1、 专题六名词和冠词1.(2018江苏高考，32)Try to understand whats actually happening instead of acting on the _ (assume) youve made.答案：assumption由空前的定冠词the和空后的made可知，这里应填入名词作made的宾语，故答案为assumption。2(2018全国卷，66)This switch has decreased _ (pollute) in the countrys major lakes and reservoirs and made drinking water saf
2、er for people.答案：pollution谓语动词has decreased后应接名词作宾语，故填pollution。3(2018全国卷，66)Im a _ (science) who studies animals such as apes and monkeys.答案：scientist不定冠词a后应跟单数名词，故填scientist。4(2017全国卷，69)This development was only possible with the _ (introduce) of electricpowered engines and lifts.答案：introduction由
3、空格前的定冠词the可知，其后应接名词作介词with的宾语。5(2017全国卷，66)She is determined to carry on with her _ (educate)答案：education形容词性物主代词通常在名词前作定语。由此可知，her后面的空格处应为名词education。6(2017浙江高考，56) Lena Pahlsson pulled out a handful of small _ (carrot) and was about to throw them away.答案：carrots由空格前面的修饰语a handful of “一把；少量的”可知，后面的
4、名词carrot应用复数形式carrots。7(2019全国卷，短文改错)I wish to have a chain of cafes in many different city._答案：citycitiesmany修饰可数名词复数。8(2019全国卷，短文改错)Since I was a kid, Ive considered different job I would like to do._答案：jobjobs形容词different后跟名词的复数形式。可数名词的数可数名词有单数和复数之分。(一)名词复数的规则变化变化规则例词1.一般情况加smapmaps; girlgirls; h
5、ousehouses; mouthmouths2.以s, x, sh, ch结尾的加esclassclasses; boxboxes; brushbrushes; matchmatches但是，stomach (胃) 的复数是stomachs; ox (公牛)的复数是oxen3.“辅音字母y”结尾的变y为i加escitycities; countrycountries; partyparties; factoryfactories但是，以元音字母y结尾的则直接加s，如boyboys; toytoys4.以o结尾的名词许多加estomatotomatoes; potatopotatoes; ze
6、rozeroes/zeros; heroheroes; NegroNegroes; mangomangoes; volcanovolcanoes/volcanos但是，注意以下这些以o结尾的名词复数直接加s：radioradios; zoozoos; bamboobamboos; pianopianos; kilokilos; photophotos续表变化规则例词5.以f, fe 结尾的名词，通常变f或fe为v再加eshalfhalves; leafleaves; shelfshelves; thiefthieves; wolfwolves; wifewives; lifelives; kn
7、ifeknives但是也有的直接加s，如roofroofs; handkerchiefhandkerchiefs/handkerchieves; chiefchiefs6.合成名词构成复数时，通常只将里面所含的主体名词变成复数，如果没有主体名词，则将最后一部分变成复数sonsinlaw女婿； passersby过路人； storytellers讲故事的人； gobetweens中间人；grownups成年人(二)名词复数的不规则变化变化情况例词1.特殊变化childchildren; footfeet; toothteeth; mousemice; manmen; womanwomen注意：由
8、man或woman构成的合成词，其复数形式是men或women，如an Englishmantwo Englishmen；但German不是合成词， 故复数形式为Germans2.单复数同形deer, sheep, fish, Chinese, Japanese, means, species3.集体名词，以单数形式出现，但实际为复数people, police, cattle4.有些名词的单复数有不同的拼写方法细菌bacterium (单数)bacteria (复数)资料、数据datum (单数)data (复数)现象phenomenon (单数)phenomena (复数)不可数名词不可数
9、名词包括专有名词、物质名词和抽象名词，一般没有单复数之分。1常考的不可数名词advice 建议equipment 装备experience 经验(注：作“经历”讲时可数)exercise 锻炼(注：作“练习；体操”讲时可数)fun 开心、快乐的事furniture 家具news/information/word消息，新闻baggage/luggage 行李progress 进步strength 力量2抽象名词具体化抽象名词在表示具体的概念时，可以与不定冠词连用，常见的和常考的有：单词抽象名词意义具体化名词意义comfort安慰；慰藉令人感到安慰的人或事物success成功成功的人或事failu
10、re失败失败的人或事续表单词抽象名词意义具体化名词意义honor荣幸令人荣幸的事情pride骄傲令人骄傲的事情shock震惊令人震惊的事情pleasure乐趣令人高兴的事情3物质名词的复数现象(1)有些物质名词用复数形式表示与原来不同的事物。paper (纸)papers (证件，论文) custom (风俗习惯)customs (海关)arm (胳膊)arms (武器，装备)(2)有一些物质名词用复数形式，表示由大量该物质组成的事物。sand (沙子)sands (沙滩，沙漠)water (水)waters (水域，水体)time (时间)times (时代)wood (木头，木材)wood
11、s (树林)(3)有些物质名词用复数形式表示不同的种类，如food, wine, metal, fish, vegetable等。The wines of France are among the best in the world.名词的所有格1有生命的名词，其所有格一般在名词后加s。his fathers boss 他爸爸的老板2表示时间、城市、地域、团体、机构等非生命的事物后也可加s表示其所有格。todays paper 今天的报纸Englands shore 英国的海岸the cars design 这辆车的设计We accepted the invitation without a
12、moments hesitation. 我们毫不犹豫地接受了邀请。3在某些习惯用语中，所有格也需要加s。for friendships sake 为了友情a stones throw 一箭之遥at arms length 保持距离；在伸手可及处at ones wits end 黔驴技穷4无生命的名词，借用of表示所属关系。the window of the room 这个房间的窗户5如果一样东西为两个人共有，则只在后一个名词后加s，如果不是共有的则两个名词后都要加s。Jane and Marys mother 简和玛丽的妈妈(共有，暗示简和玛丽是姐妹关系)Janes and Marys mot
13、hers 简的妈妈和玛丽的妈妈(不是共有，分别指两位妈妈)6双重所有格：“a/two/some .名词of名词s/名词性物主代词”构成双重所有格，“of名词所有格”中的名词必须表示人，不能表示事物。a friend of her mothers 她妈妈的一个朋友two photos of hers 她的两张照片.单句语法填空1(2019广东省深圳市高三月考)At any _ (discuss) of a job offer, money can be a deal breaker.答案：discussion根据前面的介词at和后面的介词of可知，空格处应该是名词，故填discussion。2T
14、hough I said I wasnt going to do it, my _ (foot) carried me toward the pool.答案：feetfoot是可数名词，且没有被冠词修饰，故用其复数形式feet。3This was the first time I had left _ (England) shore.答案：Englands表示无生命的名词后也可以加s，表示其所有格。4Its still a useful and pleasant form of _ (communicate)答案：communication介词of之后要用名词， a form of commu
15、nication “一种沟通方式”。5We had better keep them at _ (arm) length.答案：armsat arms length “保持距离”。6(2019安徽省合肥市高三调研性检测)We make a lot of _ (guess) about almost everything.答案：guessesa lot of修饰可数名词复数或者不可数名词，而此处guess是可数名词，故填guesses。7There is no need to tell me your answer now. Give it some _ (think) and then let
16、 me know.答案：thought句意：现在没必要告诉我你的答案。认真考虑，然后告诉我。some后应跟名词，thought “思索，考虑”。8Only a few dollars can help to fill a _ (child) hungry stomach.答案：childs此处表示“仅仅几美元就能帮助一个孩子不挨饿”，空后是名词stomach，提示词是child，空前是不定冠词a，故用child的所有格形式。9Vitamin A is found in liver and green _ (vegetable)答案：vegetables这里表示蔬菜的种类，故用复数。10Ther
17、e are some iron _ (work) near the river.答案：workswork在这里表示“工厂”，是可数名词，故用其复数形式works。.单句改错1“Reading for pleasure” plays a more important role in ones grow than ones family background._答案：growgrowth由后文的ones family background可知前面的ones后应是名词growth。2. As a witness, he gave the police a vivid descriptions of
18、the accident._答案：descriptionsdescriptiondescription “描述，描写”，give sb. a description为固定短语，意为“向某人作描述”。3You cant legally take possessions of the property until three weeks after the contract is signed._答案：possessionspossessiontake possession of “拥有，占有”，固定搭配。4. The students with hobbies left school with many extra skill._答案：skillskills由many修饰可数名词复数可知应用skills。5Several friends of me together with me will visit our former teachers before the Double Ninth Festival._答案：第一个memine此处表示“我的几个朋友”，应用“n.of名词性物主代词”结构。
