1、考点一 并列连词考点清单注意:(1)and,or还可用于“祈使句+and/or+陈述句”中,相当于“if./if.not.+主句”。Work hard and you will succeed.(=If you work hard,you will succeed.)努力工作,你就会成功。Dress warmly,or youll catch a cold.(=If you dont dress warmly,youll catch a cold.)穿暖和点,否则你会感冒的。(2)but还可用于“Im sorry but.”和“Excuse me but.”句型中。I am sorry but
2、 I wont be able to come tonight.对不起,我今晚不能来。Excuse me but could you keep this seat for me for a while?对不起,你能帮我看一会儿这个座位吗?(3)when还可用作并列连词,其意义为“这时,那时”,相当于and at this/that time。常用于下列句式:sb.was doing sth.when.sb.was about to do/on the point of doing sth.when.sb.had just done sth.when.。We were having a meet
3、ing when someone broke in.我们正在开会这时有人闯了进来。We were about to set off when it suddenly began to rain.我们刚要出发,这时天突然开始下雨。I had just finished my homework when Tom came to me.我刚写完作业,Tom就来找我了。题组训练用并列连词填空Shall we go out to the cinema or stay at home?There are many kinds of sports,but my favorite is swimming.He
4、nry is very smart,so many of his classmates like him.Work hard and you will be admitted to a key university.Hurry up or you will miss the bus.考点二 定语从句一、限制性定语从句与非限制性定语从句的区别分类用法例句限制性定语从句对先行词起修饰、限制作用He has two sons who work in the same company.(Perhaps he has more than two sons.)他有两个在同一家公司上班的儿子。非限制性定语从
5、句对先行词起补充说明作用。先行词与定语从句往往由逗号隔开。相当于并列句、状语从句等He has two sons,who work in the same company.(He has only two sons.)他有两个儿子,他们在同一家公司上班。That is his father,and he works in Shanghai.That is his father,who works in Shanghai.I like the boy,who is very lovely.I like the boy,because/for he is very lovely.He told m
6、e a story yesterday,and I thought it was very interesting.He told me a story yesterday,which I thought was very interesting.题组训练同义句转换关系代词用法例句who用于限制性或非限制性定语从句。指人,在定语从句中作主语、宾语。在限制性定语从句中who可用that代替She is the girl who(that)lives next door.她就是住在隔壁的那个女孩。I discussed it with my brother,who is a lawyer.我和哥哥
7、商量了此事,他是律师。二、关系代词的基本用法whom用于限制性或非限制性定语从句。指人,在定语从句中作宾语。在限制性定语从句中可用who或that代替,但介词提到关系代词前,只能用whomThats the girl(whom/who/that)I teach.那就是我教的女孩。This is the scientist,the achieve-ments of whom are well known.(=This is the scientist,of whom the achievements are well known.)这就是那位成就卓著的科学家。which用于限制性或非限制性定语从
8、句。指物或一句话,在定语从句中作主语、宾语。在限制性定语从句中which可用that代替That is the book(that/which)I want to read.那就是我想要读的那本书。He was late again,which made the teacher very unhappy.他又迟到了,这使得老师很不高兴。that只用于限制性定语从句。指人或物,在定语从句中作主语、宾语或表语。指人时通常可以用who,whom互换,指物时可以和which互换,但关系代词作宾语且介词提到其前面,不用thatShe is the girl that(who)likes sports.她
9、就是喜欢运动的那个女孩。That is the place that(which)all of us are eager to visit.那就是我们大家都渴望参观的地方。whose用于限制性或非限制性定语从句。指人或物且在定语从句中作定语,相当于of whom或of whichThis is the scientist whose achievements are well known.这就是那位成就卓著的科学家。This is the house whose window broke last night.这就是昨晚窗户坏了的那所房子。as用于限制性定语从句。指人或物且在限制性定语从句中作
10、主语、宾语、表语。常用句型为:such(+名词)+as.(像一样的,像之类的)the same+名词+as.(和同样的)We have found such materials as are used in their factory.我们已经找到了像他们工厂里用的那种材料。(as作主语)This book is not such as I expect.这不是我想要的书。(as作宾语)I have the same book as he has.我和他有同样的书。(as作宾语)用于非限制性定语从句。指代整个主句或主句中的一部分,意为:正如,像As is known to us all,Chi
11、na is in the east of Asia.众所周知,中国在亚洲的东部。题组训练用who,whom,that,which,whose,as填空The house whose windows face north belongs to him.The man who/whom/that/不填 you met just now is my old friend.The man who/that is walking in the playground is my old friend.Take the book which/that is lying on the table.She is
12、 such a girl as is always finding fault with other people.当先行词是不定代词all,little,few,much,every-thing,anything,nothing,none,some等时Do you have anything that you want to say for yourself?你有什么要为自己说的吗?当先行词前面有the only,the very(恰恰,正好),any,every,no,all,few,little,much,the right,the last等词修饰时This is the very b
13、us that Im waiting for.这就是我正在等的公交车。当先行词是形容词最高级或先行词的前面有形容词最高级修饰时This is the best way that has been used against pol-lution.这是曾经用过的最好的抗污染的办法。当先行词是序数词或它前面有序数词修饰时This train is the last that will go to Suzhou.这是去苏州的最后一趟火车。三、关系代词that 和which的特殊用法1.限制性定语从句中,用关系代词that而不能用which的情况:当先行词既有人又有物时Do you know the t
14、hings and persons that they are talking about?你知道他们正在谈论的事和人吗?当主句的主语是疑问词who或which时Which is the bike that you lost?哪辆是你丢的自行车?有两个定语从句时,其中一个关系代词宜用which,另外一个宜用thatThey secretly built up a small factory,which pro-duced things that could cause pollution.他们偷偷地建了一家小工厂,这家工厂生产可能造成污染的东西。当主句以here,there开头时There i
15、s a seat in the corner that is still not taken.在角落里还有一个空位。2.当先行词指事/物时,定语从句中关系代词用which不用that的情况:在非限制性定语从句中The sports meeting was put off,which astonished me.运动会被推迟了,这使我很吃惊。当动词短语中的介词提前时注意:在一些固定搭配的动词短语中,由于动词和介词不可分割,因此不能把介词置于关系代词之前This is a house in which Lu Xun once lived.这是鲁迅曾住过的一所房子。()This is the pen
16、(which/that)Im looking for.这是我正寻找的那支钢笔。()This is the pen for which Im looking.先行词后面有插入语时Here is the English grammar book which,as Ive told you,will help you improve your English.这就是我告诉过你的那本英语语法书,它能帮你提高英语。先行词本身就是that时Whats that which flashed through the sky just now?刚才在天空中一闪而过的是什么?题组训练用关系代词that或which
17、填空I refuse to accept the blame for something that was someone elses fault.Whenever I met her,which was fairly often,she greeted me with a sweet smile.All the presents that your friends gave you on your birthday should be put away.This is the very book that I have been looking for.He was late for the
18、 opening ceremony,which was very surprising to me.部分内容,关系词在定语从句中作主语、宾语或表语,as与which均不可省略,有时两者可以互换。四、关系代词as,which的区别as和which都可以引导非限制性定语从句,先行词为整个主句或主句中的一条件例句当定语从句置于主句前面时As you see,the Chinese people are hard-working.正如你所看到的,中国人民是勤劳的。关系词作主语且定语从句为被动语态形式时,从句谓语通常为:be known,be said,be reported,be announced,
19、be mentioned等She has been absent again,as is expected.她又缺席了,这在预料之中。在下列习惯用语中:as(it)seems likely,as(it)often happens,as(it)was pointed out,as(it)was said earli-er,as I remember(it),as I understand(it),as(it)ap-pears,as is often the case,as anybody can see,as we have expectedJack has won the first priz
20、e,as it often happens.像往常一样,杰克得了一等奖。She has read widely in Romantic Literature,as it appears from her essay.她广泛涉猎了浪漫主义文学,这从她的文章中可以看出来。1.下列情况通常只用as而不用which:2.下列情况通常用which而不用as:题组训练单句填空A lot of language learning,as has been discovered,is happening in the first year of life,so parents should talk much
21、to their children during that peri-od.There is no simple answer,as is often the case in science.五、“介词+which/whom”引导定语从句的用法1.当介词放在关系代词的前面时,关系代词常用which或whom,并且不能省略。He paid the boy$10 for washing ten windows,most of which hadnt been cleaned for at least a year.他付给男孩10美元擦洗10个窗户,这10个窗户中大部分至少一年没擦了。In the
22、dark street,there wasnt a single person,to whom she could turn for help.在黑暗的街道上,她没有一个可以求助的人。2.在非限制性定语从句中,“介词+which/whom从句”结构中的介词不能移到从句的后面。He has visited Guan No.One High School for several times,in which he has many friends.(in不能放在定语从句句末)他已经参观过固安一中几次了,在那里他有很多朋友。3.“复合介词短语+which”引导的定语从句常与先行词用逗号分开,定语从句
23、常用倒装语序。He lived in a big house,in front of which stood a big tall tree.他住在一所大房子里,房子前面有一棵又大又高的树。4.“介词+which/whom+不定式”结构。The poor man has no house in which to live.=The poor man has no house(that/which)he can live in.=The poor man has no house in which he can live.=The poor man has no house to live in
24、.那个穷人没房子住。题组训练单句填空He may win the competition,in which case he is likely to get into the national team.Franks dream is to have his own garden in which to produce many beautiful flowers.关系副词用法例句when指时间,在定语从句中作时间状语,相当于“表时间的介词(如in,at,on,during等)+which”I still remember the day when I first came to Beijin
25、g.(when=on which)我还记得第一次来北京的那一天。where指地点,在定语从句中作地点状语,相当于“表地点的介词(如in,at,on,under等)+which”Can you tell me the office where he works?(where=in which)你能告诉我他工作的办公室吗?why指原因,在定语从句中作原因状语,相当于“表原因的介词(如for)+which”Do you know the reason why he is absent?(why=for which)你知道他缺席的原因吗?六、关系副词的用法注意:(1)当先行词为situation,ca
26、se,stage,point等,且关系词在定语从句中作状语时,也要用关系副词where引导。They have reached the point where they have to separate with each other.他们已经到了必须分手的地步。题组训练单句填空He wrote a letter where he explained what had happened in the acci-dent.Sales director is a position where the communication ability is just as important as sal
27、es skills.(2)有时为表达清楚,还可以在关系副词where/when前加介词from/to等。China is the birthplace of kites,from where kite flying spreads to Japan,Korea,Thailand and India.中国是风筝的发源地,从这里放风筝传到了日本、朝鲜、泰国和印度。(3)关系副词when,where可用于非限制性定语从句,而关系副词why不可以。考点三 名词性从句一、名词性从句的结构和功能总述名词性从句包括主语从句、宾语从句、表语从句和同位语从句。名词性从句是一种具有名词功能的非独立分句。名词性从句
28、主要有四种从句结构:以that引导的从句;以whether/if引导的从句;以连接代词/副词who,where,why等引导的从句;以what或wh-ever等引导的名词性关系从句。此外,as if/as though也可引导表语从句。具体用法见下表:主语从句宾语从句表语从句同位语从句作及物动词宾语作介词宾语that一般不省略可以省略一般不省略一般不省略一般不省略whether/if(是否)放于句首时常用whether用whether/if均可,但有区别常用whether常用whether常用whether连接代词/副词注意语序要用陈述句语序名词性关系从句注意语序要用陈述句语序题组训练完成下列
29、句子Can you tell me how I can (我如何能)get to the railway station?These photographs will show you what our village looks/is like (我们村看上去是什么样子的).句型例句It+be+形容词(obvious,true,natural,surprising,good,wonderful,funny,possible,likely,certain,prob-able,etc.)+that 从句It is certain that she will do well in her exam
30、.可以肯定她会考得很好。It+be+名词(词组)(no wonder,an honor,a good thing,a pity,no surprise,etc.)+that 从句Its no surprise that our team has won the game.我们队已经赢了那场比赛并不令人惊奇。It+be+过去分词(said,reported,thought,expected,decided,announced,arranged,etc.)+that从句It is said that Mr.Green has arrived in Beijing.据说格林先生已经到北京了。It+动
31、词或动词短语(seem,appear,happen,matter,turn out,prove,occur,etc.)+that从句It happened that he was out.他碰巧出去了。It proves that he is silly.事实证明他很愚蠢。二、以that引导的从句(一)that从句作主语1.that从句作主语时,常用it作形式主语,常见的句型有:2.在口语中,that常可省略,尤其是在非常短的句子中,但that从句位于句首时,that是不能省略的。Its a pity(that)youre leaving.你要离开,真遗憾。That we are invite
32、d to the concert this evening is good news to us.我们被邀请去参加今晚的音乐会,这对我们来说是个好消息。(二)that从句作宾语1.that从句可作及物动词的宾语,常用的结构有:结构例句及物动词、be sure等+that从句Do you know(that)he has joined the army?你知道他参军了吗?及物动词+it+宾补+that从句He has made it clear that he will not give in.他不会屈服的,这一点他已明确表示了。结构例句in/except+that从句He is a good
33、student except that he is a little bit careless.除了有点儿粗心外,他是个好学生。He differed from his classmates in that he devoted his spare time to reading.他和他的同学不同的地方在于他把业余时间用在了读书上。其他介词+it+that从句You may depend on it that I shall always help you.你要相信我会一直帮助你的。2.that从句作介词宾语,常用结构有:(三)that引导的表语从句、同位语从句从句用法例句表语从句that从句
34、作表语,that一般不省略My decision is that all of us are to start at 6 oclock tomorrow morning.我的决定是我们所有人明天早上6点出发。同位语从句that从句作同位语,that不可省略Theres a feeling in me that well never know what a UFO is.我有一种感觉,我们将永远不会知道不明飞行物是什么。从句例句区别同位语从句The news that our football team won the match was encouraging.我们足球队赢了比赛的消息令人鼓舞
35、。对前面的名词起补充说明的作用同位语从句(our football team won the match)不缺任何成分定语从句The news(that)we heard on the radio was not true.我们在收音机里听到的那则消息不是真的。对先行词起修饰、限制的作用定语从句(we heard on the ra-dio)是残缺的句子(四)that引导同位语从句与that引导定语从句的区别题组训练单句填空It is obvious to the students that they should get well prepared for their future.The
36、news that we are having a holiday tomorrow is not true.三、以whether/if(是否)引导的从句1.whether/if(是否)引导的表语从句、同位语从句从句用法例句表语从句只用whetherThe problem is whether the meet-ing will be held.问题是这个会议是否将要举行。同位语从句只用whetherI have no idea whether the meet-ing will be held.我不知道会议是否会举行。2.whether/if(是否)引导的主语从句3.whether/if(是
37、否)引导的宾语从句题组训练用whether/if填空It is still under discussion whether/if the old bus station should be re-placed with a modern hotel or not.I am not sure whether/if he will come here or not.This decision will have an effect on whether or not he will succeed.名词性从句例句主语从句Why he is often absent from class is a
38、 mystery.他为什么经常缺课是个谜。It makes no difference where we shall have the meeting.我们在哪儿开会都无所谓。(It为形式主语,where we shall have the meeting为真正的主语)宾语从句I cant imagine how he did it.我不能想象他是如何做的这件事。(从句作及物动词的宾语)It all depends on how we solve the problem.这完全取决于我们如何解决这个问题。(从句作介词on的宾语)四、以连接代词/副词where,who,how,why等引导的从句
39、表语从句The problem is where we should stay.问题是我们应该待在哪里。同位语从句My question how I shall get in touch with him has not been answered.我如何能和他取得联系的问题还没有得到答复。题组训练单句填空Im afraid hes more of a talker than a doer,which is why he never fin-ished anything.引导词用法例句what=the thing(s)that.,意为:的东西What they need(=The thing
40、that they need)is a good textbook.他们需要的是一本好课本。whatever=anything that.,意为:的任何东西Whatever he likes(=Anything that he likes)will be given to him.他喜欢的任何东西都会给他。You can write about whatever topic you prefer(=any topic that you prefer).你可以写你喜欢的任何题目。五、以what或wh-ever等引导的名词性从句whichever=any member of a group of
41、peo-ple or things that.,意为:(在某范围之内)的任何人、物Whichever book he bought would be paid for.(这些书中)无论他买哪一本书都要付款。It doesnt matter to me whichev-er you choose.你选择哪一个对我来说都无所谓。whoever=anyone who.,意为:的任何人Whoever did this job must be rewarded.干这项工作的任何人一定会得到酬谢。题组训练单句填空Many young people in the West are expected to l
42、eave what could be lifes most important decisionmarriagealmost entirely up to luck.Whichever one of you breaks the window will have to pay for it.The book can be of help to whoever wants to do the job.She is very dear to us.We have been prepared to do whatever it takes to save her life.How about cam
43、ping this weekend,just for a change?OK,whatever you want.To improve the quality of our products,we asked for suggestions whoever had used the products.(一)that通常不可省略的情况:1.that引导的主语从句置于句首时。That prices will go up is certain.物价要上涨是肯定的。2.当一个句子有两个或多个并列的宾语从句时,引导第二个和以后几个从句的that不可省略。He told me he had to leav
44、e and that he would be back soon.他告诉我他得离开且很快就回来。3.由it作形式宾语时,引导宾语从句的that大多不可省略。You can put it that it was arranged before.您可以说这是之前安排好的。六、名词性从句的几个易混点(二)as if/as though,because,why也可引导表语从句。It looked as if it was going to rain.看起来天好像要下雨。Thats because he didnt work hard enough.那是因为他工作不够努力。That was why I
45、asked for three days leave.那就是我请了三天假的原因。注意:because引导表语从句时,主句主语不能是reason或cause,而且since和as不能引导表语从句。The reason is that.才是正确的。考点四 状语从句一、时间状语从句1.when,while,asWhen I lived there,I used to go to the seashore on Sundays.我住在那里时,星期天常到海滨去。连词词义用法when当时候状语从句谓语动词可是延续性动词,也可是瞬间动词从句动作可先于主句动作,也可和主句动作同时发生while当时候状语从句谓
46、语动词是延续性动词侧重主句动作和从句动作相对比as一边一边,随着状语从句谓语动词是延续性动词表示从句和主句的两个动作交替进行或同时完成When the film ended,the people went back.电影一结束,人们便回去了。Please dont talk so loud while others are working.别人在工作时请别那么大声谈话。As time goes on,its getting warmer and warmer.随着时间的推移,天气变得越来越暖和了。注意:如果主句表示的是短暂性动作,而从句用延续性动词的进行时态表示在一段时间内正在进行的动作,此时
47、when,while与as可互换使用。When/While/As I was walking down the street,I came across an old friend of mine.当我沿大街行走时,碰巧遇到了我的一个老朋友。题组训练用when,while,as填空 When/While/As I was waiting at the bus stop,I noticed a police car in front of the store.When John arrived,I was cooking lunch.As he grew older,he lost intere
48、st in everything except gardening.分类例词例句连词as soon as,onceI will call you as soon as I arrive.我一到就给你打电话。像名词的连词the moment,the minute,the in-stantThe moment I heard the voice,I knew my father was coming.一听到那个声音,我就知道父亲来了。像副词的连词immediately,directlyThe boy burst into tears immedi-ately he saw his mother.那
49、个男孩一见到他妈妈便放声大哭。2.表示“一就”的连词固定句式hardly/scarcely.when.;no sooner.than.Hardly had I got home when it began to rain.我一到家天就下起雨来。注意:no sooner.than.,hardly/scarcely.when.结构的时态搭配为:no soon-er与hardly/scarcely所在的主句的谓语动词应用过去完成时,而than与when引导的从句的谓语动词应用一般过去时。此外,当把no sooner和hardly/scarcely提到句首时,其所在的主句应用倒装语序。We had n
50、o sooner arrived at the station than the train left.=No sooner had we arrived at the station than the train left.我们一到车站,火车就离站了。题组训练单句填空He had no sooner finished his speech than the students started cheer-ing.You will be successful in the interview once you have confidence.Just use this room for the
51、time being,and well offer you a larger one as soon as it becomes available.3.till,until和not.until题组训练同义句转换I didnt leave until she came back.Not until she came back did I leave.It was not until she came back that I left.4.after,beforeafter意为“在之后”;before意为“在之前,还未就,不到就,才,还没来得及就”等。He changed his idea af
52、ter he thought it over.他仔细思考之后改变了主意。We had sailed four days and four nights before we saw land.我们航行了4天4夜才看到陆地。It was half a year before I came back.半年后我才回来。It wont be long before we meet again.过不了多长时间我们就会再见面了。5.since引导的时间状语从句(1)since的基本用法since意为“自从”,引导的时间状语从句的谓语动词一般是非延续性动词,用一般过去时;主句的谓语动词是延续性的或者是反复发生
53、过的动作,其时态常用现在完成时或现在完成进行时。I have written home four times since I came here.自从我来到这儿,我已经给家里写过四次信了。She has been working in this factory since she left school.她离开学校以后就一直在这个工厂工作。(2)“It is+一段时间+since从句”句型在“It is+一段时间+since从句”句型中,since引导的从句的谓语动词若是延续性动词,时间的计算从since从句的动作或状态结束时算起;若since引导的从句的谓语动词是终止性动词,计时起点从动作开
54、始时算起。It is three years since the war broke out.(终止性动词)自战争爆发以来已有三年了。It is three years since I smoked a cigar(=since I stopped smoking a cigar).(延续性动词)我不吸雪茄已有三年了。如果译成“我吸雪茄已有三年了”,应为:It is three years since I began to smoke a cigar.(终止性动词)It is three years since she was in our class.她离开我们班已有三年了。It is th
55、ree years since he lived here.他不在这儿住已有三年了。单句填空As is reported,it is more than 100 years since Tsinghua University was founded.Because of the heavy traffic,it was already time for lunch when she got to her office.I have heard a lot of good things about you since I came back from abroad.题组训练英译汉6.every
56、time,each time,next time,the last time,any time等名词短语用来引导时间状语从句,表示“每当;每次;下次”等。Every/Each time I was in trouble,he would come to help me out.每当我处于困境,他就会来帮助我。Next time you come,do remember to bring your son here.下次你来这里的时候,一定记着把你儿子带来。The last time she saw James,he was lying in bed.上次她看见詹姆斯的时候,他正躺在床上。连词词
57、义从句位置例句wherewherever的地方指具体地点时,从句可用于主句之前或之后;表示抽象条件的含义时,从句需放在主句之前You are free to go wherever you like.你愿意去哪里就去哪里。(具体地点)Where there is a will,there is a way.有志者,事竟成。(抽象条件)二、地点状语从句题组训练单句填空After the war,a new school building was put up where there had once been a theatre.I have kept the portrait where I
58、can see it every day,as it always reminds me of my university days in London.三、原因状语从句引导原因状语从句的从属连词主要有:because因为 as由于 since/now that既然in that因为 seeing that鉴于 considering that考虑到I was absent from the meeting because I was ill.因为我病了,所以我开会缺席了。As it is raining,we shall not go to the park.由于在下雨,我们不去公园了。No
59、w that/Since everybody is here,lets begin our meeting.既然大家都在这里,我们开始开会吧。题组训练单句填空I did it because he had told me to.Now that my head had cleared,my brain was also beginning to work much better.连词词义例句in order that(置于句首或句中)以便;为了Ill speak slowly so that/in order that you can understand me.我会慢慢说,以便你能懂我的意思
60、。In order that we might see the sunrise,we started for the peak early.为了能看到日出,我们很早就出发去了山顶。so that(置于句中)四、目的状语从句for fear that唯恐,以免某事会发生Mary didnt want to get out of bed for fear that she might wake her baby(up).玛丽不想起床,以免吵醒她的宝宝。in case以防Take your raincoat in case it rains.带上雨衣吧,以防下雨。题组训练单句填空I took my
61、driving license with me on holiday,in case I wanted to hire a car.She finally ran away for fear that her parents would scold her.五、结果状语从句1.引导结果状语从句的从属连词有:so.that.,such.that.。注意其结构:Mike is such an honest worker that we all believe in him.=Mike is so honest a worker that we all believe in him.迈克是一个如此诚
62、实的工人,以至于我们都相信他。It is such fine weather that we all want to go to the park.天气如此晴朗,以至于我们都想去公园。He earned so little money that he couldnt support his family.他挣这么少的钱,以至于养不起家。注意:(1)为了强调形容词和副词,当so或such置于句首时,主句要用倒装语序。So clever a student was he that he was able to work out all the difficult prob-lems.他是如此聪明的
63、一个学生,以至于能够解出所有难题。(2)当so或such所在的主句主语与结果状语从句中的主语一致时,还可简化为:so/such.as to.。He was so clever a student that he was able to work out all the difficult prob-lems.He was so clever a student as to be able to work out all the difficult problems.题组训练用so或such填空It is not surprising that such little worms eat so
64、little grain.Can you believe that in such a rich country there should be so many poor people?He is so smart a boy that I like him very much.2.除结果状语从句外,too.to.(太而不能),enough to.(达到某种程度可以)等结构同样可以表示结果。他起床太晚了,没有赶上那班公共汽车。He didnt get up early enough to catch the bus.=He got up too late to catch the bus.题组
65、训练同义句转换He is so young that he cant join the army.He is not old enough to join the army.He is too young to join the army.He is so young as not to join the army.3.such.that.引导的状语从句与such.as.引导的定语从句的区别。首先观察两个句子:He is such a clever boy as everyone likes.他是一个人人都喜爱的聪明孩子。He is such a clever boy that everyon
66、e likes him.他是一个如此聪明的孩子,以至于人人都喜欢他。句中everyone likes为残缺的句子,缺少宾语,故可判断此处为定语从句;句中everyone likes him结构完整,不缺任何成分,故可判断此处为状语从句。题组训练用as,that填空Such advice as he was given proved almost worthless.It was such a boring speech that I fell asleep.六、条件状语从句题组训练单句填空 Unless our manager objects to Toms joining the club,
67、we shall accept him as a member.You may use the room as you like as/so long as you clean it up afterwards.七、方式状语从句引导方式状语从句的从属连词有:as正如;就像 as if/as though好像,仿佛as if或as though引导的从句可以用虚拟语气,但如果从句中所陈述的情况很可能实现,也可用陈述语气。Do as you are told,or youll be fired.告诉你怎么做你就怎么做,否则你会被解雇。The lady treats the boy as if he
68、 were her own son.(虚拟语气)这位女士对待这个男孩就像他是她自己的儿子似的。He closed his eyes as if he was tired.(陈述语气)他闭上了眼睛,好像累了。题组训练单句填空Leave the table as it is.Jack wasnt saying anything but the teacher smiled at him as if he had done something very clever.连词词义例句although/though尽管,虽然He is unhappy,though/although he has a lo
69、t of money.虽然他很有钱,但他并不幸福。as尽管,虽然Child as he is,the boy knows a lot.尽管还是个孩子,但这个男孩懂得很多。(从句用倒装结构)even though/ev-en if即使Even though/Even if it is raining,well go there.即使下着雨,我们也要去那里。八、让步状语从句whether.or.不管还是Whether you believe it or not,it is true.不管你相信与否,那都是真的。疑问词+-ever与no matter+疑问词不管;无论Whatever(=No mat
70、ter what)you say,he wont believe you.无论你说什么,他都不会相信你说的话。注意:(1)although与though两者意思相同,一般可互换,都可以与yet,still或nevertheless连用,但不能和but连用。Although/Though it was raining hard,yet they went on playing football.虽然雨下得很大,但他们还是继续踢足球。(2)though还可用作副词,意为“可是,然而”,置于句末。He said he would come;he didnt,though.他说他会来,可是没有来。(3
71、)when,while也可作从属连词,表让步,while常用在句首,when常用在句中,相当于although。Suddenly,she stopped when she ought to have continued.尽管她本应该继续下去,她却突然停住了。While I admit that there are problems,I dont agree that they cannot be solved.尽管我承认有问题存在,但我不同意说这些问题不能解决。(4)though引导让步状语从句时,还可使用倒装句型,和as的用法一致。Old as/though he is,he works v
72、ery hard.(=Although he is old,he works very hard.)虽然他年纪大了,但工作还是非常努力。题组训练单句填空It was a nice meal,though a little expensive.While/Although/Though all of them are strong candidates,only one will be chosen for the post.考点五 祈使句一、祈使句的定义表示命令、建议、请求、禁止、警告、劝告的句子。二、祈使句的形式形式例句肯定式动词原形(+其他成分)Stand there!站在那里!Let+宾
73、语+动词原形Let me have a break.让我歇会儿。Be+过去分词Be seated,please.请坐。否定式在上面肯定式前加“Dont”或“Do not”Dont be so sure.别那么有把握。Please dont forget to take your medicine.请不要忘了吃药。Dont let him go!别让他走!Let+宾语+not+动词原形Let him not stand in the rain.让他别站在雨里了。强调式Do+动词原形Do tell me the truth.务必和我说实话。Never+动词原形Never come late.千万别
74、迟到。No+(动)名词No parking!禁止停车!三、带主语的祈使句(1)为了加强语气或要特别指明向谁提出命令或要求时,需加主语“you”,有时还可同时加称呼。Tom,you water the flowers!汤姆,你去浇花!(2)命令/吩咐几个人分头做几件事情时,祈使句需带主语“you”,还可同时带称呼语。You,girls,clean the desks;you,boys,sweep the floor.你们女生,擦桌子。你们男生,打扫地板。(3)在表达“不高兴,厌烦”等情绪时,可带主语“you”。You mind your own business!你少管闲事!(4)祈使句的主语除
75、了用“you”外,还可用“everybody,everyone”等,它们的位置可以在句末。Be quiet,everyone!大家静下来!考点六 there be句型一、there be句型概述there be句型在英语中表示“什么地方或什么时间存在什么事物”。在这种结构中,there是引导词,be后面的名词是主语,句子的结尾是地点(时间)状语。There is a big tree in front of the classroom.教室前有棵大树。There will be a meeting at the conference room at 8 oclock tomorrow morn
76、-ing.明天上午8点在会议室有一个会议。二、there be句型的主谓一致如果有两个或两个以上的主语,谓语动词be要采用就近一致原则。There is a pen,two books,and many pencils on the desk.桌子上有一支钢笔,两本书,还有许多铅笔。三、there be句型的时态there be结构有不同时态的形式,而且可以和各种助动词、情态动词连用。There was a meeting in our school yesterday.昨天在我们学校召开了一个会议。There will be a new film shown on Sunday.星期日将上映
77、一部新电影。There have been many great changes in our country since then.自从那时起,我们国家发生了很多巨大的变化。There cant be any mistakes in his passage.他的文章里不可能有什么错误。四、there be句型的谓语there be句型中的谓语动词be有时可用seem to be,happen to be,is likely to be或remain,stand,lie,go,come,exist,follow,live,occur等替换。There is likely to be somet
78、hing wrong with his computer.他的电脑可能有毛病。Once upon a time there lived an old monk in the temple.从前那座庙里住着一个老和尚。五、there be句型的非谓语形式There being no enough time left,we have to hurry.(Because there is no enough time left,.)时间不多了,我们得抓紧。(独立主格结构作状语)There having been no water for 2 days,the travelers were all v
79、ery thirsty.(Be-cause there had been no water for 2 days.)已经断水两天了,这些游客都口渴得很厉害。(独立主格结构作状语)What is the chance of there being an election this year?今年举行选举有多大的可能性?(there be的动名词形式作of的宾语)I expect there to be many chances for him to get a job.我希望他有很多机会找到工作。(there be的不定式结构作expect的复合宾语)六、there be的常用句型There i
80、s no point/sense(in)doing sth.做某事没有意义There is no doubt about./that.毫无疑问There is no need(for sb.)to do sth.(某人)没必要做某事There is no difficulty/trouble in doing sth.做某事没困难There is no chance(possibility)of(doing)sth./that从句 做某事没有可能题组训练用所给词的适当形式填空There is (be)a chair and two tables in the room.There being
81、(be)no money in his pocket,he had to go hungry.I wish there to be (be)some chances for my readers.It is necessary for there to be (be)a dictionary with you.What is the chance of there being (be)some good dictionaries in that bookstore?考点七 感叹句题组训练用what或how填空 What an interesting book it is!How interes
82、ting a book it is!What interesting books they are!What delicious food I had!How kind of you to help!How I wish I were a bird!考点八 反意疑问句反意疑问句由两部分构成:陈述部分+疑问部分。陈述部分是肯定形式时,疑问部分用否定形式,且否定形式必须为省略式;陈述部分是否定形式时,疑问部分用肯定形式,即“前肯定,后否定;前否定,后肯定”,疑问部分的主语要用代词。陈述部分和疑问部分的主语以及谓语动词的人称、数、时态通常要保持一致。一、陈述部分含有must/(may)might的反
83、意疑问句当must作“必须”讲时,其反意疑问部分用neednt;当含有mustnt(不允许、禁止)时,其反意疑问部分用must/may。You must go now,neednt you?你现在必须走,是吗?You mustnt smoke here,must/may you?你不要在此处吸烟,行吗?当must/may(might)表示推测,即must作“一定,准是”讲,may/might作“可能”讲时,可首先将句子改为“I am(not)sure+that从句”,反意疑问部分的动词形式根据be(not)sure后的宾语从句的谓语动词形式确定。You must/may(might)be hu
84、ngry now,?I am(not)sure that you are hungry now,arent you?You must/may(might)be hungry now,arent you?你现在一定/可能饿了,是吗?You must have heard about it,?I am sure that you have heard about it,havent you?You must have heard about it,havent you?你一定听说过这件事了,是吗?You must have watched that football match last nigh
85、t,?I am sure that you watched that football match last night,didnt you?You must have watched that football match last night,didnt you?你昨晚一定看足球赛了,是吗?(陈述部分有表示过去的时间状语last night)二、陈述部分含有used to的反意疑问句陈述部分含有used to时,其反意疑问部分用 usednt或didnt均可。You used to sleep with the windows open,usednt/didnt you?你过去总是开着窗户
86、睡觉,是吗?三、陈述部分含有ought to的反意疑问句陈述部分含有ought to时,其反意疑问部分用oughtnt或shouldnt均可。He ought to attend the lecture,oughtnt/shouldnt he?他应该参加这场讲座,是不是?四、否定词或半否定词的反意疑问句当陈述部分带有seldom,hardly,scarcely,never,few,little,nothing,nobody 等否定词或半否定词时,反意疑问部分用肯定形式。He could hardly walk without a stick,could he?没有拐杖他几乎不能走路,是吗?五、
87、陈述部分含有否定前缀的反意疑问句如果陈述部分含有由表示“否定”意义的前缀构成的词,其反意疑问部分一般用否定式。Tom dislikes playing tennis,doesnt he?汤姆不喜欢打网球,是吗?Its unfair,isnt it?那不公平,是不是?六、含有宾语从句的反意疑问句(1)当陈述部分带有宾语从句时,疑问部分的主语和谓语应和主句的主语和谓语保持一致。He said that he would come to my birthday party,didnt he?他说他要来参加我的生日聚会,是吗?(2)主句谓语动词think,believe,suppose,guess,e
88、xpect,imagine的主语为第一人称时,疑问部分的主语和谓语与宾语从句的主语和谓语保持一致;若主语为第二、三人称时,疑问部分的主语和谓语与主句的主语和谓语保持一致。I dont believe he will succeed,will he?我认为他不会成功,是吗?They dont believe Jack will succeed,do they?他们不相信杰克会成功,对吗?七、祈使句的反意疑问句祈使句后加附加问句,不表示反意,而表示一种语气。其结构为:否定祈使句,will you?肯定祈使句,will/wont you?Lets.,shall we?Let us.,will you
89、?Open the door,will/wont you?打开门,好吗?Lets go out for a walk,shall we?我们出去散散步,好吗?Let us go home now,will you?现在,(您)让我们回家吧,好吗?八、回答反意疑问句时应遵循以下原则(1)要么肯定到底,要么否定到底,不会出现Yes,I dont或No,I do的形式。(2)不管陈述部分为否定,还是附加问句为否定,回答时只看所提到的事情是否发生。如果发生了,用肯定回答,否则,用否定回答。如:当对方问你You arent a teacher,are you?或You are a teacher,are
90、nt you?时,你只要听懂you和teacher两个单词即可,如果你是老师,回答“Yes,I am.”,否则,回答“No,I am not.”。九、反意疑问部分的主语和陈述部分的主语在人称、数上保持一致的几种情况陈述部分主语反意疑问部分主语例句one(指人)one或you(非正式场合)One cant be careful enough,can you/one?再小心也不为过,是吧?this,that,these,thoseit或theyThis isnt a fast train,is it?这不是一列快车,对吗?everything,anything,something,nothingi
91、tNothing happened to him,did it?他没发生什么事,是吗?everyone,everybody,someone,somebody,noone,nobody,anyone,anybodyhe或they(更常见)Nobody likes to be laughed at,没人愿意被嘲笑,是吗?不定式、动名词、主语从句ItLearning English well takes a lot of time,doesnt it?学好英语需要很多时间,对吗?there be句型be/情态动词/助动词+thereThere will be rain tomorrow,wont t
92、here?明天要下雨,是吗?There should be no problem,should there?应该没什么问题,是吗?题组训练完成下列句子You havent been here long,have you?No,I havent .I am a newcomer here.Mrs.Black doesnt believe her son is able to design a digital camera,does she?It must have rained last night,didnt it?John told you that there wasnt anyone i
93、n the room at that time,didnt he?John,you mop the floor,will/wont you?Lets have a break,shall we?Mr.Smith,let us have a break,will you?考点九 倒装句一、完全倒装(Full Inversion)谓语部分完全放在主语之前的句子为完全倒装句。这类句型主要有两种:用法例句表示方位或方式的副词或介词短语,如here,there,then,up,down,in,away,off,out,in the room,on the wall 等置于句首,且主语是名词时South
94、of the river lies a small factory.一个小型工厂坐落在这条河的南岸。Out rushed the children.孩子们冲了出去。In she came.她走了进来。(主语是代词时,句子不倒装)such+be+主语Such was Albert Einstein,a simple man and the 20th centurys greatest scientist.这就是阿尔伯特爱因斯坦,一个简朴的人,也是20世纪最伟大的科学家。二、部分倒装(Partial Inversion)只把谓语的一部分(多为be动词、助动词或情态动词)置于主语之前的句子,叫部分倒
95、装句。条件例句only 修饰副词、介词短语或从句作状语,且放在句首时Only in this way can we learn English well.只有用这种方法我们才能学好英语。否定副词never,nor,not,hardly,little,seldom,scarcely,rarely及表否定意义的介词短语at no time,under/in no circumstances,in no case,by no means,on no condition等置于句首时Never before have I seen such a moving film.以前我从未看过这么感人的电影。No
96、t a single mistake did he make.他一个错误也没犯。“so+be/助动词/情态动词+主语”意为:也是如此They love making lots of friends;so do I.他们喜欢交很多朋友,我也是如此。“neither(或nor)+be/助动词/情态动词+主语”意为:也不Lily cant ride a bicycle;neither/nor can Lucy.莉莉不会骑自行车,露西也不会。如此以至于So+adj./adv.+部分倒装+that.Such(+a/an)+adj.+n.+部分倒装+that.To such a degree/length
97、/.+部分倒装+that.Such a fine day is it that wed like to play outside.天气如此好以至于我们想去外面玩。To such a length did he speak that everyone got bored.他的讲话如此冗长以至于人人都烦了。“Neither+部分倒装,nor+部分倒装”表示:既不也不Neither do I know it,nor do I care about it.我不知道这件事,也不关心。“Not only+部分倒装,but also.”表示:不仅而且Not only will help be given t
98、o people to find jobs,but also medical treatment will be provided for people who need it.不仅要给那些找工作的人提供帮助,而且也要给那些需要帮助的人提供药物治疗。not until作状语或引导状语从句置于句首时,句子/主句需部分倒装,意为:直到才Not until 4:00 in the morning could he fall asleep.直到早晨4点他才睡着。Not until I came last night did Mum go to bed.昨天晚上直到我来了妈妈才上床睡觉。含助动词had,
99、were或情态动词should的if虚拟条件句,如将if省略时(详见“虚拟语气”专题)题组训练将下列句子变为倒装句I hardly think it possible to finish the job before dark.Hardly do I think it possible to finish the job before dark.He learned the sad news only after the war.Only after the war did he learn the sad news.We didnt have supper until he returned
100、.Not until he returned did we have supper.He speaks English so clearly that he can always make himself understood.So clearly does he speak English that he can always make himself understood.条件例句感叹句What an interesting talk they had!他们进行了一次多么有趣的谈话呀!the more.,the more.句型The more you listen to English,t
101、he easier it becomes.你听英语听得越多,它就变得越简单。whatever/however+adj./adv.引导的让步状语从句However difficult the problem may be,we must work it out this evening.无论这个问题会有多难,今晚我们必须解决它。三、形式倒装(Formal Inversion)形式上的倒装在语法上称为前置。它的特点是:只把强调的内容提至句首,主谓并不倒装。as,though引导让步状语从句时采用倒装形式的情况表语的倒装Tired as/though he was,he still went on
102、with his work.尽管很累,但他还是继续工作。谓语动词的倒装Try as he might,he didnt pass the exam.尽管努力了,但他考试还是不及格。状语的倒装Much as he likes the bike,he doesnt want to buy it.他虽然很喜欢那辆自行车,但不想买它。题组训练单句填空Strange as/though it seems,it is true.What an interesting role she played in the film!No wonder she has won an Oscar.In recent y
103、ears travel agencies have succeeded in selling us the idea that the further we go,the better (good)our holiday will be.考点十 省略一、状语从句中的省略现象用法例句当时间、条件、让步、方式等状语从句的主语和主句的主语一致或是it,且从句谓语中含be动词时,可以省略状语从句中的主语和be动词Dont speak until(you are)spoken to.有人和你说话时你再说。Come tomorrow if(it is)possible.如果可能的话,就明天来吧。She s
104、tood at the gate as if(she was)waiting for someone.她站在门口好像在等人。用so或not代替上文内容,此时可用“if+so/not”省略句式Get up early tomorrow.If not(=If you dont get up early),you will miss the first bus.明天要早起。如果不早起,你就赶不上首班公共汽车。He may not be at home then.If so(=If he is not at home),leave him a note.那时他可能不在家。如果他不在家的话,给他留个便条
105、。二、不定式的省略用法例句在一定的上下文中,为了避免重复,可以省去不定式中与前面句子中相同的动词(短语),只保留不定式符号to。否定形式的省略用not to。但如果不定式中含有be,have,have been,通常保留be,have和have beenI asked him to see the film,but he didnt want to.我叫他看电影,但是他不想看。The driver wanted to park his car by the roadside but was asked by the police not to.那位司机想把车停在路边,但警察不让他那样做。Are
106、 you a sailor?No,but I used to be.你是水手吗?不是,但我过去是。题组训练将下列句子中省略的部分补全When split,an atom can release energy.When(it is)split,an atom can release energy.They were scolded whenever late for school.They were scolded whenever(they were)late for school.If not well organized,the meeting will be a failure.If(it is)not well organized,the meeting will be a failure.
