1、第4讲 Unit 2 Sailing the oceans语法篇_1. 明确谓语的概念；2. 复习动词谓语的用法；3. 辨认谓语的形式。一. 定义及动词1. 谓语表述主语的行为动作或所处的状态。通常放置在主语之后。谓语的中心词是限定动词，有人称、数的变化。2. 动词可分为: 及物动词、不及物动词、连系动词、情态动词。（1）需要跟有宾语的动词叫及物动词。Children seek independence.The trial raised a number of questions.He has always liked Mr. Philips.He made the shortest spee
2、ch I have ever heard.（2）不需要跟宾语的动词叫不及物动词。Her whole body ached.Donald was lying on the bed.Bob coughed all night.（3）许多动词往往既是不及物动词又是及物动词。Gus asked me whether Id like to have dinner with him. I accepted. (vi.)I accepted the invitation. (vt.)He painted every day. (vi.)He painted vivid portraits of friend
3、s and acquaintances. (vt.)Father never smoked or drank all his life. (vi.)He drank a good deal of coffee. (vt.)At last she thanked them and left. (vi.)All I know is that Michael and I never left the house. (vt.)二. 谓语大体上可以分为两类：简单谓语和复合谓语。1. 简单谓语：凡是由一个动词或动词短语构成，不管是什么时态、语态、语气，都是简单谓语。The plane takes off
4、at 8 but this morning it may be delayed by the thick fogI have tried this way three times and failed three times2. 复合谓语：第一类是由情态动词+动词原型或动词不定式与另外的词构成；第二类是由“系动词+表语”构成。I would like to invite all my friends to the get-together.The weather gets warmer, and the days get longer. 三. 动词数的问题：主谓一致（一） 主要遵循三个原则，意
5、义一致原则、语法一致原则和邻近原则。这三个原则常常发生矛盾，但当发生冲突时，意义一致原则为优先考虑的原则。（二）意义一致原则：是指谓语动词的变化是以主语所表达的单、复数概念而定。The old are very well taken care of in our city(the old指所有的老年人，指一类人，指复数概念) 1. 在代词what, which, who, none, some, any, more, most, all等词的单复数由其指代的词的单复数决定. All is right. All are present. 2. 集体名词作主语时,谓语的数要根据主语的意思来决定.如
6、family, audience, crew, crowd, class, company, committee等词后用复数形式时,意为这个集体中的各个成员,用单数时表示该个集体. His family isnt very large.His family are music lovers.3. 但集合名词people, police, cattle, poultry(家禽).militia(民兵).ver min等在任何情况下都用复数形式. Are there any police around？4. 有些名词,如variety, number, population, proportion
7、, majority 等有时看作单数,有时看作复数. A number of +名词复数+复数动词. The number of +名词复数+单数动词.A number of books have lent out. The majority of the students like English.5. 用half of, part of, most of, a portion of 等词引起主语时,动词通常与of后面的名词,代词保持一致. Most of his money is spent on books.Most of the students are taking an activ
8、e part in sports.6. 在一些短语,如 many a 或 more than one 所修饰的词作主语时,谓语动词多用单数形式.但由more than of 作主语时,动词应与其后的名词或代词保持一致.Many a person has read the novel. More than 60 percent of the students are from the city.(三) 语法一致原则：主语和谓语通常是从语法形式上取得一致，即主语是单数形式，谓语动词也采取单数形式；主语是复数形式，谓语动词也采取复数形式。Mr Black is a well-known scient
9、ist on AIDSThese books are intended for children under nine years old（四）邻近一致原则：指谓语动词的变化是以靠近谓语动词的主语部分而定。1. 在由not onlybut also, not justbut, or, eitheror, neithernor连接主语的句子中及在there be句型中，Not Jack but his parents are to blame for the home accident(根据靠近谓语的主语his parents而定)Either you or she is to go.Here
10、is a pen, a few envelops and some paper for you.2. 当主语后面跟有with, together with, like, except, but, no less than, as well as 等词引起的短语时,谓语动词与前面的主语一致.The teacher together with some students is visiting the factory. He as well as I wants to go boating.（五）谓语需用单数的几种情形1. 代词each和由every, some, no, any等构成的复合代词作
11、主语，或主语中含有each, every, 谓语需用单数。Each of us has a tape-recorder.There is something wrong with my watch.2. 当主语是一本书或一条格言时，谓语动词常用单数。The Arabian Night is a book known to lovers of English.3. 表示金钱，时间，价格或度量衡的复合名词作主语时，通常把这些名词看作一个整体，谓语一般用单数。(用复数也可，意思不变)Three weeks was allowed for making the necessary preparatio
12、ns.（六）主谓一致中的表里不一现象1. more than one +名词作主语时,谓语动词常用单数.More than one teacher gets the flowers.2. many a +名词作主语时,从意义上看是复数,但谓语动词常用单数.Many a student has been sent to plant trees.3. half of, the rest of, most of, all of及百分数或分数+of 等后接名词作主语时,谓语动词形式根据of后的名词而定.Three fourths of the surface of the earth is cover
13、ed with water.4. all指人时,动词用复数;all指物时,动词用单数.All are present and all is going well. 5. what引导的主语从句,谓语动词可视表语而定:表语是单数名词时,动词用单数,相反,则用复数.如What they want to get isthe number of good books.6. and连接的两个单数名词前若用each,every,no修饰,该名词短语作主语时,谓语动词用单数形式. No book and no pen is found in the schoolbag.7. 当主语后面有as well as
14、, with, along with, together with, but, like, rather than, except等引导的短语时,谓语动词要与最前面的主语保持一致.My father as well as his workmates has been to Beijing.8. each作主语的同位语时, 谓语动词由主语来决定,与each无关.They each have a bike. 他们每人有一辆自行车.9. 动词不定式,动词-ing形式短语作主语时,谓语动词常用单数.Going out for a walk after supper is a good habit.10
15、. the following作主语时,谓语动词的数与后面名词的数保持一致.The following are good examples.11. 以-ics结尾的学科名词,如politics, physics, mathematics, optics, acoustics, politics statistics, economics, linguistics, athletics 等作主语时,谓语动词用单数.以-s结尾的名词news, works, plastics等同属此类.Politics is now taught in all schools. The third world ec
16、onomics is promising. Athletics is a required course for students of all grades.当以-ics结尾的学科名词表示学科以外的意义时，用作复数，如：mathematics（运算能力）politics(政治观点)economics（经济意义）等.Athletics have been greatly encouraged at this college.12. 有些用来表示由两个对应部分组成一体的名词复数(trousers, glasses, shoes, shorts, scissors, scales等)作主语时,前面
17、若有一条,一副,一把之类的单位词,动词用单数;若没有单位词或单位词是复数,则谓语动词用复数.The shoes are all right.还有一些以-s结尾的名词通常用复数：arms（武器）, clothes., contents, remains（遗体）, thanks等13. one and ahalf +名词作主语时,谓语动词要用单数.One and a half apples is left on the table. 14. One or two more +复数名词作主语时,谓语动词用复数.One or two persons are sent there to help the
18、m do the work. 15. one of+复数名词+ 定语从句结构中,定语从句的谓语动词要用复数;而在the only one of +复数名词+定语从句的结构中,定语从句的谓语动词要用单数. He is one of the students who get there on time.16. 表示时间,距离,金钱等的复数名词作主语表达一个整体概念时,谓语动词常用单数,但若强调数量,谓语动词可用复数.One million dollars is a lot of money.(七) 以-s结尾的名词作主语的主谓一致问题 英语可数名词的规则复数形式是在词尾加-s或-es，但是有一些以
19、-s结尾的名词并不是可数名词。它们用法多样，造成了实际使用上的困难，以下详述了以-s结尾的名词作主语的主谓一致问题。1. 以-s结尾的疾病名称作主语的主谓一致问题 如：arthritis, bronchitis, diabetes, mumps, phlebitis, rickets, 这类以-s结尾的疾病名称作主语时，谓语动词通常用作单数。 Arthritis causes great pain in the joints of the patient. 2. 以-s结尾的游戏名称作主语的主谓一致问题 以-s结尾的游戏名称作主语时，谓语动词通常用作单数。Darts is basically
20、a easy game. 但当Darts，Marbles等的意义为游戏器具而非游戏名称时，谓语动词通常用作复数。 Three darts are thrown at each turn. All nine skittles were brought down by the good throw. 3. 以-s结尾的地理名称作主语的主谓一致问题 (1) 某些以-s结尾的地理名称，如果是国名，如the United States，the Netherlands等，因其是单一政治实体，所以谓语动词用作单数。 The United States was hit by the Great Depress
21、ion in 1930s. In early January 2019 the Netherlands was hit by its worst storm since 1976. (2) 但如果是群岛、山脉、海峡、瀑布等地理名称作主语，谓语动词用作复数。 The West Indies are commonly divided into two parts. 四. 动词形式用作谓语的动词用于表示动作（情况）发生时间的各种形式即为时态。1. At last, we found ourselves in a pleasant park with trees providing shade and
22、 _ down to eat our picnic lunch A. sitting B. having sat C. to sit D. sat2. Professor Smith, along with his assistants, _ on the project day and night to meet the deadline. A. work B. working C. is working D. are working3.All the scientific evidence _ that increasing use of chemicals in farming _ da
23、maging our health.4. Either you or I _going to the teachers office after class.A. am B. is C. are D. will5. Ten thousand dollars _quite a large sum.A. are B. is C. were D. have基础演练1. Neither of them _ going to the cinema. Both of them _ going to the cinema.A. is ; are B. is ; is C. are ; was D. are
24、; is2. All but one _ here just now. All that I want to say _ this.A. was; were B. was; is C. were; is D. were; were3. A number of students _ gone for an outing. The number of the students _ increasing year. A. have; has B. is; have C. has; have D. have; is 4. Some of the oranges _ turned bad. Some o
25、f the milk _ turned sour (酸). A. are; are B. are; is C. is; are D. is; is 13. Most of the students _ boys. Most of his money _ spent on books.A. are; is B. is ; is C. are; are D. is; are14. The policeman _ standing at the street corner. The police _ searching for him. A. have; has B. have; have C. h
26、as; have D. have; is 5. Each student -_ got an English- Chinese dictionary. The students each _ a dictionary.A. have; has B. has; have C. have; have D. has; has6. There _ a pen, an ink bottle, and some books on it. There _ some bowls, plates and a spoon on it.A. is; are B. are; are C. are; is D. is;
27、 is 7. Either the judge or the lawyers _ wrong. Either you or he _ to blame.A. is; are B. are; is C. are; are D. is; is 8. His family _ all very well. His family _ a “ five good” one.A. are; is B. is; is C. are; are D. is; are9. My blue trousers _ worn out. One pair of trousers _ not enough.A. is; a
28、re B. are; are C. is; is D. are; is 10. Our League secretary and monitor _ the lead in everything. Our League secretary and the monitor _ good friends.A. take; are B. take; is C. takes; is D. takes; are11. The girl as well as his parents _ a bike. Not only the students but also the professor _ surpr
29、ised at Marys answer.A. have; was B. have; were C. has; was D. has; were12. Who _ the girl singing in the next room? Who _ these people over there?A. are; is B. are; are C. is; are D. is; is 15. The glasses _ mine. That pair of glasses _ my brothers.A. are; is B. are; are C. is; are D. is; is 16. Th
30、e news at six oclock _ not true. Those pieces of news _ to be broadcasted.A. are; is B. are; are C. is; are D. is; is 17. Grandpa Wang and his two grandsons _ taking a walk in the park now. Grandpa Wang, together with his two grandsons, _ taking a walk in the park now. A. are; are B. is; are C. is;
31、is D. are; is 18. No one but Jane _ the secret. Nobody but Mary and I _ in the classroom at that time.A. know; was B.knows; was C . know; were D. knows; were19. There _ nothing but two looms in the hall. There _ something wrong with the machine.A. was; is B. was; are C. were; is D. were; are20. He i
32、s one of the boys who _ never late for school. He is the only one of the boys who _ never late for school.A. is; are B. are; are C. are; is D. is; is 巩固提高一. 用括号内所给动词的适当形式填空。1. As you can see, the number of cars on our roads _ (keep) rising these days.2. I have to go to work by taxi because my car _
33、(repair) at the garage. 3. What we used to think _ (be) impossible does seem possible now.4. The use of credit cards in place of cash _ (increase) in recent years.5. Newton _ (explain) the movements of the moon from the attraction of the earth.6. Since I won the big prize, my telephone hasnt stopped
34、 ringing. People _ (phone) to ask how I am going to spend the money. 二. 单选1. What they have done _ of great use to us. What he says and what he does _ agree.A. is; not B.is; do not C. are; does not D. are; not2. Every picture except these two _. Everything around us _ matter.A. have been sold; is B.
35、 have been sold; are C. has been sold; is D. has been sold; are3. A woman with two children _ coming up to us. Mary, along with her parents, _ moved to Paris.A. is; has B. is; have C. are; have D. are; has4. one sixth of our classmates _ from peasant families. One fifth of her time _ devoted to writ
36、ing.A. comes; is B.come; are C. come; is D. comes; are5. Only 10 percent of the students in the class _ League members. About 40% of Jims income _ to the rent (租金). A. are; goes B. are; go C. is; goes D. is; go6. It is this teacher who _ leaving for London. It is you who _ next. A. are; are B. is; a
37、re C. are; is D. is; is7. The population of the earth _ increasing fast. One third of the population here _ workers.A. is; are B. is; is C. are; is D. are; are8. This kind of snakes _ very dangerous. These kinds of metal _ hard to find.A. is; is B. are; is C. is; are D. are; are9. Half of the visito
38、rs _ from Europe. Half of the fruit _ bad.A. is; are B. is; is C. are; is D. are; are10. Every man worker and every woman worker _ free medical care. At Christmas each boy and each girl _ given a present. A. enjoy; is B. enjoy; are C. enjoys; is D. enjoys; are一翻译句子1. 昨晚我做好了你的生日蛋糕。2. 课上完了，我们回家吧。3. 他看
39、起来很忧愁。4. 地球表面四分之三为水所覆盖。5. 他们想得到的是大量的好书。6. 我父亲和他的同事曾去过北京。二.单选1. Many a man _ seen the wonderful film. Many men _ seen the wonderful film.A. has; has B. has; have C. have; has D. have; have2. Going to bed early and getting up early _ a good habit. Singing and dancing _ two of the things that he likes
40、best.A. is; is B. are; is C. is; are D. are; are3. Such _ Albert Einstein, a simple man of great achievements. Such _ her words.A. were; were B. was; were C. were; were D. was; was4. Besides Xiao Wang, Xiao Ma _ willing to do the work. The factory, including its machines _ burnt last night.A. was; i
41、s B. were; is C. was; are D. were; are5. If anybody _, ask him to wait. _ there anything I can do for you?A. come; Is B. come; Are C. comes; Are D.comes; Is6. Chinese _ not so difficult to learn. The Chinese people _ brave and hard working.A. is; is B. are; is C. is; are D. are; are7. Little _ done
42、to prevent the air from being polluted. Much _ done to against fight pollution.A. has been; have been B. have; has C. has been; has been D. have been; have been8. Do you know the singer and dancer who _standing at the gate? China has thousands of islands, the largest of which _ Taiwan.A. is; are B.
43、is ; is C. are; is D. are; are9. Each of the girls _ an orange. Each _ his duty.A. have; has B. have; have C. has; has D. has; have10. When we are to hold the sports meet _ been decided. Whether he succeeds or fails _ matter.A. have; dont B.has; dont C. have; doesnt D. has; doesnt 11. Her clothes _
44、nearly worn out. His physics _ weaker than others. A. is; is B. are; is C. is; are D. are; are12. Five hundred dollars _ more than he can afford. A. is B. are13. Food and clothing _ daily necessities for people. A. is B. are14. The United Nations _ trying to persuade the two countries. A. is B. are1
45、5. Three kilometers _ not a long distance. A. is B. are16. To say something _ one thing, to do it _ another. A. is; is B. are; are17. Reading English magazines and novels _ helpful to your study of English.A. is B. are18. He like you and Xiao Liu _ very diligent. A. is B. are19. Between the two buil
46、dings _ a hospital. A. stand B. stands20. How to get rid of these things _ a big problem. A. are B. is _一.完形填空 (2019西城二模)阅读下面短文，掌握其大意，从每题所给的 A、B、C、D 四个选项中，选出最佳选项，并在答题卡上将该项涂黑。My class and I visited Chris Care Center in Phoenix, Arizona to comfort the old people who needed a little cheering up during
47、the holiday season. The first two 1 there were for persons requiring help in taking care of themselves. We sang 2 for them. They loved our sweet songs and the flowers that we left with them.As we were 3 on the third floor for old people with Alzheimer (老年痴呆症), most of them 4 off at the walls or floo
48、r. However, one lady 5 my eye. She was sitting by the door, in a wheelchair, singing songs to herself. They werent the songs that we were singing, at least they didnt 6 like that. As we got 7 with each festive song, she did as well. The louder we got, the louder she got. 8 she was singing, she was a
49、lso 9 out to us with her hands and body. I knew that I should have gone over to her, but I thought that my 10 were to my students. People who worked at the care center could 11 to her, I thought. Just when I stopped feeling 12 about not giving her the attention she needed, one of my students, Justin
50、, showed me what the holiday season is really about. Justin also 13 the same lady. The difference between us is that he 14 on her needs, but I didnt. During the last song, “Silent Night,” Justin walked over to her and held her hand. He looked this aged lady in her 15 and with his actions said, “You
51、are important, and I will take my 16 to let you know that.” This tired, elderly lady stopped singing and held his hand. Then she touched his cheek with the other hand. Tears began to fall down her face. No 17 can completely describe that touching moment. It 18 a boy to teach me, a man, about kindnes
52、s and love. Justins example of a complete, selfless attitude toward another was a 19 that I will never forget. He was the teacher that day, and I consider myself 20 to have witnessed his lesson. 1. A. roomsB. buildingsC. floorsD. groups2. A. bravelyB. shylyC. madlyD. beautifully3. A. dancingB. meeti
53、ngC. gatheringD. singing4. A. staredB. shutC. paidD. glared5. A. lookedB. caughtC. escapedD. hurt6. A. appearB. hearC. soundD. feel7. A. louderB. nearerC. fasterD. higher8. A. Because B. AsC. SinceD. Though9. A. movingB. reachingC. coming D. spreading10. A. interests B. abilitiesC. feelingsD. respon
54、sibilities11. A. speakB. objectC. attendD. compare12. A. afraidB. sureC. guiltyD. scary13. A. fearedB. avoidedC. helpedD. noticed 14. A. calledB. actedC. insistedD. kept15. A. tearsB. handsC. eyesD. face16. A. timeB. flowerC. bodyD. cheek17. A. wordsB. poemsC. expressionsD. songs18. A. tookB. wasted
55、C. causedD. made19. A. messageB. lessonC. activityD. class20. A. cleverB. foolishC. rightD. lucky二. 书面表达 你在北京的英国朋友Tom非常喜欢中国绘画。请你根据以下信息，给Tom写信，告诉他近期将要举办的一个画展，并建议他去参观。1. 时间：5月10日到25日 2. 地点：中国美术馆 3. 内容：张大千100多幅绘画作品4. 画家简介：中国20世纪国画大师，擅长多种画法，在山水画方面卓有成就。 注意：1.词数不少于50。 2.可适当增加细节，以使行文连贯。 3.信的开头和结尾已为你写好，不计入总词数。 4. 参考词汇：landscape 山水画；山水画法Dear Tom,_Yours,Li Hua第二节 假设你是红星中学高三（1）班的学生李华，校报英文版正在开展“续写雷锋日记”活动。请根据以下四幅图的先后顺序，将你所做的一件好事以日记形式记述下来，向校报投稿。注意：1日记的开头已为你写好。2词数不少于60。Saturday, May 3 FineThis morning, _
