1、专题一名词、冠词、代词和数词一、名词.名词的种类专有名词普通名词国名、地名、人名，团体、机构名称可数名词不可数名词个体名词集体名词抽象名词物质名词.名词在句子中的作用主语表语宾语宾语补足语定语状语同位语.名词的数名词的规则复数形式：一般在单数形式后面加s或es。构成方法如下：规则例词热身训练先练后背(1)一般情况在词尾加smapmaps, seaseas, girlgirls, daydays单句填空：There are 14_(class) in my grade.A camel has two_(stomach)People with different_(belief) disagree
2、 on this matter.A lot of_(city) participated in this campaign.Our school has just bought two_(piano)答案classesstomachsbeliefscitiespianos(2)以s，x，ch，sh结尾的名词后加esclassclasses, boxboxes, watchwatches, dishdishes(3)以f或fe结尾的词变f或fe为v再加esleafleaves, thiefthieves，knifeknives，loafloaves，wifewives加sbeliefbelief
3、s，chiefchiefs，proofproofs，roofroofs，gulfgulfs(4)以辅音字母加y结尾的名词，变y为i加espartyparties，familyfamilies，storystories，citycities(5)以元音字母加y结尾的名词，或专有名词以y结尾的，加stoytoys，boyboys，daydays，rayrays，HenryHenrys(6)以辅音字母加o结尾的名词一般加esheroheroes，NegroNegroes，potatopotatoes，tomatotomatoes不少外来词加spianopianos，photophotos，autoa
4、utos，kilokilos，solosolos两者皆可zerozeros/zeroes，volcanovolcanoes/volcanos(7)以元音字母加o结尾的名词加sradioradios，bamboobamboos，zoozoos(8)以th结尾的名词加struthtruths，mouthmouths，monthmonths，pathpaths则复数形式：英语里有些名词的复数形式是不规则的，现归纳如下：规则例词热身训练先练后背(1)改变名词中的元音字母或其他形式manmen，womanwomen，footfeet，goosegeese，mousemice语法填空：Three_(man
5、) of the team are over 6_(foot) tall.Im very nearsighted without my_(glass) on.His_(good) were checked in the_(custom)The children are having fun on the_(sand)单句改错：My class is all fond of pop music.The police is looking for the suspect.答案men；feetglassesgoods；customssandsis改为areis改为are(2)单复数相同sheep，d
6、eer，series，means，works，fish，species(3)只有复数形式ashes，trousers，clothes，thanks，goods，glasses，compasses，contents(4)一些集体名词总是用作复数people，police，cattle，staff(5)部分集体名词既可以作单数(整体)也可以作复数(成员)audience，class，family，crowd，couple，group，committee，government，population，crew，team，public，enemy，party(6)复数形式表示特别含义customs 海关
7、，forces 军队，times 时代，spirits 情绪，drinks 饮料，sands 沙滩，papers 文件，报纸，manners 礼貌，looks 外表，brains 头脑、智力，greens 青菜，ruins 废墟，brains 智力，glasses 眼镜，woods 树林，waters 水域，pains 努力，goods 货物，arms 武器，matters 事情，exercises 练习，演习，体操(7)表示“某国人”加sAmericans，Australians，Germans，Greeks，Swedes，Europeans单句填空：Im excited to have h
8、elped three_(Australia) to tour my hometown.This kind of cookers are attractive to_(housewife)The hospital has employed ten_(man) nurses.Many_(woman) singers are victims of affairs.答案Australianshousewivesmenwomen单复数同形Swiss，Portuguese，Chinese，Japanese以man或woman结尾的改为men，womenEnglishmen，Frenchwomen(8)合
9、成名词将主体名词变为复数sonsinlaw，lookerson，passersby，storytellers，boyfriends无主体名词时将最后一部分变为复数grownups，housewives，stopwatches将两部分变为复数women singers，men servants.名词的所有格名词在句中表示所有关系的语法形式叫做名词所有格。所有格分两种：一是名词词尾加s构成，二是由介词of加名词构成。前者多表示有生命的东西，后者多表示无生命的东西。1s所有格的构成单数名词在末尾加sthe boys father, Jacks book, her soninlaws photo单句填
10、空：Have you read any of_(Dickens) novels?_(Tom) family is from Africa.Bob was called into the_(teachers) office just now.My hair is too longIll go to the_(barber)答案DickenssTomsteachersbarbers复数名词一般在末尾加the teachers room, the twins mother不规则复数名词后加sthe childrens toys, womens rights以s结尾的人名所有格加s或者Dickens
11、novels, Charless job, the Smiths house表示各自的所有关系时，各名词末尾均须加sJapans and Americas problems, Janes and Marys bikes表示共有的所有关系时在最后一个词末加sJapan and Americas problems, Jane and Marys father表示“某人家”“店铺”，所有格后名词省略the doctors, the barbers, the tailors, my uncles2.s所有格的用法(1)表示时间todays newspaper，five weeks holiday单句填
12、空：We had a three_(day) meeting last month.The_(tree) branches were bent down by the heavy snow.Only a small part of the_(world) population are suffering from hunger now.单句改错：Altogether, about fifty thousand dollar worth of possessions were lost in the big explosion.We live just a stone throw from he
13、re.答案daystreesworldsdollar改为dollarsstone改为stones(2)表示自然现象the earths atmosphere，the trees branches(3)表示国家、城市等地方的名词the countrys plan，the worlds population，Chinas industry(4)表示工作群体the ships crew，majoritys view，the teams victory(5)表示度量衡及价值a miles journey，five dollars worth of apples(6)与人类活动有特殊关系的名词the l
14、ifes time，the plays plot(7)某些固定词组a birds eye view，a stones throw，at ones wits end(不知所措)3.of所有格的用法(1)用于无生命的东西the legs of the chair，the cover of the book语法填空：I came across an old book, the cover_which is made of bamboos.答案of(2)用于有生命的东西，尤其是有较长定语时the classrooms of the firstyear students(3)用于名词化的词the str
15、uggle of the oppressed二、 冠词.不定冠词的用法(1)指一类人或事，相当于a kind of单句填空：_boy is waiting for you.We study eight hours_day.We are nearly of_age._Mr. Smith came to visit you when you were out.That boy is rather_Lei Feng.答案AaanAa(2)第一次提及某人、某物，非特指(3)表示“每一”相当于every, one(4)表示“某个”相当于some(5)用于人名前，表示不认识此人或与某名人有类似性质的人或事
16、(6)用于固定词组中a couple of, a bit, once upon a time, in a hurry, have a walk, many a time(7)用于quite，many，all，both，half，what，such之后单句填空：We left in such_hurry that we forgot to lock the door.She is as clever_girl as you can wish to meet.答案aa(8)用于so (as，too，how)形容词之后.定冠词的用法(1)表示某一类人或物the spaceship, the tige
17、r, the taxi单句填空：_horse is a useful animal._moon tonight is_beautiful and dreamy moon.What about_lecture?Oh, its_most inspiring lecture._wounded were taken good care of in the local hospital.单句改错：He went to study in United States in 1980s.He is taller of the two children.答案TheThe；athe；aTheUnited前面加th
18、e；1980s前面加thetaller前面加the(2)用于世上独一无二的事物名词前the universe，the moon，the Pacific Ocean(3)表示说话双方都了解的或上文提到过的人或事Would you mind opening the door？(4)用于乐器前面play the violin，play the guitar(5)用于形容词和分词前表示一类人the rich，the living，the wounded(6)表示“一家人”或“夫妇”the Greens，the Wangs(7)用于序数词和形容词、副词比较级、最高级前the second, the mo
19、st simply, the better of the two(8)用于国家、党派等以及江河、湖海、山川、群岛的名词前the United States，the Communist Party of China，the French(9)用于表示发明物的单数名词前the compass, the computer, the bulb (10)在逢十的复数数词之前，指世纪的某个年代in the 1990s(11)用于表示单位的名词前I hired the car by the hour.零冠词的用法(1)专有名词，物质名词，抽象名词，人名，地名等名词前Beijing University, J
20、ack, China, love, air单句改错：He is afraid of traveling by the air.Is Bob in?Sorry, there is not Bob in my office.The National Day is approaching.Mr. Smith, the chairman of the club will retire next month.Were living through terrible winter this year.Most boys are fond of playing the football.Lu Xun was
21、 a doctor before he turned a writer.Its suprising that, a girl as she is, she looks stronger than most boys.答案去掉theBob前面加a去掉The去掉第一个theterrible前面加a去掉the去掉writer前面的a去掉girl前的a(2)名词前有this，my，whose，some，no，each，every等限制I want this book, not that one.Whose purse is this？(3)季节，月份，星期，节假日，一日三餐前March, Sunday
22、, National Day, spring(4)表示职位，身份，头衔的名词前Lincoln was made President of America.(5)学科，语言，球类，棋类名词前He likes playing football/chess.(6)与by连用表示交通工具的名词前by train，by air，by land(7)以and连接的两个相对的名词并用时husband and wife, knife and fork, day and night(8)表示泛指的复数名词前horses, students, players, typewriters(9)在turn(变成)作表语
23、的名词前，不用冠词turn soldier, turn teacher, turn nurse(10)单数可数名词as引导的让步状语从句Child as he is, he knows much about the world.有无定冠词的区别by day在白天by the day按天计算单句填空：The workers are paid by_day.Mary and Jenny are my best friends and_three of us all like classical music.单句改错：His honesty is out of the question, for w
24、hich, his colleagues all think highly of him.Who is the sales department in charge of?答案thethe去掉question前面的thecharge前面加thein class上课in the class在那个班by sea乘船by the sea在海边five of us我们中的五人(部分)the five of us我们中的五人(全部)at table进餐at the table在桌子旁take place发生take the place of代替in front of在前面in the front of在
25、(内部的)前部go to church去做礼拜go to the church去教堂out of question毫无疑问out of the question不可能in office执政in the office在办公室in charge of负责，掌管in the charge of由负责三、代词.代词的种类(1)人称代词主格I，you，he，she，it，we，you，they核心要点宾格me，you，him，her，it，us，you，them(1)一般来说，作主语的用主格；作宾语的用宾格。在简短对话中，当人称代词单独使用或在not 后，多用宾格。(2)形容词性物主代词和名词性物主代词
26、的区别：形容词性物主代词属于限定词，作定语修饰一个名词，而名词性物主代词在句中作主语、宾语或表语。(3)反身代词出现的语境： 当作宾语、同位语和方式状语的人称代词与主语属于同一人或物、事，要用反身代词。常见习语：beside oneself with欣喜若狂by oneself单独的；独自的to oneself独自享用，不与他人共享be oneself处于正常状态； 显得自然for oneself为自己；代表自己； 独自地of itself自动地in itself本身；自身单句填空：I like English._too.Have more wine？Not_.May I use your p
27、en？_works better.The door opened_itself.Whats wrong？You dont look_(you) today.答案MemeYoursofyourself(2)物主代词形容词性(作定语)my，your，his，her，its，our，their名词性(作名词用)mine，yours，his，hers，its，ours，theirs(3)反身代词myself，yourself，himself，herself，itself，ourselves，yourselves，themselves(4)指示代词this，that，these，those(5)疑问代词
28、who，whom，whose，which，what，whoever，whichever，whatever等(6)相互代词each other，one another(7)不定代词some/any，many/much，few/little/a few/a littlethe other/another，all/both，either/neither/none(8)关系代词(引导定语从句)that，which，who，whom，whose，as(9)连接代词(引导名词性从句)who，whom，whose，which，what，whoever，whichever，whatever等(10)替代词on
29、e，that，it，ones，those.替代词的用法itit代替的是前面提到的同一人或物。所代替的名词可以是可数名词，也可以是不可数名词。单句填空：Id like to look at that dictionary. May I borrow_？ The population problem may be the greatest_in the world today.Which jackets are yours?The white_.The weather of this week is worse than_of last week.The computers in your off
30、ice are more expensive than_in our school.答案itoneonesthatthoseoneone叫做泛指代词。代替的是前面提到的名词类别中的任何一个，所代替名词是可数名词，其前可带冠词与修饰语。如果代替复数名词，则用ones。thatthat叫做特指代词。代替前面提到的名词，不过这个名词常有后置定语限制。代替的名词可以是可数名词，也可以是不可数名词。thosethose是that的复数形式，只能指代被定语限制了的复数名词，相当于the ones。.不定代词的用法不定代词基本用法热身训练先练后背all与bothall表示三者或三者以上的人或物，both则表
31、示两个人或物。二者都表示肯定意义，如果与not连用时，则表示部分否定。单句改错：Mary and Tom took part in the interview.But not all of them could pass it.Is there any water left?Nothing.单句填空：You can take_of the two gifts and leave the other for your sister.Would you like_coffee?No, thanks.Have you_more chair?No, _are taken.Masked Singer i
32、s a popular program, but not_of us are interested in it.Its raining today; lets go camping_day.One of my hands was hurt and I had to cook with my_hand.Some students were told to fetch water while_were to plant the trees.Shall we go fishing on Saturday or Sunday?_is OK for me.答案all改为bothNothing改为None
33、eithersomeany；allevery oneanotherotherothersEithereither与neithereither表肯定意义，意为“(两者中的每一个)都”；neither表否定意义，意为“(两者中的每一个)都不”。二者都可单独使用，也可与介词of连用。no one，none与nothingno one只能指人，不可与介词of连用，常是对疑问词who的回答。none既指人又指物，常与介词of连用，通常指“三者及以上的人或物中没有一个”；在上下文已明确的情况下，也可省略of短语，常是对疑问词how many或how much的回答。nothing意为“没有东西”，常是对疑
34、问词what的回答。some与anysome用于肯定句，以及表示邀请、建议或期待得到肯定回答的疑问句中。修饰单数名词，意为“某个”；修饰复数名词或不可数名词，意为“某些”。any用于否定句和疑问句时，表示“一些”。用于肯定句时，意为“任何都”。each与everyeach表示两个或两个以上中的“每一个”，在句中充当主语、宾语、定语和同位语。every表示三者或三者以上中的“每一个”，只能作定语。可以说each of them，但不能说every of them，可以说every one of them。与否定词连用，every表示部分否定。another，the other，others，th
35、e othersanother常用于指三者或三者以上中的“另一个”，泛指单数，可单独使用，也可后接名词。其泛指复数是others，可单独使用，但此时不能接名词。the other 表示两者中的另外一个。可单独使用，也可后接名词。其复数是表示特指的the others，可单独使用，但其后不能接名词。.it的用法分类用法热身训练先练后背人称代词it替代刚提到过的同一事物语法填空：Who is that man over there?_is our headmaster.答案It指动物或不考虑性别的婴儿指代前句或后句所述的情况指时间、距离、天气或环境等形式主语it(1)It doesnt matte
36、r.单句改错：That doesnt matter whether he has read the book or not.He appears that he doesnt like his present work.There is no wonder he is too tiredhe stayed up all the night.It happened the weather turned too hot.As is reported that the Typhoon Soudelor has brought serious damages.单句填空：_is important th
37、at we should pay attention to our handwriting.It proves no good_(stay) up too late at night.It usually takes me two hours_(take) a bus to work.It is considerate_you to arrange a welcome party for us.答案That改为ItHe改为ItThere改为Itthe前面加thatAs改为ItItstayingto takeof(2)It appears/seems/happens/says that.(3)I
38、t is said/reported/believed/understood that.(4)It is a waste of time/money doing sth.(5)(It is) no wonder (that).(6)It makes no/much difference.(7)It takes sb.some time to do sth.(8)Its ones turn to do sth.(9)If it were not for.(10)It is clear (obvious，true，possible，certain.) that.(11)It is importan
39、t (necessary，strange，natural.) that.(12)It is suggested (ordered.) that.(should) do.(13)It is time (about time，high time) that.(14)It is the first (second.) time that.(15)It is kind(clever，honest，foolish) of sb. to do sth.(16)It is necessary (important，easy.)for sb. to do sth.(17)It is no good/use/w
40、orth doing sth.形式宾语it动词it宾语补足语不定式(动名词或从句)(能用于此结构的动词如下：believe，consider，count，feel，find，imagine，think，make，suppose，take)语法填空：Do you consider_necessary for us to buy a new car?I would appreciate_if you helped me with my homework.At first, I took_for granted that learning English is very easy.You can d
41、epend on it_hell come to help us.Whatever happens, Ill see to_that my son is growing soundly.We all believe it no use_(build) a new bridge here.答案itititthatitbuilding动词itwhen (if)从句(能用于此结构的动词如下：enjoy，hate，love，like，dislike，appreciate，prefer)动词prep.itthat从句(能用于此结构的短语如下：see to，look to，insist on，stick
42、to，depend on，answer for)动词it介词短语that从句(能用于此结构的短语如下：take it for granted，bring it to sb.s attention，owe it to sb.)强调结构中的itItbe被强调部分that(who)其他When was it_you went abroad?答案that四、数词倍数的表达法倍数as形容词(副词)的原级as.语法填空：The new computer works twice_(fast) than the previous one.You monthly income is three times_I
43、expected.A large amount of money_(be) wasted on the unimportant things.Large quantities of time_(be) devoted to the significant project.单句改错：My new apartment is twice as larger as yours.答案fasterwhatwaswerelarger改为large倍数形容词(副词)的比较级than.倍数the size(length，height.) of .倍数what 引导的名词性从句表示数量的词组a number of，quite a few，a good many，scores of，dozens of等后接可数名词复数形式，但many a单数可数名词单数谓语。quite a little，much，a great deal of，a large amount of等后接不可数名词，接单数谓语。a lot of，lots of，plenty of，a large quantity of既可接可数名词复数(谓语用复数)，也可接不可数名词(谓语用单数)，但large quantities of 作主语时，谓语用复数。
