1、词类精讲之：词类精讲之：一一、名、名 词词眉山车城中学付方林一、分类(Classification)A:专有名词(Proper nouns)B:普通名词(Common nouns)Countable nouns(可数名词)Uncountable nouns (不可数名词)Individual Nouns（个体名词）Collective Nouns （集体名词）Abstract Nouns （抽象名词）Material Nouns （物质名词）1.可数名词的复数2.单复数同形的名词3.常以复数出现的名词4.常被当作可数名词的不可数名词5.名词的修饰数量词短语6.可数名词和不可数名词之间的转换可数
2、名词和不可数名词常考点常见不可数名词 第一组：对于一些无法分割的名词，将其看作一个整体，作为不可数名词，没有复数变化。主要是一些物质名词。气体：air,fog,oxygen,smoke液体：beer,coffee,cream,gasoline,honey,juice,milk,oil,tea,water,wine固体：bread,butter,cheese,ice,ice cream,fish,chalk,glass,gold,iron,paper第二组：一些因其组成太多而不易数的名词用作不可数名词。主要也是一些物质名词。corn玉米,grass草,hair头发,popcorn 爆米花,ric
3、e大米,salt盐,sand沙,snow雪,sugar糖第三组：表示总称的名词通常不可数。这些名词侧重于表示某类事物的总的概念，而不是具体的事物。如果要具体的指出该总称概念下的具体事物，则要用其他不同的名词。表示总称的概念（不可数）表示该总称概念下的具体事物（常可数）Clothing衣服sweaters运动衫，针织衫,pants裤子,dresses套装，裙子Furniture家具chairs椅子,tables餐桌,beds床,wardrobes衣柜Fruit水果apples苹果,bananas香蕉,cherries樱桃,grapes葡萄Luggage行李bags包,suitcases手提箱Ma
4、keup化妆品lipsticks口红,rouges胭脂,eye shadows眼影Jewelry珠宝rings戒指,earrings耳环,necklaces项链,bracelets手镯 第四组：抽象的名词一般是不可数的。advice建议,art艺术,beauty美，美貌,crime犯罪,education教育,energy能量,experience经验,fun趣味,happiness幸福,health健康,help帮助,information信息,intelligence智力，智慧,knowledge知识,life生命,love爱,luck幸运,music音乐,nature自然,nutriti
5、on营养,patience耐心,pollution污染,time时间,trouble困境,truth真实,unemployment失业,work工作上面这些名词，可以有其他不同的意思，因而可以转化为可数名词。第五组：表示学科名称，一般作为不可数名词。biology生物,chemistry化学,geometry几何学,grammar语法,history历史,math数学 不可数名词转化为可数名词：抽象名词具体化，则转化为可数名词。此时往往伴随着词义上或大或小的改变。Art 艺术-an art 一项技术，一门特定的艺术beauty 美丽-a beauty 一个美人 youth 青春-a youth
6、 一个年轻人 success成功 a success一个成功的人或一件成功的事failure失败 a failure 一个失败的人或一件失败的事不可数名词具体化可转换为可数名词用名词的正确形式填空1._ is the best teacher.It is a week before he could tell his _.(experience)2._ is an instrument of communication.He can speak several _.(language)3.How did _ begin?They gave their _ for their country.(
7、life)4.How is _?He has a _ in London.(business)ExperienceexperiencesLanguage languageslifelivesbusinessbusiness5.Where there is life,there is _.Parents have high _for their children.(hope)6.Several other women expressed _.Im sorry you could not come to an _.(agreement)7.There is not much _on the bon
8、e.Many cold _ are too expensive for us to buy.(meat)8.I dont care for _.We asked for two _.(coffee)hopehopesagreementagreementmeatmeatscoffeecoffees二、数(Number)A:Singular number(单数)B:Plural number(复数)（1）一般的词，包括元音字母加y结尾的词，直接在词尾加s（2）以-s,-x,-ch,-sh结尾的词在词尾加es（3）以辅音字母加y结尾的词，变y为i再加es（4）以f或fe结尾的词，应变f或fe为v再加
9、-es1.规则名词单复数变化:2.不规则名词单复数变化:（1）单复数同形:sheep,deer,fish,means,species,works(工厂),aircraft,spacecraft,Chinese,Japanese,SwissEg.At least three military aircraft were destroyed.至少3架军用飞机被毁。（2）改变字母：man-men,woman-women,policeman-policemen,saleswoman-saleswomen,foot-feet,tooth-teeth,goose-geese,Mouse-Mice,phen
10、omenon-phenomena另：penny（pence或 pennies）（3）增加字母:child-children,ox-oxen（4）以o结尾的词：（通常无生命）加s:photo,radio,piano,zoo,studio,bamboo,tobacco,kangaroo（袋鼠例外）（有生命）加es:tomato,potato,hero,Negro,dingo另：zero（zeros或 zeroes）（5）以f或fe结尾的词:直接加s：roof,proof,belief,chief,gulf,变f为v再加es：life,wife,knife,half,leaf,wolf,thief另
11、外：handkerchief（handkerchiefs或handkerchieves）beef（beeves菜牛、beefs怨言；牢骚）3.名词单复数的特殊情况:(1)集体名词只用作复数：police,cattle,people,poultry,the youth(2)集体名词用作不可数名词:clothing,jewellery,furniture,luggage(baggage),wealth(3)集体名词视具体情况而定单复数：family,class,population,staff,crew,couple,group,team,party,club,company,government
12、,committee,enemy注意：集体名词被当作一个整体时，要看作是单数，用单数的谓语动词。但当表示内部成员或成分时，要看作是复数，就用复数的谓语动词。The football team is playing well.这个足球队踢得好。The football team are having baths and are coming back for tea.足球队员们正在洗澡，然后他们就回来喝茶。The family is a happy one.这是一个幸福的家庭。The family are very pleased about the good news of his succe
13、ss.他成功的消息使全家人都感到高兴。(4)只有复数形式的名词:clothes,trousers,jeans,twins,glasses,compasses,scissors,handcuffs,pincers,goods,tears,troops(5)以s结尾但不表示复数:mathematics,physics,politics,statistics,news,woods(森林),works(工厂)(6)有没有s结尾意义不同：glass glasses,cloth clothes,work works,water waters,wood woods,goodgoods,time times(
14、时代),paper papers(论文),green greens(青菜),custom customs(海关),spirit spirits(酒精,情绪),light lights(灯),arm arms(武器),iron irons(镣铐,熨斗),compass(指南针)compasses(圆规)(7)姓氏后加s并带冠词，表一家人或夫妇俩:the Greens；the Chengs(8)合成名词的复数形式：将合成名词中的主体名词变为复数：looker(s)-on,passer(s)-by,mother(s)-in-lawEg.Lookers-on see more than players
15、.当局者迷,旁观者清.将最后一部分变为复数：grown-up(s),go-between(s)(中间人），good-for-nothing(s)(无用之人）含boy,girl,lady等的合成的名词：它们始终为单数，其后的名词则用复数形式。如：boy students,girl friends,lady drivers含man或 woman的合成名词：它们随其后名词单复数的变化而变化。如：a man doctor,two men doctors(9)名词只能用复数形式的短语：do exercises（做操）take notes(做笔记）take turns（轮流）make repairs（搞修
16、理）change trains（改换火车）make friends with（交朋友）shake hands with(握手）as follows（如下）in rags（衣衫褴褛）in dozens（成打的）(10)名词单复数形式意义相同的短语：make faces/a face（做鬼脸）Have talks/a talk with sb.(与某人交谈）Play jokes/a joke on（拿开玩笑）Make contributions/a contribution to（为做贡献）(11)名词单复数意义不同的短语：Have a word with sb.（与某人说句话）Have word
17、s with sb.（与某人吵架）Make cloth(织布）Make clothes（制衣）可数名词和不可数名词的修饰词或短语：一、只能修饰可数名词的词语有:many,many a(n),a good/great many,a(great/large)number of,scores of,dozens of等.例如:Scores of people went there in the first few days after its opening.开张后的头几天,很多人去了那儿.I have been there dozens of times.我已去过那儿很多次了.Therere a
18、number of students reading English in the classroom.教室里有许多学生在读英语.二、只能修饰不可数名词的词语有:much,a great deal of,a great/large amount of等.例如:Is there much water in the bucket?桶里有很多水吗?He always has a great amount of work to do.他总是有很多工作要做.三、既能修饰可数名词又能修饰不可数名词的词语有:a lot of,lots of,plenty of(以上三个词语后谓语动词的数依of 后的名词的单
19、复数而定),a great/large quantity of(其后谓语用单数),quantities of(其后谓语用复数).例如:There is still lots of snow in the garden.花园里还有许多雪.There is plenty of rain here.这儿的雨水很多.A great quantity of flowers was placed in the hall.大厅里放了很多鲜花.There are large quantities of food in the cupboard.橱柜里有许多食物.三、名词的格(Case)A:通格(Common
20、case):主格(Subject case)宾格(Object case)B:所有格(Possessive case)1.1.ss属格：属格：原则上只用于表示有生命的人或物的名词。如：the teachers book;the horses tail然而，时间、距离、太阳、地球、月亮、江河、海洋、船只、国家、城市、团体机构等名词也可以用s属格。如：todays newspaper;the citys transportation 一般的名词，包括不以s结尾的复数名词，在词后加s。如：the childrens book 以s结尾的复数名词的所有格形式只在词后加。如：the teachers o
21、ffice 以s结尾的专有名词的所有格，既可加s也可加。如：Engels（s）letter 两者或两者以上共有的所有格形式只在后者用所有格形式，如:Tom and Mikes room若表示分别拥有时，则要在每个名词后用所有格形式，如:Toms and Mikes rooms2.of属格：多用于无生命现象的名词，也可用于有生命现象的名词；当一个名词有较长的定语时，就只能用of短语来表示所有关系。如：the cover of the book;a toy of Li Pings younger brother3双重属格：既有s的属格，又有of的属格。通常s属格表示所有关系，of属格表示部分与整体
22、的关系。如:a friend of my fathers;a book of Toms4.表示“某人自己的”的属格:用of ones own表示，不可用of反身代词。例如：This is the house of my own.四、名词的性（Gender)1.Masculine（阳性）:actor,waiter,master,prince,lad,hero2.Feminine（阴性）:actress,waitress,mastress,1.princess,lass,heroine2.3.3.Neuter（中性）:teacher,worker,monkey,sheep,tree,crop五、名
23、词在句子中的作用（Function)总之，名词是人、动物、事物、地方、状态、品质或动作的名称。1.John is my friendMy children love their teachers（人）2.The dog is running after a rat（动物）3.This school is goodBroadway is a street in New York City（地方）4.My pencil is lostThe window of this house is pretty（东西）5.Poverty is a big problemEveryone seeks happ
24、iness（状态）6.His bravery is well-known。I enjoy the beauty of this mountain。（品质）7.His arrival was on SundayHis judgment is not correct（动作）Correction:(1)We stopped to rest for a while and to drink some waters from a stream.(waters 改为water)(2)We climb everywhere,not only in America.We have been to Europe many time.(time改为times)(3)There are branch library in many villages.(library 改为 libraries)(4)I hope that you two could come and visit us some times soon.(times 改为 time)(5)Today I visited the Smiths;this is my first time visit to an American family.(去掉time，因first 已含有次的意思)（全国卷）
