1、句子成分句子成分 主语 subject 谓语 predicate 宾语 object 表语 predicative 宾补 complement 定语 attribute 状语 adverbial 同位语 appositive1.I met my best friend Tom at the station yesterday.主语谓语定语宾语同位语状语1.1.主语（主语（subject)subject)：主语是一个句子的主题，是句子所陈述的主体，一般主语是一个句子的主题，是句子所陈述的主体，一般放于句首，可以是人，也可以是物，指动作的执行者。放于句首，可以是人，也可以是物，指动作的执行者。例:
2、那个学生问了老师一些问题.The student asked the teacher some questions.主语主语例:今天的天气非常好.The weather is very nice today.主语主语2.2.谓语（谓语（predicate)predicate)：谓语一般是指主语的动作或状态，由动词或动词短语充当，谓语一般是指主语的动作或状态，由动词或动词短语充当，位置一般放于主语后面。位置一般放于主语后面。例:他工作非常努力.He works very hard.谓语谓语例:今天的天气非常好.The weather is very nice today.谓语谓语例:他在字典里查
3、出了这个单词.He looked up the word in the dictionary.谓语谓语3.3.宾语（宾语（object)object)：宾语在句子中主要充当动作的承受者，一般放于及物动词宾语在句子中主要充当动作的承受者，一般放于及物动词之后。之后。例:老师把灯关了.The teacher turned off the lights.介宾介宾例:他们将不会伤害我们.They wont hurt us.动宾动宾例:他在上个星期放弃吸烟了.He gave up smoking last week.介宾介宾宾语动宾介宾 宾语分为直接宾语和间接宾语.直接宾语指物,间接宾语指人.He ga
4、ve me some books.间接宾语直接宾语Please pass me the book.He bought me some flowers.4.4.表语：表语：表语主要用于表述主语的特征，状态，身份等。它位于连表语主要用于表述主语的特征，状态，身份等。它位于连系动词后，构成系表结构。系动词后，构成系表结构。连系动词连系动词例:我是一个老师.I am a teacher.表语表语例:这种水果尝起来味道很好.This kind of fruit tastes very delicious.表语表语1.be1.be动词动词(am,is,are,was,were)(am,is,are,was
5、,were)3.3.感官动词感官动词(look,smell,hear,feel)(look,smell,hear,feel)+表语表语2.2.表状态变化的动词表状态变化的动词(get/become/turn/keep/remain/stay)(get/become/turn/keep/remain/stay)例:那个女孩变得非常担心.The girl got worried.表语表语5.5.定语定语:(attribute):(attribute)定语是用来说明名词（代词）的品质与特征的词。定语是用来说明名词（代词）的品质与特征的词。这是一节生动有趣的课这是一节生动有趣的课This is a l
6、ively and interesting class.有一些难题要处理有一些难题要处理There is something difficult to deal with.前置定语后置定语It took him quite a little time to get familiar with the routes _ to the nest-shaped stadium.花了很长时间他才熟悉通往鸟巢形的体育馆的路。leading定语 He is a clever boy.They are building a stone bridge.There are 54 students in our
7、class.Do you known Bettys sister?He bought some sleeping pills.There is a sleeping baby in bed.His spoken language is good.I met a friend on my way home.(形容词)(名词)(数词)(名词的所有格)(动名词)(现在分词)(过去分词)(副词).状语状语:(adverbial):(adverbial)状语是修饰动词，形容词，副词以及全句的句子成分；按状语是修饰动词，形容词，副词以及全句的句子成分；按用途分，可分为用途分，可分为时间，地点，原因，结果，
8、目的，条件，时间，地点，原因，结果，目的，条件，让步，程度，方式，伴随状况让步，程度，方式，伴随状况等。等。表时间：yesterday,today,tomorrow Shall we go shopping today or tomorrow?我们是今天还是明天出去买东西啊？我们是今天还是明天出去买东西啊？表地点：in China,at the airport I saw a student in the classroom.我在教室里看见一个学生我在教室里看见一个学生表原因:because,as,for,since他因为生病所以今天没有去上学他因为生病所以今天没有去上学Because he
9、was illBecause he was ill,he didnt go to school today.,he didnt go to school today.表结果：to+do,v+ing,从句那个男孩从树上掉下来了，头撞到地上了那个男孩从树上掉下来了，头撞到地上了The boy fell off the tree,striking his head against the ground.表目的表目的:in order to,in order that,for the purpose:in order to,in order that,for the purpose为了考入一个更好的学
10、校，我必须更加努力为了考入一个更好的学校，我必须更加努力In order to get into a better school,I must study even harder.表条件:as/soas/so long as,if,unless,只要努力学习，你就会取得好成绩只要努力学习，你就会取得好成绩As long as you study hard,you can get a high mark.表让步表让步:in spite of,despite,although,though:in spite of,despite,although,though他虽然不认识我，但却帮了我他虽然不认识
11、我，但却帮了我He helped me although he didnt know me.表程度:very,enough那里的风景非常漂亮那里的风景非常漂亮The scenery there is very beautiful.表方式:like that,as,as if不要那样看我不要那样看我Dont look at me like that!表伴随状况：老师走进教室，手里拿着一本书老师走进教室，手里拿着一本书The teacher came into the classroom,catching a book in his hand.补语补语:(complement):(compleme
12、nt)补语主语补足语：宾语补足语：补充说明主语的动作或状态补充说明主语的动作或状态补充说明宾语的动作或状态补充说明宾语的动作或状态我又累又困，就去睡了。我又累又困，就去睡了。Tired and sleepy,I went to bed.22我发现那本书很有趣。我发现那本书很有趣。I found that book very interesting.主语补足语宾语补足语你的朋友来上学时心情很不好。Your friend comes to school very upset.8.8.同位语同位语:(appositive):(appositive)当两个同一事物的句子成分放在同等位置时，一个句子成当
13、两个同一事物的句子成分放在同等位置时，一个句子成分可被用来说明或解释另一个句子成分，后者就叫做前者分可被用来说明或解释另一个句子成分，后者就叫做前者的同位语。的同位语。我们有两个孩子，一男一女我们有两个孩子，一男一女We have two children,a boy and a girl.那人是我的老师，他从来都不骑自行车那人是我的老师，他从来都不骑自行车The man,my teacher,never rides a bike.I want this diary itself to be my friend.P 77 句子成分练习题(一)(一).指出下列句中主语的中心词 The teach
14、er with two of his students is walking into the classroom.There is an old man coming here.The useful dictionary was given by my mother last year.To do todays homework without the teachers help is very difficult.(三)挑出下列句中的宾语 My brother hasnt done his homework.People all over the world speak English.Y
15、ou must pay good attention to your pronunciation.How many new words did you learn last class?Some of the students in the school want to go swimming,how about you?The old man sitting at the gate said he was ill.They made him monitor of the class.Go across the bridge and you will find the museum on th
16、e left.You will find it useful after you leave school.They didnt know who Father Christmas really is.(四)挑出下列句中的表语 The old man was feeling very tired.Why is he worried about Jim?The leaves have turned yellow.Soon They all became interested in the subject.She was the first to learn about it.(五)挑出下列句中的
17、定语 They use Mr./Mrs.with the family name.What is your given name?On the third lap are Class 1 and Class 3.I am afraid some people forgot to sweep the floor.The man downstairs was trying to sleep.I am waiting for the sound of the other shoe!(六)挑出下列句中的宾语补足语 She likes the children to read newspapers an
18、d books in the reading-room.He asked her to take the boy out of school.She found it difficult to do the work.They call me Lily sometimes.I saw Mr.Wang get on the bus.Did you see Li Ming playing football on the playground just now?(七)挑出下列句中的状语 There was a big smile on her face.Every night he heard th
19、e noise upstairs.He began to learn English when he was eleven.The man on the motorbike was traveling too fast.With the medicine box under her arm,Miss Li hurried off.She loves the library because she loves books.I am afraid that if youve lost it,you must pay for it.The students followed Uncle Wang t
20、o see the other machine.(八)划出句中的直接宾语和间接宾语 Please tell us a story.My father bought a new bike for me last week.Mr.Li is going to teach us history next term.Here is a pen.Give it to Tom.五大基本句型 一:(主谓)二:(主系表)三:(主谓宾)四:(主谓间宾直宾)五:(主谓宾宾补)基本句型 一:(主谓)谓语:不及物动词(vi.)没有宾语,形成主谓结构。如:We come.(不及物动词)1.The sun rose.2.
21、Who cares?3.What he said does not matter.4.They talked for half an hour.5.The pen writes smoothly基本句型二：(是系动词)(表语)1.This is an English-Chinese dictionary.2.The dinner smells good.3.He fell in love.4.Everything looks different.5.He is growing tall and strong.6.Our well has gone dry.7.His face turned r
22、ed.基本句型 三:(主谓宾)此句型的特点是：谓语动词都是及物动词,必须跟有一个宾语,即动作的承受者,才能使意思完整。(及物动词)(宾语)1.Who knows the answer?2.He has refused to help them.3.He enjoys reading.4.He said“Good morning.”5.He admits that he was mistaken.(及物)(多指人)(多指物)1.She ordered herself a new dress.2.He brought you a dictionary.3.I showed him my pictu
23、res.4.I told him that the bus was late.5.He showed me how to run the machine.基本句型 五:(主谓宾宾补)此句型的特点是:动词虽然是及物动词,但是只跟一个宾语还不能表达完整的意思,必须加上一个补充成分来补足宾语,才能使意思完整。宾语补足语:位于宾语之后对宾语作出说明的成分。可以用作宾语补足语的有名词,形容词,不定式,动名词,分词,介词短语等。The war made him a soldier.New methods make the job easy.I often find him at work.The teac
24、her ask the students to closethe windows.I saw a cat running across the road.名词形容词介词短语动词不定式动名词(及物)(宾语)(宾补)1.They painted the door green.3.They found the house deserted.4.He asked me to come back soon.5.I saw them getting on the bus.常用的英语句子除了基本句型的成分不变通常是在这些成分的前面或后面增加一些修饰语（modifier）而加以扩大。这些修饰语可以是单词（主要
25、是形容词、副词和数词），也可以是各种类型的短语（主要是介词短语、不定式短语和分词短语）。We found the hall full.我们发现礼堂坐满了。We found the great hall full of students and teachers.我们发现大礼堂坐满了学生和教师。句子的扩展We found the great hall full of students and teachers listening to an important report.我们发现大礼堂坐满了学生和教师，在听一个重要报告。We found the great hall full of students and teachers listening to an important report made by a comrade from the Peoples Daily on current affairs in East Europe.我们发现大礼堂坐满了学生和教师，在听人民日报的一位同志作有关东欧局势的重要报告。句子的扩展
