1、第八讲“不明身份”的代词指代题代词指代题要求考生依据一定的上下文推测代词指代的意义。尤其在人物及事物关系比较复杂的情况下确定代词的指代内容时，更要理清人物及事物之间的逻辑关系。(2013四川卷)On a sunny day last August，Tim heard some shouting.Looking out to the sea carefully，he saw a couple of kids in a rowboat were being pulled out to sea.Two 12yearold boys，Christian and Jack，rowed out a boa
2、t to search for a football.Once theyd rowed beyond the calm waters，a beach umbrella tied to the boat caught the wind and pulled the boat into open water.The pair panicked and tried to row back to shore.But they were no match for it and the boat was out of control.Tim knew it would soon be swallowed
3、by the waves.“Everything went quiet in my head，”Tim recalls(回忆)“I was trying to figure out how to swim to the boys in a straight line.”Tim took off his clothes and jumped into the water.Every 500 yards or so，he raised his head to judge his progress.“At one point，I considered turning back，”he says.“I
4、 wondered if I was putting my life at risk.”After 30 minutes of struggling，he was close enough to yell to the boys，“Take down the umbrella！”Christian made much effort to take down the umbrella.ThenTim was able to catch up and climb aboard the boat.He took over rowing，but the waves were almost too st
5、rong for him.“Lets aim for the pier(码头)，”Jack said.Tim turned the boat toward it.Soon afterward，waves crashed over the boat，and it began to sink.“Can you guys swim？”he cried.“A little bit，”the boys said.Once they were in the water，Tim decided it would be safer and faster for him to pull the boys tow
6、ard the pier.Christian and Jack were wearing life jackets and floated on their backs.Timswam toward land as water washed over the boys faces.“Are we almost there？”they asked again and again.“Yes，”Tim told them each time.After 30 minutes，they reached the pier.语篇解读本文是一篇记叙文。全文记叙了Tim成功地从海中解救了两个12岁男孩的故事。
7、1Why did the two boys go to the sea?ATo go boat rowing.BTo get back their football.CTo swim in the open water.DTo test the umbrella as a sail.解 析：细 节 理 解 题。由 第 二 段 的 Two 12yearold boys.search for a football.可知B项正确。答案：B2What does“it”in Paragraph 2 refer to?AThe beach.BThe water.CThe boat.DThe wind.解析
8、：词义猜测题。文中第二段后三句意为：他们一把船划出静水区，绑在船上的沙滩伞就遇到了风，然后把船拖进了开阔的水域。这两个男孩慌了，尽力想划回海岸。但是他们不是大风的对手，船失去了控制。此处的it指的是the wind。本题易误选B和C，但water和boat都是在wind的作用下才产生力量，所以与两个男孩对抗的是the wind。答案：D3Why did Tim raise his head regularly?ATo take in enough fresh air.BTo consider turning back or not.CTo check his distance from the
9、 boys.DTo ask the boys to take down the umbrella.解析：细节理解题。由第四段I was trying to figure out how to swim to the boys in a straight line.“我在尽力弄清楚如何以最近的路线游到男孩们那里”可知，此处Tim抬头是为了确认他与孩子们之间的距离。A项“吸入足够的新鲜空气”文章未提及，B项“考虑是否要返回去”，由下文可知只是作者一时的想法，而不是每次抬头都会考虑，D项“要求男孩们把伞放下来”是他游到男孩附近才说的，故均排除。答案：C4How did the two boys fi
10、nally reach the pier?AThey were dragged to the pier by Tim.BThey swam to the pier all by themselves.CThey were washed to the pier by the waves.DThey were carried to the pier by Tim on his back.解 析：细 节 理 解 题。由 倒 数 第 三 段 中 的 .Tim decided.to pull the boys toward the pier.可知男孩们是被Tim拖到码头边的。所以A项符合题意。答案：A做
11、这类题考生首先要返回原文，找出此代词；其次，通过上下文语境，找出该代词指代的名词、名词性词组或句子；再其次，将找到的词、词组或句子代入，替换该代词，看意思是否通顺；最后，将找到的词、词组或句子与四个选项相比较，找出意思最接近的选项。例如真题示例第2题，此题考查代词指代题，文中第二段后三句意为：他们一把船划出静水区，绑在船上的沙滩伞就遇到了风，然后把船拖进了开阔的水域。这两个男孩慌了，尽力想划回海岸。但是他们不是大风的对手，船失去了控制。此处的it指的是the wind。(2013厦门市高三质量检查)FDA proposed the most sweeping food safety rules
12、 in decades，requiring farmers and food companies to be more cautious in the wake of deadly outbreaks in peanuts，cantaloupes(甜瓜)，and leafy greens.The longoverdue regulations are aimed at reducing the estimated 3,000 deaths a year from foodborne illness.Just since last summer，outbreaks of Listeria(李 氏
13、 杆 菌)in cheese and Salmonella(沙 门 氏 菌)in peanut butter，cantaloupes and mangoes have been linked to more than 400 illnesses and as many as seven deaths，according to the Centers for Disease Control.Theactual number of those sickened is likely much higher.The FDAs proposed rules would require farmers t
14、o take new precautions against contamination(污染)，to include making sure workers hands are washed，that irrigation(灌溉)water is clean，and that animals stay out of fields.Food manufacturers will have to submit food safety plans to the government to show they are keeping their operations clean.Many respo
15、nsible food companies and farmers are already following the steps that the FDA would now require them to take.But officials say the requirements could have saved lives and prevented illnesses in some of the largescale outbreaks that have hit the country in recent years.In a 2011 outbreak of Listeria
16、 in cantaloupes that claimed 33 lives，for example，FDA inspectors found pools of dirty water on the floor and old,dirty processing equipment at the Colorado farm where the cantaloupes were grown.In a peanut butter outbreak this year linked to 42 Salmonella illnesses，inspectors found samples of Salmon
17、ella throughout a New Mexico peanut processing plant and multiple obvious safety problems，such as birds flying over uncovered trucks of peanuts and employees not washing their hands.Under the new rules，companies would have to lay out plans for preventing those sorts of problems and how they would co
18、rrect them.“The rules go very directly to preventing the types of outbreaks we have seen，”said Michael Taylor，FDAs deputy commissioner for foods.语篇解读食品和药物管理局(FDA)提议在未来几十年内要严格执行有关食品安全的规定，谨防食源性疾病的暴发。1The main task of FDA is probably_.Ato protect and promote the public healthBto help those sickened rec
19、overCto research on food safety measuresDto deal with water pollution解 析：细 节 理 解 题。根 据 第 二 段 中 的“The longoverdue regulations are aimed at reducing the estimated 3,000 deaths a year from foodborne illness.”可知，FDA的主要任务可能是保护和提升公众的健康，故选A项。答案：A2 According to the passage，the new rules focus on _.Ainspecti
20、ng the whole process of food productionBimproving food processing equipment on farmsCpreventing water pollution in food productionDurging food companies to lay out plans解析：细节理解题。根据文章第三段可知，新规定要求农民和制造商确保食品生产的每一个环节安全无污染，故A项“新规定聚焦于监测食品安全的过程”正确。答案：A3What does the word“they”in Paragraph 3 refer to?AInspec
21、tors.BFarmers.CManufacturers.DWorkers.解析：代词指代题。根据画线词所在句的内容可推知，they指代该句话的主语Food manufacturers。答案：C4 Which of the following is TRUE according to the passage?A The new regulations should have come into practice earlier.BThe 2011 outbreak of Listeria is the most serious ever.CFarmers and food companies are strongly against the new rules.D Colorado and New Mexico are worst hit by food pollution.解析：细节理解题。根据文章第二段首句中的“The longoverdue regulations”可知，这些规章制度本应早一些投入实施。答案：A
