1、Unit 1 Living wellLearning about Language语法精讲深化学习动词不定式【情境探究】观察上面对话,并类比填空。1.Today will be a busy day because I have a lot of work _(do).2.Ms Li asked me softly whether I was well and advised me _(have)agood rest.3._(sleep)late in the morning,Bob turned off the alarm.4.Many volunteers decided _(go)to
2、Wuhan to help people there during the Spring Festival.5.It is hard _(finish)the work in such a short time.to doto haveTo sleepto goto finish【要义详析】一、不定式的时态和语态主动语态被动语态意 义to doto be done表示动作与谓语动作同时发生或发生在谓语动作之后to havedoneto havebeen done表示动作发生在谓语动作之前to be doing表示谓语动作发生时,不定式的动作正在进行to have been doing表示动作发
3、生在谓语动作之前且一直持续到谓语动作发生时,仍在进行*(2018北京高考)Im so glad to hear your future education plan in Beijing in your last letter.我很高兴在你的上一封信中听说你在北京的进修计划。*(2019浙江高考)California has lost half its big trees since the 1930s,according to a study to be published Tuesday.根据周二要公布的一项研究,自20世纪30年代以来,加州已经失去了一半的大树。*The civiliza
4、tion is said to have been existing for thousands of years.据说这一文明已经存在数千年了。*The government of Libya seems to be losing control of the country.利比亚政府似乎正失去对国家的控制。*The first debate was supposed to have been held on Tuesday.第一场辩论本该在星期二就举行了。【即学活用】用所给动词的适当形式填空。(1)Huo Shenshan Hospital is able _(hold)about 1,
5、000 patients.(2)Good news is that an exhibition of Chinese paintings is _(hold)this weekend.(3)I carried around a book,and each night,I would pretend _(read).(4)I feel it is a great honor _(invite)to talk about thunderstorms with you.(5)I am sorry _(keep)you waiting outside for so long.to holdto be
6、heldto be readingto have been invitedto have kept二、不定式在句中的作用1.不定式作主语。(1)单个的不定式作主语时谓语动词用单数形式。两个或两个以上不定式作主语时,谓语动词常用复数形式;但当它们作为一个整体时,谓语动词用单数形式。*To find the cause of the crash is an urgent task.发现这次飞机坠毁的原因是一个紧迫的任务。*To love and to be loved are both the greatest happiness in the world.爱与被爱都是人间最大的幸福。(2)若不定
7、式结构比较复杂,往往用it作形式主语,真正的主语放在句子的后面。常用结构有:It is/was+adj.+(of/for sb.)to do.It is+a/an+名词+to do.It takes(sb.)some time/courage/patience to do.It requires courage/patience/hard work to do.*(2019天津高考)Coming out of this experience,I realize it is OK to studythings like classics,art history and other majors.
8、从这次经历中,我意识到学习古典文学、艺术史和其他专业是不错的。【知识延伸】若要说明不定式的动作的执行者,可以在不定式前面加上“for+名词或代词”结构,或是“of+名词或代词”结构。可用于“of+名词/代词+动词不定式”结构中作表语的形容词是指可以表示人的性质或品质的好坏的形容词,如careful,cruel,foolish,brave,good,honest,kind,rude,polite,nice,stupid,selfish,silly,wise,thoughtful,wrong等。其余的用“for+名词或代词”结构。*It is necessary for everyone to p
9、lan for the future life.每个人都有必要为未来的生活做好计划。*It is considerate of you to keep the poor child company before his parents are found.在找到那个可怜的孩子的父母前陪着他,你考虑得真周到。【即学活用】语法填空。(1)_(achieve)what you want means keeping on working hard.(2)It took them three days _(gather)the information they needed.(3)Its my grea
10、t honour _(give)a speech here,recalling the sweet and happy moments we spent together.To achieveto gatherto give2.不定式作表语。不定式放在系动词后面常表示将来的动作或解释说明主语的内容,其主语常是wish,idea,task,purpose,duty等表示意向、打算、计划的词。*(2019全国卷)The purpose of the project is to help students see their own strengths.这个项目的目的就是帮助学生们看到他们自己的长处
11、。【即学活用】(1)(2019全国卷)Ive had many dreams since I was a child.Now my dream is _(open)a cafe.(2)The purpose of education is _.教育的目的就是培养孩子们的品质和学习能力。(3)What we want to do is _through this activity.我们想要做的就是通过这个活动介绍中国的传统文化。to opento develop childrens qualities and abilityto learnto introduce Chinese traditi
12、onal culture3.不定式作宾语。(1)动词不定式作宾语时,往往跟在某些及物动词的后面,常见的有:agree,ask,decide,hope,fail,manage,pretend,refuse等。*(2019北京高考)Many people now refuse to pick up calls from numbers they dont know.许多人现在拒绝接听他们不认识的人的电话号码。【巧学助记】只跟to do作宾语的动词决定学好;(就)设法努力;(decide/determine,learn,manage,try)拒绝承诺;(就)假装同意;(refuse,promise,
13、pretend,agree)想要帮忙;(就)选好计划;(want,help,choose,plan)希望关心;(就)主动等待;(hope/expect/wish,care,offer,wait)碰巧威胁;(也)不能付钱。(happen,fail,afford)(2)能接“疑问词+to do”的动词(短语)有:decide,know,consider,forget,learn,remember,show,find out,understand,see,wonder,hear,explain,tell 等。*Children should learn how to protect themselv
14、es when in danger.孩子们应该学会遇到危险时如何保护自己。(3)当不定式作宾语时,常会用 it 作形式宾语,而把不定式放到后面。可接 it 作形式宾语的动词有 feel,find,make,think 等。*(2017全国卷)Lots of people find it hard to get up in the morning,and put the blame on the alarm clock.许多人发现早上起床困难,并把这归咎于闹钟。【即学活用】(1)A retired engineer has been offering _(pick)up college stud
15、ents for thepast eight years for free.(2)(2018全国卷)She visits a different home each week and offers top tips on_food waste.她每周都会拜访一个不同的家庭,并提供如何减少食物浪费的好建议。(3)Smart phones _our friends and familiesanytime and anywhere.智能手机使得和朋友、家人随时随地交流更加容易。to pickhow to reducemake it easier to communicate with4.不定式作宾语
16、补足语。(1)常跟不定式作宾语补足语的动词有:ask,tell,invite,get,advise,allow,want,permit,warn,hate,encourage,prefer,expect,order,wish等;有些动词常跟“to be+形容词”构成复合结构,如think,consider,imagine,prove,find,know,suppose等。在被动语态中,不定式作主语补足语。*(2019天津高考)The sign on the wall of the library says,“No magazine is allowed to be taken out of t
17、he reading room”.图书馆墙上的牌子上写着“不允许把杂志带出阅览室”。(2)在make,let,have,see,hear,watch,notice,feel,observe,listen to,look at等动词(词组)后的复合宾语中,不定式不带to。在help后,不定式可以带to,也可以不带to。这些词在变为被动语态时,to不能省略。【巧学助记】口诀:要省to的不定式作宾补,“五看、三使役“,“两听、一感”要记住;若是“宾补”变“主补”,主补“to”字不能无;动词let属例外,其宾补/主补“to”均无。*(2018全国卷)So,do we dance in order to
18、 make ourselves feel better,calmer,and healthier?因此,我们会为了使自己感觉更好、更冷静和更健康而跳舞吗?【即学活用】(1)(2019天津高考)The professor warned the students _(不使用)mobile phones in his class.(2)(2018天津高考)The global population _(预计增长)to 9.6 billion by 2050.(3)We often _(看到她扮演)a role of a brave female in TV plays.not to useis ex
19、pected to growsee her play5.不定式作状语。动词不定式作状语可表示目的、原因及结果等,其逻辑主语就是句子的主语,因此动词不定式作状语往往用主动形式。(1)表目的:也可用于so as和in order之后表强调。(2)表结果:可用于enough to,so.as to,such.as to,only to.以及too.to等结构中。*(2019江苏高考)To enjoy the convenience of digital payment,many senior citizens started to use smart phones.为了享受数字支付的方便,很多老年市
20、民开始使用智能手机。【名师点津】不定式作目的状语常放于句首,并用逗号与句子隔开,如果位于谓语动词之后,一般不与主句用逗号隔开;若有逗号隔开时多为现在分词短语作伴随状语。(3)表原因:常用于表情绪或心理活动的形容词之后。*(2018全国卷)When the gorillas and I frightened each other,I was just glad to find them alive.当我和大猩猩都把对方吓了一跳时,我很高兴发现它们还活着。(4)用在“be+性质形容词+不定式”结构中。常见的形容词有:easy,hard,difficult,interesting,heavy,ple
21、asant,light,good,fit,comfortable,safe,dangerous,impossible等。*This disease is hard to prevent and cure.这种疾病既难预防又难治愈。【名师点津】(1)in order to do与so as to do都可作目的状语,in order to do可放于句首或句末,而so as to do不可放于句首。(2)在“be+性质形容词+不定式”结构中不定式用主动形式表被动意义;当不定式中的动词为不及物动词时,该动词要根据句意表达需要在其后加适当的介词。【即学活用】(1)(2019江苏高考)More win
22、d power stations will spring up _(meet)the demand for clean energy.(2)(2018浙江高考)Literature is a numbers game,and the test of time is extremely difficult _(pass).(3)(2019江苏高考)In 1943,a Mexican farmer was surprised _(see)smokerising from a small part of his land.(4)Now he feels confident enough _(face
23、)any challenge in his later life.to meetto passto seeto face6.不定式作定语。(1)动词不定式常常放在抽象名词attempt,ability,chance,desire,determination,decision,effort,plan,way或不定代词something,nothing等后面作后置定语,如果其逻辑主语是句子的主语,不定式用主动式。*(2019北京高考)No matter what you like to do,there is a way to get involved in various activities
24、on Earth Day.不管你喜欢做什么,在地球日都会找到一种方式让你参与到各种各样的活动中。(2)用来修饰被序数词、最高级或no,all,any等限定的中心词,且与中心词为主动关系。*(2018全国卷)He is the first Chinese citizen to win this award.他是第一个获得这个奖的中国人。【名师点津】不定式与被修饰的词为被动关系,且句中有该不定式的逻辑主语时,该不定式通常用主动形式表被动意义。如果这个不定式是不及物动词,其后应加上适当的介词。*Would you please give me some paper to write on?请给我一些
25、写东西的纸好吗?【即学活用】(1)The local leaders together with medical workers made plans _(stop)the spread of the virus.(2)(2018北京高考)I was one of the final runners _(finish).But I finished!(3)We have only one life and one chance _(do)all the things we want todo.to stopto finishto do【知识延伸】动词不定式的省略与替代 动词不定式中的省略现象可
26、分为两种情况,一是动词不定式符号to后的动词部分的省略;二是动词不定式符号to的省略。1.省略动词不定式to后的动词部分的情况。(1)一些表示心理活动、情感态度的动词或短语,如expect,want,hope,wish,love,hate,decide,plan,mean,try,would like,be ready,be afraid,be glad等后的动词不定式可承前省略to后面的动词部分。*I had no chance to go abroad though I expected to.尽管我期望,但是我没有机会出国。(2)不定式作宾语补足语时,承前省略to后的动词部分,即用to代
27、替整个不定式。*The boy wanted to play basketball in the afternoon,but his mother told him not to.男孩下午想去打篮球,但是他的母亲不叫他去。(3)某些固定结构,如ought to,have to,used to等后的动词也可承前省略。*He has no time to play chess now while he used to two years ago.他现在没有时间下棋而两年前他常常下。【名师点津】倘若承前省略的不定式中含有动词be或have的任何形式,要保留be或have或其相应的某种形式。*Chin
28、a is not what she used to be.中国不再是从前的中国了。*Didnt he tell you to attend the meeting?他没有告诉你要开会吗?No,I ought to have been(told).没有,我本应该被告知的。2.动词不定式符号to的省略。除了上文讲到的在感官动词及使役动词have、make和let后作补足语的动词不定式要省略to之外,以下情况也要省略不定式符号“to”:(1)当连词but等前有实义动词do的任何形式时。(2)当all或what 引导的主语从句中有实义动词do时,作表语的不定式要省略to。(3)在why not.句型中
29、。(4)当两个或更多作用相同的不定式并列使用时,除第一个外,后面的不定式要省略to。*People could do nothing but stay at home during the Spring Festival in 2020.2020年春节期间,人们什么都不能做只有待在家里。*Why not try to expand your story into a novel?为什么不把你的故事扩展成小说呢?*It is easier to persuade people than force them.说服人容易,强迫人难。*What we could do was protect our
30、selves from being infected.我们能做的就是保护好自己不被感染。【名师点津】如果两个不定式有对比关系,那么每个不定式都要有to。*They came not to save us,but to conquer us.他们不是为拯救我们而来,而是为征服我们而来。【即学活用】(1)I told Ann about her failure in the test,but I _.我告诉安她考试不及格,但是我应该不告诉她的。(2)I have found that she is no longer what she _.我发现她不再是以前那个样子了。(3)_our succes
31、s in the competition?为什么不举办聚会来庆祝我们比赛成功呢?oughtnt to haveused to beWhy not hold a party to celebrate(4)After a day of rescue work,_.一天的救援工作后,这些士兵们需要做的是好好休息。(5)_is better than _.尝试而失败总比不尝试好。all the soldiers needed to do was have a goodrestTo try and failnot to try at all课时检测素养达标.单句语法填空1.(2018江苏高考)Faili
32、ng _(find)any other way out,they decided_(make)a walking journey.2.(2018浙江高考)Friedman points out that the green economy is a chance _(keep)American strength.3.The Journey to the West is thought _(write)by Wu Chengen.4.Id like to invite you _(join)in the“Foreign Students Tell Chinese Stories”_(hold)n
33、ext Monday.to findto maketo keepto have been writtento jointo be held5._(remember)Qu Yuan,who is said _(drown)himself in a river,we have a dragon boat racing every year.6.I happened _(stand)next to him when he fell to the ground dead.7.They had nothing _(do)but _(get)up the courage _(defeat)theinvad
34、ers.To rememberto have drownedto be standingto dogetto defeat8.Parents dont think it good _(give)children whatever they want.9.It was polite _ the child _(give)up his seat to the elderly woman.10._(answer)correctly is more important than _(finish)quickly.After all,your purpose is _(get)good marks.to
35、 giveofto giveTo answerto finishto get.完成句子1.I havent been to Lijiang,but I wish _.我没有去过丽江,但是我希望去过那里。2.Help your children _happier with less.帮助你的孩子们早学会如何用更少的东西活得更快乐。3.People are often warned _,which is dangerous.警告人们饮酒后不要开车,那是很危险的。to have beento learn early how to livenot to drive after drinking4.It
36、 is quite important for all the citizens _.所有的公民遵守交通规则是至关重要的。5.Some young people _face to face.有些年轻人发现和人面对面交流很困难。6.We were surprised and sad _that morning.那天早上得知科比的死讯我们都很吃惊和难过。7.Though he had often _,today he _by his little sister.尽管他经常弄哭妹妹,但今天他被妹妹弄哭了。to obey traffic rulesfind it hard to communicate
37、 with othersto learn about Kobes deathmade his little sister crywas made to cry8.He seems _because he made a rumor about hiscolleague.他好像因给同事造谣受到了处罚。9.Frank is an outgoing man and is easy _.弗兰克是个外向的人,容易相处。10.In China it is important _rather than _ personalwages.在中国重要的是投资教育而不是增加个人薪水。to have been puni
38、shedto get along withto invest in educationincrease【语法主题应用】根据提示,运用本单元语法知识(动词不定式)翻译下面语段:William Wilberforce是一个伟人。他的志向是废除奴隶制(abolish slavery)。当时奴隶主想怎么对待奴隶就可以怎么对待(treat)。1780年William Wilberforce从政(in politics)。为使奴隶买卖变得非法,他于1807年帮助通过(pass)一项法律。1825年他从政府部门辞职(resign)。在他去世前,那项法律被通过了,奴隶制终于被废除了。_William Wilb
39、erforce was a great man.His ambition was to abolish slavery.At that time,masters were able to treat slaves as they liked to.In 1780,WilliamWilberforce was in politics and in order to make slave trade illegal he helpedpass a law in 1807.He resigned from government in 1825.Before his death,thelaw was passed and the slavery was abolished eventually.
