1、UNIT 3 FASCINATING PARKS3.2 Learning About Language动词ing形式作主语一、动词ing形式的基本情况1.动词ing形式是动词的一种非谓语形式，包括现在分词和动名词两种。动词ing形式在句中的语法作用：动名词在句中作主语、宾语、表语和定语，现在分词在句中作状语、宾语补足语和定语。2.动词ing形式的时态和语态。【观察例句】Reading aloud is a good way to learn a language.大声朗读是学习语言的一种好方法。Having studied his lessons very hard, he passed th
2、e exam.努力学习了功课, 他通过了考试。The building being built now will be finished next month.正在建设的建筑物下个月将完工。Having been laughed at for his lameness, the boy became shy and inhibited.那男孩因跛脚被人讥笑, 变得羞怯。【归纳用法】语态时态主动语态被动语态一般式doingbeing done完成式having donehaving been done二、动词ing形式作主语1.动词ing形式作主语【观察例句】Saying is one thin
3、g, and doing is another.说是一回事，而做是另一回事。Having a walk every day helps to make one keep healthy.每天散步有助于一个人保持健康。【归纳用法】动词ing形式作主语，往往表示经常性、习惯性的动作，通常置于句首。名师点津动名词作主语时，谓语动词用单数。Climbing mountains is really difficult for the old.对于老人来说爬山确实困难。2.形式主语it代替动词ing形式作主语。【观察例句】It is a waste of time persuading such a pe
4、rson to join us.劝说这种人加入我们是浪费时间。It is no good/use regretting for the past.悔恨过去是没用的。Its useless arguing with them.跟他们争论是徒劳无益的。【归纳用法】此类句式常见的有：Its a waste of time doing sth.做某事是浪费时间Its useless/worthwhile doing sth.做某事没用/是值得的Its no good/use/fun doing sth.做某事没好处/没用/没意思3.动词ing形式和to do作主语时的区别。【观察例句】Playing
5、with fire is dangerous.玩火危险。(泛指)Singing is my hobby, and to sing at my friends birthday party is my dream.唱歌是我的爱好，在朋友的生日宴会上唱歌是我的梦想。【归纳用法】动词ing形式和to do都可以作主语。动词ing形式作主语表示比较抽象的一般行为，to do作主语往往表示具体的或一次性的动作。三、动词ing的复合结构作主语【观察例句】His/Toms being late made the teacher very angry.他的/汤姆的迟到使老师很生气。Jerrys not arr
6、iving on time made the people present angry.杰里未能按时到达令在场的人很生气。【归纳用法】(1)作主语的动词ing的复合结构的肯定形式为：形容词性物主代词/名词的所有格doing.。(2)作主语的动词ing的复合结构的否定形式为：形容词性物主代词/名词的所有格not doing.。. 单句填空1. It is no good (say) such ugly words to him. 2. (laugh at) is what I hate most. 3. (bath) makes the baby smell unpleasant. 4. Pla
7、nting many trees (be) very good for our environment. 5. is a waste of time persuading such a person to join us. 6. (educate) in Beijing University is the dream of many students. 7. (receive) a reply made the manager worried. 答案：1.saying 2. Being laughed at 3. Not being bathed 4. is 5. It 6. Being ed
8、ucated 7. Not having received . 完成句子1. arguing with him. 和他争论真是浪费时间。2. in the morning made him late for class. 他早上起晚了, 这导致他上课迟到了。3. My brothers playing the guitar makes me fail to studying. 我哥哥弹吉他使我无法专心学习。4. by the local villager makes us find the strange cave quickly. 在当地村民的引路下, 我们很快找到了那个奇怪的山洞。5. I
9、ts no good . 整天在床上睡觉没有好处。6. is a very good habit. 饭后散步是一个很好的习惯。7. is not a pleasure but a suffering. 在这种环境中工作不是一件愉快的事而是一件痛苦的事。8. his homework allows him to turn on the TV. 做完作业后, 他就可以打开电视了。答案：1. Its a waste of time 2. His getting up late 3. get down to 4. Having been led the way 5. sleeping in bed a
10、ll day. 6. Walking after a meal 7. Working in this environment 8. Having finished I.完形填空You dont have to be a gardener,a farmer, or a vegetarian to appreciate how much we all depend on plants. Plants 1 us with food, shelter, clothing,medicine, and even the air we breathe! Here are just some of the w
11、ays that people rely on plants, 2 those native to the United States.CLEAN AIR AND WATER: Plants are the basis of healthy ecosystems that 3 many functions, including purifying air and water. Green plants harness energy from sunlight through the 4 of photosynthesis (光合作用). With every breath we take, w
12、e depend on the oxygen that is given off as a by-product of that reaction. Plants also 5 the water cycle. More than 90% of the water that is taken in through a plants roots is eventually 6 back to the atmosphere in a process called transpiration.FOOD:Plants provide the basis of most food webs on Ear
13、th. Even the 7 meat eaters, such as lions, need plants because the prey they 8 are plant eaters. The wild relatives of our own food plants are becoming increasingly important for breeding to make healthier and more productive crops. 9 the Texas wild rice, known from only one river in Texas, is being
14、 bred with northern wild rice to develop a new strain suitable for mild climates.SHELTER: Plants provide not only food and oxygen, but also 10 and shelter. The wood from trees is used in the construction of many of our homes. Plants also 11 habitats for many other animals. A single tree in the tropi
15、cs can be 12 . to more than 1,000 different insect species alone.ENERGY: Every time we 13 the lights in a room, we use plants that lived a long time ago. Over 350 million years ago, giant relatives of todays ferms (蕨类) 14 mud as they died and so were prevented from decaying. Over the years, they wer
16、e compressed (压缩) to 15 coal and other fossil fuels upon which most of the world now relies for energy.1.A.offerB.affordC.deliverD.provide2.A.originallyB.particularlyC.typicallyD.currently3.A.performB.admireC.settleD.transport4.A.materialB.processC.challengeD.behaviour5.A.belong toB.refer toC.play a
17、 role inD.are on behalf of6.A.releasedB.respondedC.recycledD.captured7.A.uniqueB.strictestC.juniorD.senior8.A.selectB.consumeC.acquireD.assume9.A.No doubtB.From different perspectiveC.In caseD.For example10.A.locationB.freedomC.protectionD.convenience11.A.createB.respectC.reflectD.arrange12.A.elemen
18、tB.objectC.homeD.dump13.A.switch offB.switch onC.closeD.open14.A.were ashamed ofB.were proud ofC.were afraid ofD.were covered with15.A.indicateB.burnC.formD.earn【答案】1.D2.B3.A4.B5.C6.A7.B8.B9.D10.C11.A12.C13.B14.D15.C【分析】这是一篇说明文。植物为我们提供食物、住所、衣服、药品，甚至我们呼吸的空气。文章主要从四个方面说明了人类是离不开植物的。1.考查动词词义辨析。句意：植物为我们提供
19、食物、住所、衣服、药品，甚至我们呼吸的空气！A. offer提议；B. afford买得起；C. deliver递送；D. provide提供。结合后文“us with food, shelter, clothing, medicine, and even the air we breathe!”可知食物、住所、衣服、药品，甚至我们呼吸的空气是植物提供给我们的。故选D。2.考查副词词义辨析。句意：这里只是一些人们依赖植物的方式，尤其是那些美国本土的植物。A. originally最初；B. particularly尤其；C. typically典型地；D. currently目前。后文专门提到
20、美国本土植物，所以是尤其是那些美国本土的植物。故选B。3.考查动词词义辨析。句意：植物是健康生态系统的基础，这些生态系统执行许多功能，包括净化空气和水。A. perform表演，执行；B. admire钦佩；C. settle解决；D. transport运输。结合后文“many functions, including purifying air and water”可知此处指生态系统执行许多功能，包括净化空气和水，应用perform，其他选项不符合语境。故选A。4.考查名词词义辨析。句意：绿色植物通过光合作用的过程利用太阳光中的能量。A. material材料；B. process过程；C
21、. challenge挑战；D. behaviour行为。结合常识，绿色植物是通过光合作用的过程来利用太阳光中的能量。故选B。5.考查动词短语辨析。句意：植物在水循环中也扮演着重要的角色。A. belong to属于；B. refer to涉及；C. play a role in在起作用；D. are on behalf of代表。上文提到植物可以净化水，所以植物在水循环中也扮演着重要的角色。故选C。6.考查动词词义辨析。句意：通过植物根部吸收的水，有90%以上最终会通过蒸腾作用释放到大气中。A. released释放；B. responded回答；C. recycled回收利用；D. cap
22、tured俘虏。结合后文“back to the atmosphere”可知植物能够将水释放到大气中。故选A。7.考查形容词词义辨析。句意：即使是最绝对的肉食动物，如狮子，也需要植物，因为它们捕食的是食草动物。A. unique独特的；B. strictest最严格的，最绝对的；C. junior下级的；D. senior年长的。根据后文“such as lions”可知狮子是绝对的肉食动物。故选B。8.考查动词词义辨析。句意：即使是最绝对的肉食动物，如狮子，也需要植物，因为它们捕食的是食草动物。A. select选择；B. consume消耗；C. acquire获得；D. assume设想
23、。上文they指的是肉食动物，肉食动物需要吃食草动物，此处应用consume表示“捕食，进食”。故选B。9.考查固定短语辨析。句意：例如，德克萨斯州只有一条河流出产的野生稻正在与北方野生稻进行杂交，以培育出一种适合温和气候的新品种。A. No doubt无疑地；B. From different perspective从不同角度；C. In case万一；D. For example例如。后文“the Texas wild rice”在举例说明，应用for example。故选D。10.考查名词词义辨析。句意：植物不仅提供食物和氧气，而且提供保护和庇护。A. location位置；B. fre
24、edom自由；C. protection保护；D. convenience方便。根据后文“and shelter”可知植物可以提供保护和庇护。故选C。11.考查动词词义辨析。句意：植物也为许多其他动物创造了栖息地。A. create创造；B. respect尊重；C. reflect反射；D. arrange安排。结合后文“habitats for many other animals”可知植物为许多其他动物创造了栖息地。故选A。12.考查名词词义辨析。句意：热带地区的一棵树就可能是1000多种不同昆虫的家园。A. element要素；B. object物体；C. home家；D. dump垃
25、圾场。根据后文“to more than 1,000 different insect species alone”可知一棵树是1000多种昆虫的家园，be home to“是的家园”。故选C。13.考查动词辨析。句意：每次我们打开房间里的灯，我们使用的是很久以前的植物产生的能源。A. switch off关闭；B. switch on打开，用于“打开”一些电器设备，使其开始工作；C. close关闭；D. open打开，把封起来的或合起来的东西打开或揭开，强调从紧闭的状态向开放状态的移动。根据后文“the lights in a room, we use plants that lived
26、a long time ago”可知指“打开灯”应用switch on。故选B。14.考查固定短语辨析。句意：3亿5千万年前，今天的蕨类植物的近亲在死亡时被泥土覆盖，因此得以防止腐烂。A. were ashamed of对感到羞耻；B. were proud of为感到骄傲；C. were afraid of害怕；D. were covered with覆盖着。结合后文“mud as they died and so were prevented from decaying”可知指蕨类植物的近亲在死亡时被泥土覆盖，因此得以防止腐烂。故选D。15.考查动词词义辨析。句意：经过多年的压缩，它们变成
27、了煤和其他化石燃料，现在世界上大部分地区都依赖这些燃料。A. indicate表明；B. burn燃烧；C. form形成；D. earn赚得。结合后文“coal and other fossil fuels”可知此处指蕨类植物经过压缩形成了煤和其他化石燃料。故选C。II.阅读选择Due to climate changes, Arctic ice is breaking up earlier in the spring, and its area is decreasing. This is creating problems for polar bears that make their
28、homes off northern Alaska and in Hudson Bay.Polar bears off Alaska normally hunt and raise their young on ice sheets that float on the ocean. But as the ice has melted, the polar bears have been forced to spend more time on land. There, they have begun to frequent beaches, feeding on the remains of
29、whales caught by native hunters. For polar bears, this food is less nutritious than seals that they normally catch on ice sheets. The shrinking (减少) ice has also forced more polar bears into the ocean. In the past, they only had to swim short distances between ice sheets. But as the ice has shrunk,
30、polar bears have been forced to swim longer and longer distances in the open ocean. This poses a severe danger during rough weather, and an increasing number of drowned polar bears have been observed.In Hudson Bay, the ice breaks up three weeks earlier in the spring now than it did 20 years ago. Pol
31、ar bears on Hudson Bay fast (绝食) during the summer, waiting for ice to form in the fall to hunt. Every year, the summer gets longer, and the bears get skinnier. Over the past 25 years, the average weight of the female bears has dropped 68 kg. This loss affects their ability to reproduce, and already
32、 the number of births has dropped by 15 percent. Unless the bears can learn to survive these climate changes, these giants of the ice may one day disappear.16.What is Arctic ice doing earlier each year?A.Its freezing.B.Its hardening.C.Its melting.D.Its expanding.17.What is true of polar bears that a
33、re spending more time on land in Alaska?A.Their young are dying.B.Their diet is changing.C.Their health is improving.D.Their families are growing.18.What does the writer imply about female polar bears in Hudson Bay?A.They are having fewer young now.B.They suffer from various sicknesses.C.They dont n
34、eed stronger protection.D.They cant find enough good males.19.In which publication would you most likely find this passage?A.Medical News.B.Society Today.C.Wildlife JournalD.Design Magazine.【答案】16.C17.B18.A19.C【分析】这是一篇说明文。本文讲述了气候变化对于北极熊的生存及繁殖带来的不利影响。16.细节理解题。根据第一段“Due to climate changes, Arctic ice
35、is breaking up earlier in the spring”可知，由于气候变化，北极的冰在春天的早些时候融化。故选C。17.细节理解题。根据第二段“Polar bears off Alaska normally hunt and raise their young on ice sheets that float on the ocean. But as the ice has melted, the polar bears have been forced to spend more time on land. There, they have begun to frequen
36、t beaches, feeding on the remains of whales caught by native hunters.（远离阿拉斯加的北极熊通常在漂浮在海洋上的冰原上捕食和养育它们的幼仔。但随着冰的融化，北极熊不得不在陆地上待更长的时间。在那里，它们开始频繁地出现在海滩上，以当地猎人捕捉到的鲸鱼残骸为食。）”可知，北极熊正常情况下吃在冰面上可以捕捉到的海豹，但现在由于冰的减少，它们只能以当地猎人捕捉的鲸的残余物为食了。所以北极熊的饮食发生了改变。故选B。18.推理判断题。根据最后一段“Over the past 25 years, the average weight of
37、 the female bears has dropped 68 kg. This loss affects their ability to reproduce, and already the number of births has dropped by 15 percent.（在过去的25年里，母熊的平均体重下降了68公斤。这种损失影响了它们的繁殖能力，生育数量已经下降了15%。）”可知，因为北极熊的出生率已经下降了15%，所以作者提到雌性北极熊是想告诉我们，雌性北极熊现在生育的孩子越来越少。故选A。19.推理判断题。通读全篇，并结合第一段“This is creating probl
38、ems for polar bears that make their homes off northern Alaska and in Hudson Bay.（这给居住在阿拉斯加北部和哈德逊湾的北极熊带来了麻烦。）”可以发现文章叙述的是全球气候的变化给北极熊带来的负面影响,而北极熊属于野生动物,所以推断这篇文章最有可能摘自野生动物杂志。故选C。III.七选五 Before bringing a dog into your family, it is important to know how to take care of it. 20. Caring for a dog is a big
39、responsibility, and dog ownership is not something to enter into lightly, however this work will help you to successfully build a bond of love and trust with an important new member of your family.Knowing how to take care of a dog involves proper attention to your dogs diet.21.So its strongly recomm
40、ended that you feed your dog a high-quality, nutrient-rich dog food formula that is balanced enough to ensure proper digestion.22. Dogs that are properly trained are much easier to manage, and can adapt more easily to new training programs. Proper dog training should ideally be started as soon as yo
41、u bring a dog into your home.Knowing how to take care of a dog also involves an adequate level of exercise.23. If you truly care about how to take care of dog, it s important that you incorporate exercise into your dogs daily routine. Exercise can be a brisk 30 minute walk, or an extended session of
42、 playtime.Proper veterinary(兽医的) care is extremely important when understanding how to take care of dog. Its best if you bring your dog in for veterinary checkups at least once year. 24. Pet insurance can cover some or all of your veterinary bills, and will usually also cover emergency procedures.A.
43、Dogs are very expensive to keep if you want them happy.B.You need to provide for its needs, both physical and emotional.C.You should know training is very important for a domestic animal.D.Each year, thousands of dogs experience obesity-related health problems.E.Inexpensive low-quality dog food can
44、negatively affect your dogs health.F.Part of knowing how to take care of a dog involves knowing how to train a dog.G.If youre worried about costs, you may want to invest in pet insurance for your dog.【答案】20.B21.E22.F23.D24.G【分析】本文是说明文。文章主要介绍了在你养狗之前要懂得如何从生理上和情感方面照顾狗。并且，这项工作可以帮助你成功地与你家庭中重要的新成员建立爱和信任的纽
45、带。20.由本空前一句：“Before bringing a dog into your family, it is important to know how to take care of it.”（在把狗带回家里之前，知道如何照顾它是很重要的。）可知，下文要写如何照顾。因此，B选项“You need to provide for its needs, both physical and emotional.”（你需要满足他的生理和情感需求。）衔接自然，上下文呼应。故选B。21.由本空前一句“Knowing how to take care of a dog involves proper
46、 attention to your dogs diet.”（知道如何照顾一只狗需要包括适当注意你的狗的饮食。）推断出本空是与狗的饮食有关。E选项意为“便宜的劣质狗粮会对你的狗的健康产生负面影响。”承接上文，符合语境。故选E。22.由本空后一句“Dogs that are properly trained are much easier to manage, and can adapt more easily to new training programs.”（经过适当训练的狗更容易管理，也更容易适应新的训练项目。）可知，本空与狗的训练有关。又根据文中第二段和第四段可知，本段的中心句应以“K
47、nowing how to ”形式出现。因此，推断出F项“Part of knowing how to take care of a dog involves knowing how to train a dog.”（知道如何照顾狗的一部分包括知道如何训练狗。）引出下文，符合语境。故选F。23.由本空前一句“Knowing how to take care of a dog also involves an adequate level of exercise.”（知道如何照顾狗还需要适合的锻炼。）可推断出，本空与锻炼有关，以及本空后文“If you truly care about how
48、to take care of dog, it s important that you incorporate exercise into your dogs daily routine.”（如果你真的在乎如何照顾狗狗，把锻炼纳入你的狗的日常生活中是很重要的。）可知，本空应是锻炼的原因。因此，D选项（每年都有成千上万的狗遭遇与肥胖相关的问题），承接上文，引出下文，符合语境。故选D。24.由空后一句“Pet insurance can cover some or all of your veterinary bills, and will usually also cover emergency procedures.”（宠物保险可以支付你的部分或全部兽医费用，通常还可以支付急救措施的费用。）推断出前句应该是不想出太多钱来看兽医。G项“If youre worried about costs, you may want to invest in pet insurance for your dog.”（如果你担心费用，你可以为你的狗投资保险。）承接上文，引出下文，符合语境。故选G。
