某一时间正在进行的动作。过去完成时，表示在过去某一时刻或动作之前已经完成的动作，即“过去的过去”。过去将来时，表示从过去某一时间来看将要发生的动作或将要存在的状态。另外此处主语dustbins为动作的承受者，所以用被动语态。现在完成时，表示过去
5、发生的某一动作对现在造成的影响或结果。一般将来时，表示在将来某一时刻要发生的动作或存在的状态。 系统中整合规则 (一)动词的基本形式1一般现在时第三人称单数形式的构成构成规则原形单数形式一般在动词后直接加shelphelps以s, x, ch, sh等结尾和以“辅音字母o”结尾的动词加esexpressexpressesmixmixeswashwasheswatchwatchesdodoes以“辅音字母y”结尾的动词，变y为i再加esrelyrelies2现在分词的构成构成规则原形现在分词一般情况下直接加ingbuybuying以不发音的字母e结尾的，去掉e再加ingcontinueconti
6、nuingrideriding以重读闭音节结尾，且词尾只有一个辅音字母的，双写这个辅音字母再加ingputputtingoccuroccurringpreferpreferring少数以ie结尾的，变ie为y，再加ingdiedyinglielying以oe, ee, ye结尾的，直接加ingagreeagreeingdyedyeing3规则动词的过去式、过去分词的构成构成规则原形过去式过去分词一般情况下加edhelphelpedhelped以不发音的e结尾的直接加dlikelikedlikedlivelivedlived以“辅音字母y”结尾的动词，变y为i再加edtrytriedtrieds
7、tudystudiedstudiedcrycriedcried以重读闭音节结尾，且词尾只有一个辅音字母的，双写这个辅音字母再加edstopstoppedstoppednodnoddednoddedpermitpermittedpermitted 名师指津在英式英语中，travel的过去式和过去分词为travelled, travelled，而在美式英语中则为traveled, traveled。类似的动词还有quarrel, model, dial, signal等。(二)一般时态时态谓语动词形式(以do为例)一般用法例句 一般现在时do/does 表示现在的经常性、习惯性动作或存在的状态Im
8、 tall. I get up early every day.一般过去时did表示过去某个时间发生的动作或存在的状态，也表示过去经常或反复发生的动作。一般过去时只强调过去We had a test yesterday. We often played together when we were children.一般将来时will/shall动词原形 be(am/is/are) going to动词原形be(am/is/are) about to动词原形/be(am/is/are) on the point of动名词be(am/is/are) to动词原形表示将来某一时刻的动作或状态，或将
9、来某一段时间内经常发生的动作或存在的状态Dr.Jackson is not in his office at the moment. All right.I will call him later. Look at the dark clouds.It is going to rain. The train is about to start. They are to meet at the gate of the school.过去将来时should/would动词原形was/were(going/about) to动词原形表示从过去某一时间来看将要发生的动作或存在的状态He said he
10、 would be here at nine oclock.(三)进行时态时态谓语动词形式(以do为例)用法例句现在进行时am/is/are doing说话时正在发生的事现阶段正在发生的事与always等连用表示赞扬、厌烦等语气Im chatting with you. Im learning to drive these days. He is always helping others.过去进行时was/were doing过去某一阶段正在发生的事表示委婉语气过去某一时候正在发生的事I was learning to drive last summer. I was wondering i
11、f you could give me a lift. He was reading this time yesterday.将来进行时will/shall be doing将来某一时刻或某一段时间里正在进行的动作At this time tomorrow, Ill be taking a test.(四)完成时态时态谓语动词形式(以do为例)用法例句现在完成时have/has done 到现在为止已发生或完成且对现在有影响 从过去某一时刻一直延续到现在用于特定句型中，如This is the first time that .等I have finished my work. I have
12、learned English for 6 years. This is the first time that I have been here.过去完成时had done 到过去某一时刻之前已完成，即过去的过去 从过去某一时刻一直延续到另一个过去时间用于特定句型中，如This was the first time that .等He said he had finished it. He said he had lived there for 3 years. This was the first time that he had been here.将来完成时will have done
13、 将来完成时表示到将来某一时间，某一动作将会完成 By this time of next year, all of you will have become college students.(五)各种时态下的被动语态的构成现在时过去时将来时过去将来时一般式am/is/ are donewas/ were donewill/shall be donewould/ should be done进行式am/is/are being donewas/were being done完成式have/has been donehad been donewill/shall have been donew
14、ould/ should have been done(六)被动语态的用法及关注点1不知道或没有必要指明动作的执行者是谁时用被动语态；需要强调或突出动作的承受者或事件本身时也常用被动语态(by短语有时可以省略)。2只有及物动词才有被动语态。3主动形式表示被动意义的几种情况。(1)表示主语的某种属性特征或功能的动词，如read, write, sell, wash, clean, cook, catch, draw, cut, photograph, peel等，常与well, badly, easily, smoothly等副词连用，用主动形式表示被动意义。The book sells wel
15、l.这本书卖得很好。(2)系动词appear, look, sound, smell, taste, feel, prove等后接形容词作表语，用主动形式表示被动意义。Her voice sounds beautiful.她的嗓音听起来很美妙。(3)open, close, lock, move, keep等动词常与wont, cant, wouldnt, hardly, scarcely等连用，及表示“开始”“结束”的动词，如：begin, start, finish, end等，常用主动形式表示被动意义。This drawer wont lock.这个抽屉锁不上。集训中明晰考点 考点1一般
16、时态(1)对于一般时态的考查以其基本用法为主；(2)主将从现：主句是一般将来时，时间状语从句、条件状语从句、让步状语从句一般要用一般现在时；(3)一些特定的时间状语往往能够决定句子用何种时态。如：every时间段， sometimes, usually, on Sunday等常和一般现在时连用； .ago, the other day, in 2018, last week, just now等常和一般过去时连用；tomorrow, next week, in一段时间等常和一般将来时连用。1(2020全国卷)China has become the first country to land
17、a spacecraft on the far side of the moon.The unmanned Change4 probe (探测器) the name was inspired by an ancient Chinese moon goddess (touch) down last week in the South PoleAitken basin.解析：touched句子主语是The unmanned Change4 probe，谓语动词是touch。根据时间状语last week可判断用一般过去时。touch down意为“(飞机等)降落，着陆”。2(2020全国卷)“Th
18、is really excites scientists，” Carle Pieters, a scientist at Brown University, says，“because it (mean) we have the chance to obtain information about how the moon is constructed.”解析：means根据直接引语中的excites, have可判断用一般现在时；主语是it，故谓语动词用第三人称单数形式。3(2020全国卷)This is why decorating with plants, fruits and flow
19、ers (carry) special significance.解析： carries由上文中的is可知，用一般现在时；句子主语是动名词短语decorating with .，所以谓语动词用第三人称单数形式。4(2020全国卷)When he asked the villagers on the banks of the river where he could find the legendary(传奇的)artist, they smiled and (point) down the river.解析：pointedand连接两个并列谓语动词，前后时态应一致。5(2020新高考全国卷)T
20、he 80,000 objects collected by Sir Hans Sloane, for example, (form) the core collection of the British Museum which opened in 1759.解析：formed根据语境可知，应用一般过去时。6(2019全国卷)Picking up her “Lifetime Achievement” award, proud Irene (declare) she had no plans to retire from her 36yearold business.解析：declared根据
21、设空处后的从句中谓语动词had的时态可知，本句叙述发生在过去的事情要用一般过去时。考点2进行时态(1)考查以基本用法为主；(2)常和现在进行时连用的一些特定的时间状语有now, at present, at this time等。1(2018北京高考改编)Susan had quit her wellpaid job and (work) as a volunteer in the neighborhood when I visited her last year.解析：was working句意：去年“我”去看望苏珊的时候，她已经辞去了那份高薪的工作，正在社区做志愿者。根据句意可知，此处强调
22、过去的时间正在进行的动作，因此用过去进行时。2(2017天津高考改编)I (drive) down to London when I suddenly found that I was on the wrong road.解析：was driving句意：我正开车去伦敦，就在那时我突然发现我走错路了。be doing .when .“正在做，这时突然”，此时主句用过去进行时，when后面的句子用一般过去式。3For the past four days I (take) part in a disability arts festival as a member of a choir (合唱团
23、) set up specially to perform at this festival.解析：have been taking此处强调“一直在参加”，用现在完成进行时。 考点3完成时态(1)一些特定的时间状语往往能够决定句子用何种时态。如：by the end of last year, before I came here等常和过去完成时连用；during/in/over the last(past) few years(months, weeks .), in recent years, so far, up to now等常和现在完成时连用；(2)by引导时间状语从句的时态规律：b
24、y过去时间，句子用过去完成时；by将来时间，句子用将来完成时；by现在时间(now)，句子用现在完成时。(3)its the first time that后面从句用现在完成时；it was the first time that后面从句用过去完成时。1(2020浙江7月高考)By about 6000 BC, people (discover) the best crops to grow and animals to raise.解析：had discovered根据时间状语by about 6000 BC(到大约公元前6000年为止)可知，空格处的谓语动词需用过去完成时，故填had di
25、scovered。2(20207月天津高考改编)The number of medical schools reached 18 in the early 1990s and (remain) around that level ever since.解析：has remained句意：医学院的数量在20世纪90年代早期达到了18所，自那以来一直保持在这个数量左右。根据句中的时间状语ever since(自从以来)可知，需用现在完成时，而句子主语是the number of medical schools，所以谓语用第三人称单数。3(2020江苏高考改编)Instead of getting
26、down to a new task as I (expect), he examined the previous work again.解析：had expected句意：他没有像我期望的那样着手做新的工作，而是又检查了一遍先前的工作。根据句意可知，expect动作发生在examined之前，表示“过去的过去”，用过去完成时。4(2019全国卷)In recent years some Inuit people in Nunavut (report) increases in bear sightings around human settlements, leading to a bel
27、ief that populations are increasing.解析：have reported根据句中时间状语In recent years可知，应用现在完成时。5(2019全国卷)I love coming here and seeing my family and all the friends I (make) over the years.解析：have made分析句子结构可知，I (make) .为省略了引导词的定语从句，先行词friends为复数概念。设空处在从句中作谓语，主句为一般现在时，根据时间状语over the years可知，此处应用现在完成时。6(2018全
28、国卷)Diets have changed in China and so too has its top crop.Since 2011, the country (grow) more corn than rice.解析：has grown由时间状语Since 2011可知此处语境表示的是从过去的某个时间开始，一直持续到现在，故用现在完成时。且主语the country是单数，故填has grown。 考点4被动语态1(2020全国卷)“This really excites scientists，”Carle Pieters, a scientist at Brown Universit
29、y，says，“because it means we have the chance to obtain information about how the moon (construct)”解析：is constructed整句话的时态为一般现在时，且the moon与construct(组成，构成)之间是被动关系，故用一般现在时的被动语态。2(2020全国卷)The artist was sure he would (choose)，but when he presented his masterpiece to the emperors chief minister, the old
30、man laughed.解析：be chosen主语he和动词choose之间是被动关系，空格前有would，故用“be过去分词”。3(2020浙江1月高考)People tend to focus on the first factor.However, greater attention should (place) on longevity (长寿)解析：be placed结合句意可知，此处attention与place构成被动关系。又因空前是情态动词should，故填be placed。4(2020天津5月高考改编)The machine is working again! Yes,
31、it broke down yesterday, but it (fix)解析：has been fixed根据句意可知，机器现在正在工作，因此这台机器已经被维修好了，应用现在完成时的被动语态。5(2019全国卷)On the last day of our weeklong stay, we (invite) to attend a private concert on a beautiful farm on the North Shore under the stars, listening to musicians and meeting interesting locals.解析：we
32、re invited由本句中的时间状语On the last day可知，此处表示发生在过去的动作，且主语we与invite之间为被动关系，应用一般过去时的被动语态，故填were invited。自测中查漏补缺.单句语法填空1(2021泉州模拟)They looked at more than 200 studies of the content and associated (associate) health gains of organic and nonorganic food.2(2021成都模拟)This sport became (become) more popular in
33、the 1990s when many films were made on it.3It always lifts (lift) my spirits, but now I know that it is an act of gratitude (感激) to the musicians and the music.4From now on, instead of seeing the usual black rubbish cans all over the school, you will see (see) three different colors of rubbish cans.
34、5(2021郑州质检)In general, preparing for new debate topics usually includes (include) brainstorming arguments, researching a resolution (解决), and doing debate practice.6(2021六安模拟)In terms of the “new four great inventions”， Charlie Dai, principal analyst of American market research company Forrester, sa
35、id, “So far these products and services have improved (improve) customer experience, promoting national and global economy at the same time.”7(2021广州模拟)Even today, classic poems are appreciated (appreciate) by a lot of people.8(2021太原阶段性测评)Furthermore, the amount of sleep has changed (change) greatl
36、y over the past 15 years.单句改错1Jack lives in a small town in England.He usually stayed in his own country during the holidays.stayedstays 2Last summer, I went hiking in the Yellow Mountain with my friends.Everything goes well at first but something terrible happened later.goeswent 3When my English te
37、acher told me that I had chosen as a competitor, I devoted myself to the preparations.had后加been 4We can chat a lot online or face to face, which really worked.workedworks 5It was at the Red Store that I found a broken rocking chair and put it in the back of my truck.The seat is split into two, from
38、front to back.iswas 6This morning, I, together with my parents, go to the secondhand book market near my home.gowent .语法填空(2022届高三广州调研)We all know clean water is important for good health. But now we also know we should watch 1 we keep our water in. Plastic bottles hardened with a dangerous material
39、 2 (call) BPA can release a chemical into our water that harms our bodies. Since 2011, many countries 3 (ban) plastic with BPA from use in food containers and feeding bottles. But are other nonBPA plastics safe?Plastic labeled BPAfree might use other chemicals that have 4 (harm) effects on health. 5
40、 (Study) have shown that low levels of those chemicals might have the same effects as BPA. So, what should people do? The 6 (good) material to drink from is glass, 7 has no chemicals that can poison water.Another good choice 8 a water container is a stainless steel (不锈钢) bottle. Stainless steel bott
41、les are better than aluminum (铝) bottles, which are covered with thin plastic 9 (protect) the metal from acids (酸). There are many good foodgrade stainless steel water bottles on the market.If you do decide to use a reusable plastic water bottle, avoid 10 (keep) it in the sun. Sunlight and hot liqui
42、d speed up the release of chemicals into your drinking water.语篇解读：用BPA硬化而成的塑料瓶在存放水时会释放一种对身体有害的化学物质，一些标明不含BPA的塑料也可能使用了对健康有害的其他化学物质。存放水的最佳材料是玻璃，不锈钢也是不错的选择。1what考查宾语从句。根据下文中的“Plastic bottles”可知，此处表示我们现在应该留意存放水的地方。分析该句结构可知，空处引导宾语从句，在从句中作介词in的宾语，表示“的事物”，故用what引导该宾语从句。2called考查非谓语动词。分析句子结构可知，a dangerous m
43、aterial 和动词call之间为逻辑上的动宾关系，故用call的过去分词形式作后置定语。3have banned考查动词的时态和主谓一致。根据该句中的时间状语“Since 2011”可知，该句应用现在完成时，又主语many countries为复数，故填have banned。4harmful考查形容词。空处修饰名词effects，故用harm的形容词形式harmful，表示“有害的”。5Studies考查名词的复数。根据该句中的“have shown”可知，该句主语应为复数，且此处study作“研究，调查”讲，是可数名词，故用study的复数形式。6best考查形容词的最高级。上文介绍了
44、两种对身体有害的塑料存水容器，结合该句中的“The”并根据语境可知，此处表示用来喝水的最好的材料是玻璃。故用形容词的最高级形式。7which考查定语从句。分析该句结构可知，空处引导非限制性定语从句，在从句中作主语，先行词为glass，故用which引导该从句。8for/as考查介词。根据本句句意可知，此处表示用途，故用for或者as。9to protect考查动词不定式。该句意为：不锈钢瓶比铝瓶好，铝瓶上覆盖着薄薄的塑料以保护金属不被酸腐蚀。空处表示目的，故用动词不定式。10keeping考查动名词。avoid doing sth.为固定用法，意为“避免做某事”。.短文改错Dear Tim，R
45、ealizing I might have behaved rude when receiving your gift at my birthday party, Im writing to say sorry. Im grateful to have received such nice a gift. According to Chinese tradition, I say “thank you” that day. But I didnt tear up the package in your presences. I forgot Americans are used to open
46、 the package of a gift for the moment its received. It wasnt until my mother mentioned it when I realized my inappropriate behavior. So, please forgive me for your thoughtlessness. This incident serves as reminder that I must learn more about culture differences.Li Hua答案：第一句：ruderudely第二句：suchso第三句：saysaid第四句：presencespresence第五句：openopening; 去掉the moment前的for第六句：whenthat第七句：yourmy第八句：reminder前加a; culturecultural
