1、选修八Unit 2Cloning.阅读理解A(2021山东六地联考)In a new study, researchers analyzed information from more than 18,000 people who provided blood samples. Participants reported whether they exercised regularly, and if so, what type of exercises they typically did. The researchers then scanned participants blood, l
2、ooking for genes (基因) that are tied to an increased risk of obesity (肥胖). Next, the researchers examined whether certain exercises seemed to balance this risk.Overall, people who reported doing any type of regular exercises tended to have a lower BMI (体重指数) than those who didnt. This was true even a
3、mong people who were genetically easy to become overweight. But one exercise stood out as the one with the strongest anti-obesity effect: jogging. Participants with obesity genes who jogged tended to have a lower BMI than people with similar genetic risk who did not jog.But for those who loathe jogg
4、ing, fear not: Five other types of exercises were also tied to a lower BMI among individuals at risk for obesity. These included mountain climbing, ballroom dancing and walking. The benefits of these exercises were the biggest among those with the greatest genetic risk of obesity.Interestingly, seve
5、ral other types of exercises failed to counteract the genetic risk of obesity. These included cycling, stretching exercises and swimming. The findings dont mean that these latter exercises cant help with weight control. Its just that they didnt seem to counteract the genetic tendency to gain weight.
6、There could be several reasons for this. The researchers noted that, for the average Joe or Jane, cycling and stretching exercises tend to require less energy than the exercises that were tied to a lower obesity risk. In addition, exercising in water, as happens with swimming, may increase appetite.
7、文章大意：本文是说明文，主题语境是“人与社会”。研究表明，慢跑是肥胖基因的克星。此外，爬山、交际舞和散步也有利于降低肥胖的风险。相反，骑自行车、做伸展运动和游泳等并不能帮助抵抗肥胖基因风险。1What does the underlined word “loathe” in the third paragraph mean？ A ADislike.BDisplay.CDisturb. DDiscourage.解析：词义猜测题。画线词后面提供了其他几项抵抗肥胖基因风险的运动。可见画线词所在句的意思是“对于那些不喜欢慢跑的人来说，也不必担心”。故可判断loathe是“不喜欢，讨厌”之意。2Whic
8、h exercise has the least effect on balancing obesity genes？ D AMountain climbing. BBallroom dancing.CRunning slowly. DRiding a bicycle.解析：细节理解题。根据第四段中的“several other types of exercises failed to counteract the genetic risk of obesity.These included cycling, stretching exercises and swimming.”可知，骑自行车
9、不能抵抗肥胖基因风险。3What does the author indicate in the last paragraph？ B A Swimming doesnt help one lose weight.BDiving may make a person eat more food.CAverage people put less energy into exercises.DStretching exercises will become popular.解析：推理判断题。根据最后一段最后一句“In addition，exercising in water，as happens wi
10、th swimming，may increase appetite.”可知水中运动可能会增加食欲。潜水属于水中运动，据此可判断潜水可能使一个人饭量增加。4Which of the following is the best title？ C AJogging Less Leads to Genetic ObesityBRegular Exercises Tend to Lower BMICWhether Exercises Balance Risks of Obesity GenesDGenes Are Very Important for Peoples Weight Control解析：标
11、题判断题。根据第一段最后一句、第二段第三句、第三段最后一句和第四段第一句可知，本文主要讲的是运动是否能够平衡肥胖基因的风险。故C项是最佳答案。B(2020山西太原市高三测评)Where there are humans, there are house sparrows. Butdespite their suggestive species name, Passer domesticus, theyarent officially domesticated.The bold, tiny and gray-and-brownbirds are found on every continent
12、except Antarctica, hoppingaround cities, pecking (啄) at leftover food on sidewalks, andsometimes chasing away native bird species. The house sparrowshave adapted to living alongside humans, but this friendlybehavior to humans is legendary. No one knew what set themapart from the other wild members o
13、f the sparrow family.Looking for a genetic explanation, Mark Ravinet, an evolutionary biologist and his colleagues caught dozens of sparrows at sites across Europe. They set up mist nets that harmlessly trapped the birds as they flew insidemeasured and tagged the birds, drew blood samples, and then
14、released them. Back in the lab, they sequenced the birds DNA.They found that the house sparrows genes of many regions appeared to have experienced positive selection, helping the birds live alongside humans. The evolutionary process of natural selection may have favored genetic changes that altered
15、their skull shape and allowed them to eat food with starch (淀粉)similar to domesticated animals like dogs. The most significant sign of positive selection in the birds DNA was found in a region with two known genes: one is linked to skull development and another helps create the amylase (淀粉酶), which
16、helps break down starch in humans, dogs and other domesticated animals. Changes to both genes might have helped the house sparrows eat human-cultivated foods.Another evolutionary biologist Samuel Andrew says the work is an exciting new step for bird researchers that could answer many questions about
17、 how sparrow species adapted to different conditions. But he and Ravinet agree there may be changes to other genes that were missed in this initial analysis, yet still helped the birds take advantage of humans.“If you live in a major city, there are more animals around you than you realize，” Ravinet
18、 says. “They have a history and a story to tell.”文章大意：本文是一篇说明文。通过积极的基因选择，家雀适应了现在的生存环境。5What do we know about the house sparrows from Paragraph 1？ C AThey are domesticated. BThey are very friendly.CThey are well-adapted. DThey are a rare species.解析：推理判断题。根据第一段中的“The bold，tiny.on sidewalks”和“Thehouse
19、sparrows have adapted to living alongside humans”可推知，家雀的适应能力很强。6What is the purpose of Ravinets research？ D ATo experience positive selection.BTo confirm the species name of house sparrows.CTo compare house sparrows with other domestic animals.DTo genetically explain house sparrows friendly behavior
20、.解析：推理判断题。根据第一段中的“but this friendly behavior to humans is legendary.No one knew what set them apart from the other wild members of the sparrow family.”及第二段第一句中的“Looking for a genetic explanation”可推知，Ravinet的研究的目的是想从基因上解释家雀具有友好行为的原因。7Why is the amylase important to genetic change？ A ABecause it helps
21、 digest starch.BBecause all animals can create it.CBecause it promotes skull development.DBecause it can sequence animals DNA.解析：细节理解题。根据第二段中的“which helps break down.eat human-cultivated foods.”可知，这种淀粉酶对基因改变重要的原因是它有助于消化淀粉。8What can we conclude from the text？ D AHouse sparrows history is legendary.BH
22、ouse sparrows take advantage of humans.CThe skull shape determines animals evolution.DPositive selection in DNA leads to biological evolution.解析：推理判断题。根据第二段中的“They found that the house sparrows genes of many regions appeared to have experienced positive selection.similar to domesticated animals like
23、 dogs.”和倒数第二段中的“the work is an exciting new step for bird researchers that could answer many questions about how sparrow species adapted to different conditions.”可推知，积极的基因选择会引起生物的进化。.阅读七选五Clones in FictionStories featuring clones always draw me in.Ive read enough fiction books about clones over the
24、years. 1.E The Lost Girl by Sangu Mandanna 2.G Eva is Amarras clone.She learns what Amarra learns in school, eats what she eats，and studies every last detail of her life.The trouble is, no matter how hard she studies, outside of their appearances Eva and Amarra arent that much alike.To make matters
25、more complex, she learns Amarra has a boyfriend she must learn to love as much as she does when her own heart secretly belongs to someone else.When Amarra is killed in a car crash just after their 16th birthday, Eva has to pick up her life where she left it off.Her life depends on convincing Amarras
26、 loved ones that she is Amarra. 3.A The House of Scorpion by Nancy FarmerThis is not just one of my favorite books about clones, but one of my favorite books.Between the border of the United States and Aztln, which was once Mexico, lies Opium, a land ruled by drug lords (毒枭)El Patrn is the most powe
27、rful drug lord in Opium, a man almost 20 years old. 4.F Matt is El Patrns clone.El Patrn has been using clones like Matt to keep himself alive.But before he is needed, the drug lord treats him like a prized pet.El Patrns family dislikes him，thinking him inhuman and a possible threat (威胁) to their in
28、heritance (遗产)The older he gets, the more Matt feels trapped at every turn. 5.D ACan they accept that?BThey are very fearful and tiresome.CCloning is considered to be criminal.DIs there any way he can be free to make his own life?ECan you be attracted by the rich imagination of the stories?FEveryone
29、 is struck with fear in the heart when hearing the name.GIts unbelievable that a person has to spend the whole life learning to be someone else.文章大意：本文是一篇说明文。文章主要介绍作者最喜爱的两本小说：The Lost Girl与The House of Scorpion。解析：1本空承上启下，根据设空前两句句意“有关克隆题材的小说总是很吸引我。多年来我已经读过大量的关于克隆的小说。”可知，E项(你们会被故事丰富的想像所吸引吗？)符合作者的思路，且
30、引起下文对小说的介绍。2根据空后两句可知，伊娃学阿玛拉所学的，吃阿玛拉所吃的，学习阿玛拉生活中所有的细节。故G项符合语境。G项中的learning与设空后的learns与studies相照应。3根据语境，阿玛拉在车祸中死了，而伊娃不得不扮演阿玛拉继续她的生活。而伊娃的生活则取决于能否使阿玛拉的家人们相信她就是阿玛拉。故A项(他们能接受吗？)与之承接。4F项(每个人听闻这个名字都闻风丧胆。)与空前一句中的“the most powerful drug lord”表述相符。故选F项。5根据设空前的“feels trapped at every turn”可知，马特深陷囹圄，这与D项中的“be fr
31、ee”相呼应。故选D项。.语法填空(2021福州市八县市联考)China is in mourning after its most famous and oldest captive (被圈养的) panda Basi died 1.aged (age) thirty-seven.Basi was born in the wild in 1980.At the age of four, she fell into an icy river and was 2.fortunately (fortune) rescued by some local villagers 3.living (liv
32、e) in Baoxing County in southwest Chinas Sichuan Province.The locals handed her over to the Strait Panda Research and Exchange Centre in Fuzhou, where she lived the rest of her life.Basi came to fame shortly 4.after she was chosen as the model for Pan Pan, the mascot of the 1990 Asian Games in Beiji
33、ng.Basi never bred(繁殖) but overcame several severe 5.illnesses (ill) to live for more than 6.twice (two) the 15-year life expectancy of wild pandas.Basi 7.was confirmed (confirm) to be the worlds oldest captive panda by Guinness World Records in August.Captive pandas tend to live 8.longer (long) due
34、 to better nutrition and living conditions.Word has come 9.that Basis body will be put in Basi Museum, which is 10.under construction at present for people to remember her forever and share the spirit of the harmonious development between humans and nature.文章大意：本文是一篇记叙文。中国年龄最大的大熊猫巴斯在三十七岁时去世。她曾在四岁时因落
35、水被救，送往保护区并得到圈养；曾被选为1990年北京亚运会吉祥物盼盼的原型。为了纪念巴斯，人们为她建起了博物馆。解析：1考查形容词。该处指大熊猫巴斯在37岁时死亡。分析句子结构可知，此处应用形容词作状语。故填aged。2考查副词。空处修饰动词rescued，故用副词形式。3考查非谓语动词。名词villagers和动词live之间是逻辑上的主谓关系。故用现在分词作后置定语。4考查连词。根据该句“Basi came to fame shortly 4 she was chosen as the model for Pan Pan，the mascot of the 1990 Asian Games
36、 in Beijing.”并结合语境可知，在被选为1990年北京亚运会的吉祥物盼盼的原型后不久，巴斯就声名鹊起。故用连词after。5考查名词。根据空前的形容词“severe”可知，该形容词修饰空处，故空处应用名词形式；再根据空前的“several”可知，空处应用名词复数形式。6考查副词。根据第一段第一句中的“panda Basi died.thirty seven”可知，大熊猫巴斯在37岁去世，结合空后的“the 15-year life expectancy of wild pandas”可知，她的寿命比野生大熊猫的两倍还长。故用twice。7考查动词的时态和语态。通读全文可知，本文讲述了
37、大熊猫巴斯生前的情况，故用一般过去时；该句主语是Basi，和动词confirm之间是被动关系，故用被动语态，表示“被确认”。8考查副词的比较级。根据该句中的“better nutrition and living conditions”可知，由于有更好的营养和生活条件，圈养大熊猫的寿命更长。故用比较级。9考查同位语从句。分析该句结构可知，空处引导同位语从句，抽象名词Word和从句“Basis body will be put in Basi Museum”为同位关系。故用that引导该同位语从句。10考查介词。under construction为固定搭配，意为“在建造中”。故填under。.
38、短文改错(2021成都市诊断)The first time I heard the expression “Know yourself” bySocrates, I didnt realize its meaning until I go to university. Istarted my university life unwillingly, because I didnt want toleave my parents and university of engineering was not my dreamschool too. However, I changed my mind
39、 complete after asemester. My schoolmates are from different place, some ofwhich are really outstanding. This makes me realized there isalways someone much more better capable. Since then, to knowmyself has become an importance part of my life. Only byknowing who I am or where I am can I really foll
40、ow the rightpath.答案：The first time I heard the expression “Know yourself” bySocrates, I didnt realize its meaning until I to university. Istarted my university life unwillingly, because I didnt want toleave my parents and university of engineering was not my dreamschool . However, I changed my mind
41、after asemester. My schoolmates are from different ， some of are really outstanding. This makes me there isalways someone much more better capable. Since then, to knowmyself has become an part of my life. Only byknowing who I am where I am can I really follow the rightpath.解析：1时态误用。根据上文中的“didnt”和下文中
42、的“started my university life”可知，此处要用一般过去时。2冠词漏用。此处可以泛指“一所工程大学”，也可以特指“我”就读的“那所工程大学”，故应在university前加a/the。3副词误用。否定句中用“either”表示“也”。4形容词和副词混用。此处修饰动词“changed”，应用副词形式。5名词单复数误用。place为可数名词，其前无限定词修饰，结合语境可知此处表示复数概念，应用复数形式。6关系代词误用。先行词为“My schoolmates”，指人，又关系词在介词后作宾语，故用whom。7非谓语动词误用。使役动词后加省略to的不定式作宾语补足语。8比较级误用。capable前加more变其比较级，better多余，应删除。9名词和形容词混用。此处修饰名词part，应用形容词。10连词误用。根据语境可知，此处表示“只有知道我是谁和我在哪里，我才能走上正确的道路”，此处为并列关系而非选择关系，故将or改为and。
