1、Grammar and usageUnit 2 Sporting eventsModal verbs情态动词没有人称和数的变化，有词义，但是不完整，不能单独做谓语，必须和不带to的动词不定式连用。abilitycertaintypermissionobligation make requests make suggestions make offers give advice能力义务,责任确定允许提出请求提出建议提供帮忙提出忠告Modal verbs:general introduction(1)He can run the 100m sprint in 11 seconds.(2)Can t
2、his little girl read before she goes to the primary school?ability can表示可能性时，指的是理论上的可能，它通常不用来表示某事实际发生的可能性或真实性。如：Accidents can happen.Anybody can make mistakescan/be able tocan/be able toability在过去时态的肯定句中需要某种条件或努力做成某事，我们要用waswere able to而不能用could。如：It was a holiday and the children were able to go to
3、 the seasideThe girl worked hard so she was able topass the final testIm sorry I havent been able to play tennis with you recently.obligationought to/shouldought to与should意思接近，大多数情况下二者可以互换，但是should谈的是自己的主观看法,用于各种人称。ought to则更多反映客观情况，在谈到法律、义务和规定时使用。如：We shouldought to help each other and learn from e
4、ach other in our workYou shouldnt spend so much time playing.She is your mother,so you ought to support herOught he to go?Yes,I think he ought(to).have to/mustobligationmust与have to都可以表示“必须”的意思，但要注意以下两点区别。1)must只有现在时，而have to有现在时、过去时和将来时。如：We must work hard,or well fail in the examinationTwo years a
5、go,the poor girl had to leave school for lack of money2)must表示主观看法，have to则侧重于客观需要。如：We must be strict with ourselves in everythingIn cities with many cars,some people have to wear masksobligationhave to/mustShe might win a medal at the Olympics.She may be at home now.She could read and write at the
6、 age of 4.She should come to join us.She ought to/will/must help me whenever I am in trouble.certaintymight/may/could/should/ought to/will/must very uncertaintyalmost certaintycan/could/may/might could比can 更委婉，might比may 更委婉 Can I watch the Olympics?Yes,you can.No,you cant.May I watch TV after finish
7、ing my homework?Yes,you may./No,you mustnt./No,you may not./No,youd better not.permissioninformal/spokenformal/written Will/Can/Could/Would you help me with my training?Yes,I will/can/can/will.will/can/could/wouldmake requestsinformal formal make suggestions shall常用于第一，三人称，表示征求对方意见。Shall we/I/he/she
8、/they do some exercise this morning?Yes.Shall he come in?Ok.make offers Ill wash your sports jacket.Shall I get a ticket for you?Shall we carry the books for you?Shall I clean the blackboard for you?give advice You should not/ought not to eat a lot before swimming.The students should spend all their
9、 time working at their lessons.和其他时态的连用 The boys may be playing football on the playground.The boys may have finished their homework by the time school is over.He plays basketball very well.He must have practiced it a lot.Our headmaster must have been to USA,for he knows the country so much.must hav
10、e done 的反意疑问句 You must have seen the film,havent you?You must have seen the film last week,didnt you?His parents must have beaten him,havent they?His parents must have beaten him yesterday,didnt they?shall可以用来征求对方意见。用于第一、三人称。此外它也可以用来表示说话人的命令、警告、允诺、威胁或决心等，这时它用于第二、三人称。如：Shall she go to the concert wit
11、h us this evening?(征求意见)You shall go to the front at once(命令)Dont worryYou shall get the answer this very afternoon（允诺）He shall be sorry one dayI tell you(警告)Nothing shall stop us from fighting against pollution(决心)shall/willwill在肯定句中表示意愿或决心时，是可以用于条件状语从句的。在疑问句中用于第二、三人称表示意愿。如：Will you go hiking with
12、me in the mountain?Will he pay for me?If you will listen to me,Ill give you some advice on how to learn EnglishIf you will come this way,the manager will meet youshall/willmustnt/neednt mustnt 解释为“不准，不许”，语气强烈；neednt“不需要，没必要”，语气缓和。You mustnt miss this football match.Its very important.You neednt watc
13、h the game if you dont want to.Must we clean the classroom?Yes,you must./No,you neednt.need/dare作为情态动词时，两个词常用于疑问句和否定句。Need I help you?Yes,please.You neednt telephone him now.How dare you talk to the teacher like that?The girl dare not go out alone at night.用作实义动词时，可用于各种句式 We need to tell him the new
14、s.You dont need to tell him the news.Do the flowers need watering?I didnt dare to tell you the truth.Would you dare to catch the snake with your hand?The boy dares to do anything he likes.need/dareHave a try!1.A left-luggage office is a place where bags2._be left for a short time,especially at a rai
15、lway station.A.should B.can C.must D.willB2.How _ you say that you really understand the whole story if you have covered only part of the article?A.can B.must C.need D.mayA3.The room is so dirty._ we clean it?Of course.A.Will B.Shall C.Would D.Do B4.My English-Chinese dictionary has disappeared.Who
16、_ have taken it?A.should B.must C.could D.wouldC5.I hear youve got a set of valuable Australian coins._ I have a look?Yes,certainly.A.Do B.May C.Shall D.ShouldB6.I was really anxious about you.You _ home without a word.A.mustnt leave B.shouldnt have left C.couldnt have left D.neednt leaveB7.Are you
17、coming to Jeffs party?Im not sure.I _ go to the concert instead.A.must B.would C.should D.mightD8.Sorry,Im late.I _ have turned off the alarm clock and gone back to sleep again.A.might B.should C.can D.willA9.When can I come for the photos?I need them tomorrow afternoon.They _ be ready by 12:00.A.ca
18、n B.should C.might D.needB10.The fire spread through the hotel very quickly but everyone _ get out.A.had to B.would C.was able to D.couldC11.When he was there,he _ go to that coffee shop at the corner after work everyday.A.would B.should C.had better D.mightA12.I wonder how he _ that to the teacher.A.dare to say B.dare saying C.not dare say D.dared sayD
