1、新课标人教版课件系列高中英语高考系列复习551155一轮复习阅读理解：主旨大意型解试题分析与答题技巧22阅读理解试题分析与答题技巧(二)主旨大意型33一、题型特点 这类试题主要考查学生把握全文主题和理解中心思想的能力，也包括分析归纳文章的段落大意、重要情节、人物特征、环境特点的能力。这种试题要求考生能把握文章的总体，并真正理解主题和中心句；要求能较好地运用概括、判断、归纳、推理等逻辑思维的方法，难度较大，属于高层次题。44二、题干表现形式：1).1).主题型主旨大意题的题干表现形式主题型主旨大意题的题干表现形式:The main idea of the passage isThe main i
2、dea of the passage isThe passage is mainly aboutThe passage is mainly aboutThe passage is mainly discussesThe passage is mainly discussesWhich of the following statements best expresses the Which of the following statements best expresses the main idea of the passage?main idea of the passage?What is
3、 the passage mainly about?What is the passage mainly about?2).2).目的类主旨大意题目的类主旨大意题The authors main purpose in writing the passage is to The authors main purpose in writing the passage is to The passage is meant to.The passage is meant to.The purpose of this article is to The purpose of this article i
4、s to 3).3).标题类主旨大意题标题类主旨大意题The best title for the passage might beThe best title for the passage might beThe best title for the passage would be The best title for the passage would be 55三、应试技巧一、主题句的特点一、主题句的特点 主题句所表达的意思具有概括性主题句所表达的意思具有概括性 句子结构简单明了句子结构简单明了,作者一般不会采用长句或结构作者一般不会采用长句或结构复杂的句子作为文章的主题句复杂的句子
5、作为文章的主题句 文章或段落的其他句子都是对主题句的进一步解释文章或段落的其他句子都是对主题句的进一步解释,说明说明,论证或扩展论证或扩展.66应试技巧如何寻找主题句Passage 1 The panda is a popular animal.Stories about the panda in the Washington Zoo are always front page news and important features on television newscasts.Stuffed pandas are among the most popular toys for childr
6、en,and panda postcards are always in demand in zoo gift shops.）文首）文首 开门见山 开门见山,提出主题提出主题,随之用细节来解释随之用细节来解释,支撑或发展主题句所支撑或发展主题句所表达的主题思想表达的主题思想.最常见的演绎法写作方式最常见的演绎法写作方式.77Passage 2 Today the problem of environment has become more and Today the problem of environment has become more and more serious.The worl
7、d population is rising,so quickly that the more serious.The world population is rising,so quickly that the world has become too crowded.We are using up our natural world has become too crowded.We are using up our natural resources too quickly and at the same time we are polluting our resources too q
8、uickly and at the same time we are polluting our environment with dangerous chemicals.If we continue to do environment with dangerous chemicals.If we continue to do this,human life on earth will not survive.this,human life on earth will not survive.Man has made great progress in environment protecti
9、on.Man has made great progress in environment protection.Governments of many countries have established laws to Governments of many countries have established laws to protect the forests and sea resources and waste water and protect the forests and sea resources and waste water and poisonous gases h
10、ave been also dealt with.poisonous gases have been also dealt with.Still more measures should be taken to solve the problems.Still more measures should be taken to solve the problems.People should be further educated to realize the importance of People should be further educated to realize the impor
11、tance of the problem,to use modern methods of birth control and learn the problem,to use modern methods of birth control and learn to recycle our natural resources.We are sure that we shall to recycle our natural resources.We are sure that we shall have a better and cleaned planet in the future.have
12、 a better and cleaned planet in the future.88ShuShu PulongPulong has helped at least 1000 has helped at least 1000 people bitten by snakes,“It was seeing people bitten by snakes,“It was seeing people with snakes bites that led me to the people with snakes bites that led me to the career.“she saidcar
13、eer.“she said “The sad story touched me so much that “The sad story touched me so much that I decided to devote myself to helping people I decided to devote myself to helping people bitten by snakes.bitten by snakes.ShuShu said.said.2).2).首尾呼应首尾呼应为突出主题为突出主题,作者先提出主题作者先提出主题,结尾时再次点出结尾时再次点出主题主题,这种首尾呼应的写
14、作方式也较为多见这种首尾呼应的写作方式也较为多见.通通常常,前后表述主题的句子不是简单的重复前后表述主题的句子不是简单的重复,后面后面的表述往往有进一步的引申或发展的意味的表述往往有进一步的引申或发展的意味99 A human body appears to be rather soft and A human body appears to be rather soft and delicate,compared with that of a wild animal,but it is delicate,compared with that of a wild animal,but it i
15、s actually surprisingly strong.In deed,its very softness actually surprisingly strong.In deed,its very softness and looseness is an advantage;it makes man good at and looseness is an advantage;it makes man good at moving about movement of all living things of his own moving about movement of all liv
16、ing things of his own size,because he can do so many different things with size,because he can do so many different things with his limbs.Mans games show how he can control his his limbs.Mans games show how he can control his own body.No other land creature can swim as own body.No other land creatur
17、e can swim as skillfully as man;more has such varied grace;very few skillfully as man;more has such varied grace;very few lives as long as he;none is so strong in its natural lives as long as he;none is so strong in its natural resistance to disease.Therefore man has a great resistance to disease.Th
18、erefore man has a great advantage in his battle against the risks of damage advantage in his battle against the risks of damage and death that threaten him.and death that threaten him.3).3).文尾文尾在表述细节后在表述细节后,归纳要点归纳要点,印象印象,结论建议或结果结论建议或结果,以概括主题以概括主题.这是英语中最常见的归纳法写作方式这是英语中最常见的归纳法写作方式 1010 Nothing is as u
19、seful as a flashlight in a dark night if a tire Nothing is as useful as a flashlight in a dark night if a tire goes flat.Few inventions are so helpful to a child who is goes flat.Few inventions are so helpful to a child who is afraid of the dark.In fact,the modern flashlight brings light afraid of t
20、he dark.In fact,the modern flashlight brings light to many dark situations.Finding something in the back of a to many dark situations.Finding something in the back of a closet is easy with a flashlight in hand a camper also needs closet is easy with a flashlight in hand a camper also needs one after
21、 the light of the campfire has been out.one after the light of the campfire has been out.4).4).文中文中通常前面只提出问题，通常前面只提出问题，文中的主题由随之陈述的细文中的主题由随之陈述的细节或合乎逻辑的引申在文中导出节或合乎逻辑的引申在文中导出,而后又作进一步的解释而后又作进一步的解释,支撑或发展支撑或发展.11115).无主题句即主题句隐含在全文中,没有明确的主题句.必须根据文篇中所提供的事实细节，进行全面考虑，综合分析，然后找出共同的东西，归纳成一般概念。必须注意的是，既不能以偏概全，也不能在
22、概括时过于宽泛，要恰如其分。1212Joshua Bingham studied 4 years at the University of Paris and Joshua Bingham studied 4 years at the University of Paris and decided to leave his graduation.He transferred to the decided to leave his graduation.He transferred to the University of Berlin and graduated with honors.Har
23、vard Law University of Berlin and graduated with honors.Harvard Law School and,later,Boston College provided him with an School and,later,Boston College provided him with an excellent legal background.He is presently a corporation excellent legal background.He is presently a corporation lawyer in Mi
24、ami,Florida.lawyer in Miami,Florida.Q:What is the main idea of the passage?Q:What is the main idea of the passage?A.How Joshua Bingham became a lawyer.A.How Joshua Bingham became a lawyer.B.Bingham is a diligent student.B.Bingham is a diligent student.C.Joshua Bingham received an excellent education
25、.C.Joshua Bingham received an excellent education.D.A good lawyer needs good education.D.A good lawyer needs good education.【解题思路】此文没有主题句。全篇共四句，只陈述了四个细节(detail)性的事实。因此就答案本身看，个个都对。读者只能将所有的details综合起来，进行逻辑推理，才能构成一个没有言明的主题思想(unstated main idea)。由于文中主要涉及了Joshua Bingham接受教育的情况，即作者想告诉我们的是：Joshua Bingham接受
26、过良好的教育，所以答案是 13136).注意标志词 文章或段落的主题句常常会出现在一些标志性的提示后.On the whole,in short,therefore I agree with the opinion that Given all these points above,I would support the idea that For all the reasons mentioned above,I would prefer 1414应试技巧三、选项分析正确选项的特点正确选项的特点ll含有抽象名词和概括性词语含有抽象名词和概括性词语.四个选项中四个选项中,含有含有approac
27、h,approach,concept,chance,opportunity,various,both,general,concept,chance,opportunity,various,both,general,many,difficult,way,necessity,necessary,importance many,difficult,way,necessity,necessary,importance 等等词的选项一般是正确选项词的选项一般是正确选项.ll四个选项中四个选项中,内容相近或完全相反的两个选项中往往有一个是内容相近或完全相反的两个选项中往往有一个是正确选项正确选项ll那些概
28、括全文那些概括全文,内容全面内容全面,含义深刻含义深刻,说明道理的选项一般是答说明道理的选项一般是答案项案项,而选项内容片面而选项内容片面,单一的内容一般是错误选项单一的内容一般是错误选项.1515错误选项的特点错误选项的特点ll以偏概全以偏概全.只是局部信息只是局部信息,或是一句没有展开论或是一句没有展开论述的话述的话.ll过于笼统过于笼统.即归纳的主题太泛即归纳的主题太泛,与细节脱节或是与细节脱节或是没有对细节加以充分论述没有对细节加以充分论述.ll把观点强加与作者把观点强加与作者.读者往往根据自己的常识读者往往根据自己的常识对文章进行判断而忽视了作者的见解对文章进行判断而忽视了作者的见解
29、.ll无关信息无关信息,既在文章中没有提到或找不到语言既在文章中没有提到或找不到语言依据的信息依据的信息1616An old English saying goes,“Spare the rod,Spoil the child.”An old English saying goes,“Spare the rod,Spoil the child.”In order to make a child on him and let him eat bitter foods,do In order to make a child on him and let him eat bitter foods,d
30、o hard work and plunge him into such unit or organization where hard work and plunge him into such unit or organization where he of she can get the greatest training and knowledge.he of she can get the greatest training and knowledge.In the first place In the first place Doing hard work is also nece
31、ssary for a child.Doing hard work is also necessary for a child.Finally,dont always keep the child at home Finally,dont always keep the child at home From the above,we can see that,for a child to accomplish From the above,we can see that,for a child to accomplish anything in the world,the best way i
32、s to have a strict demand anything in the world,the best way is to have a strict demand on him,let him live a hard life and go where there are on him,let him live a hard life and go where there are difficultiesdifficulties1717ll Every normal person is expert in the skill of Every normal person is ex
33、pert in the skill of pronouncing his own language;but few people are even pronouncing his own language;but few people are even moderately proficient at pronouncing foreign language.moderately proficient at pronouncing foreign language.Now there so many reasons for this,some obvious,Now there so many
34、 reasons for this,some obvious,some perhaps not so obvious.But I suggest that the some perhaps not so obvious.But I suggest that the fundamental reason why people in general do not speak fundamental reason why people in general do not speak foreign language very much better that they do is that fore
35、ign language very much better that they do is that they fail to grasp the true nature of the problem of they fail to grasp the true nature of the problem of learning to pronunciation,and consequently never set learning to pronunciation,and consequently never set about tacking it in the right way.about tacking it in the right way.1819
