1、教你巧学巧记:句子成分巧划分英语简单句共有五种基本句型。成千上万个英语句子都是这五种句型的扩大或缩小演变而成的。英语句子成分的划分方法与汉语大不相同,尤其是谓语部分更复杂。因为英语动词有四大类,而且各类动词的功能也不尽相同。下面我们就划分英语句子成分的方法,利用口诀加实例的形式进行综述:主在前、谓在中,宾语、状语后面冲。短语定语主宾后,形、代定语主宾前。间宾直宾紧相依,直、间之间to、for连。宾补位于宾语后,地状常在时状前。例1 We are going to have physics next term.主语(在句首) 谓语(在句子中间) 宾语 状语(在句子末尾)上述句子成分的划分用上了第
2、句口诀,结合上述句子剖析口诀:(A)主在前:指主语常位于一个句子的前面(即句首);(B)谓在中:指谓语常位于一个句子的中间(尤其指主要谓语动词);(C)宾语、状语后面冲:指宾语、状语位于句子的尾部,好像打仗兵、卒在后面冲一样。例2 Our politics teacher often tells us (物主代词作)定语 主语 (副词作)状语 谓语 (人作)间宾a story about Comrade Lei Feng on Saturdays.(事物作)直宾语 (介词短语作后置)定语 状语上面这个句子成分的划分用上了口诀第句和第句,现将这两句口诀解释如下:(A)短语定语主宾后:指介词短语或
3、其他短语在句中作定语常放在主语或宾语的后面。如上句中的about Comrade Lei Feng作定语就是在宾语a story的后面。(B)形、代定语主宾前:指形容词、代词作定语常位于一个句子的主语或宾语的前面。如上句中our这个形容词性物主代词就放在politics teacher前面作定语。(C)间宾直宾紧相依:指某些动词后面常接两个宾语(即直接宾语和间接宾语)。在通常情况下,表示人的名词或代词作间宾,表示物的名词或代词作直宾。而且在结构上间宾后面紧接着是直宾,中间不用任何词。如果强调直接宾语,则可以把直宾调到间宾之前。这时,直宾后面要加上介词to或for再接间宾,这就叫“直、间之间to
4、、for连”。如:He gave some money to me.主 谓 定 直宾 间宾例3Chen Hua asked us to watch a volleyball match in the Capital Stadium 主语 谓语 宾语 宾语补足语 地点状语(位于时间状语之前) next Sunday. 时间状语上述句子成分的划分用上了第句口诀。现将这句口诀解释如下:(A)宾补位于宾语后:指宾语的补足语常常位于宾语的后面,如上句中的to watch a volleyball match位于宾语us之后作补足语。(B)地状常在时状前:指地点状语常常在时间状语的前面,如上句中的in t
5、he Capital Stadium就是放在next Sunday之前。例4Wei Feng and Li Ping are students. 主语 (系)谓语 表语上述句子中含有连系动词,连系动词+表语构成谓语,这是一个特定结构。巧析句子成分分析句子结构首先要找出主语和谓语。主语是一个句子叙述的主体,常在句首,由名词或代词担任。位于说明主语的动作或状态。常由动词担任。然后,再分析其他的词和短语,确定它们的成分。一、如果说明名词或代词,有三种情况:1修饰关系是定语。如:I like hardworking students. 我喜欢学习勤奋的学生。(hardworking在此修饰studen
6、ts,故是定语。)2是解释说明的关系,在语法上又处于同等地位,是同位语。如:He enjoys reading all sorts of books, science, fiction, biography etc.他喜欢读各种书籍科学、小说、传记等。(science, fiction, biography用来解释和说明books,故是同位语。)3逻辑上的主谓(或主系表)关系,意义上的补充,是补语。The man, tired and sleepy, went to bed. 那个人又困又累,就去睡了。(The man和tired and sleepy在逻辑上成主系表关系,如可说成:The m
7、an was tired and sleepy.故tired and sleepy是主语补足语)They named their first boy Jimmy.他们给第一个男孩取名叫吉米。(宾语their first boy和Jimmy在逻辑上主系表关系,如可说成:Their first boy is Jimmy. 故Jimmy是宾语补足语)二、如果说明动词,有两种情况:1修饰关系,是状语。如:The girl is improving remarkably. 这个女孩大有进步。(remarkably是用来修饰动词improving的,故是状语。)2动作的对象或承受者,是宾语。如:They
8、found the missing boy at last. 他们终于找到了那个失踪的男孩。(boy是谓语动词found的对象,故可判定boy是宾语。)三、如果说明形容词,有两种情况:1修饰关系,是状语。如:The kitchen is reasonably clean. 厨房还算干净。(reasonably是用来修饰形容词clean的,故是状语。)2词义的补充,一般是宾语。如:His new novel is worth reading. 他的新书值得一读。(reading是用来补充说明形容词worth的,故可看成worth的宾语。)四、在系动词后,说明主语的特征、状态和身份等,是表语。也称
9、为一种主语补足语。如:She will become a good wife. 她会成一个好妻子。(wife是系动词become的表语)五、如果和句子没有语法联系,较独立成分。包括:1称呼语。如:Peter, you are wanted on the phone. 彼得,有你的电话。2感叹语。如:Why, the cage is empty. 哎呀,笼子空了。3插入语。如:Worst still, the storm washed the top soil.更糟糕的是,暴雨把地表的土全冲走了简单句的五种基本句型歌诀学会准确运用英语简单句的五大基本句型,是学好英语的基本功之一。因此,同学们应花
10、些时间掌握它们。请看下面这个口诀:英语句子万万千,五大句型把线牵。句型种类为动词,后接什么是关键;系词后面接表语;vi.独身无牵连;vt.又可分三类,单宾双宾最常见,还有宾语补足语;各种搭配记心间。巧识“双宾语 ”和“复合宾语”我们知道有些及物动词后可跟双宾语(间接宾语和直接宾语);有些后面可跟复合宾语(宾语和宾语补足语)。但怎样识别双宾语和复合宾语呢?先请看下面的例句:1.The teacher asked him a lot of questions yesterday. A B2.Wu Dong gave her a new book. A B3.He teaches us Englis
11、h. A B4.My father bought me a dictionary this morning. A B5.He asked an artist to draw him a beautiful horse. A B6.You kept me waiting for a long time. A B7.I can let you have one. A B8.We call him Jack. A B9.They made him head of their village. A B要识别上面9个句子的划线部分是双宾语还是复合宾语,可先把划线部分A的代词宾格改成主格,然后用下面两把钥
12、匙来判定:如划线部分B不是动词(或动词的各种形式),借用“be牌钥匙”。即:把be放在A、B划线部分之间,使A、B部分构成一个句子。如句子不能成立,句子不通,即可判定A、B部分是双宾语;反之,可判定是复合宾语。如句1使用“be牌钥匙”后,A、B部分成了:He was a lot of questions.(他是许多问题)。句子不能成立,那么句1的A、B部分就是双宾语。再如句8,使用“be牌钥匙”之后,A、B部分成了:He is Jack.(他叫杰克。)。句子成立,即可判定是复合宾语。如果划线部分B是动词的各种形式,请用“V牌钥匙”。即:把B部分动词的各种形式还原成动词的适当时态形式,使A、B部
13、分成为一个句子,如句子成立且通顺,即可判定A、B部分是复合宾语;反之,为双宾语。如句6,使用“V牌钥匙”之后,A、B部分成了:I waited for a long time(我等了好长时间。)。句子成立,是复合宾语。实践证明,“be、V牌钥匙”是区别双宾语和复合宾语最理想的工具。教你巧学巧记:(1)名词单数变复数口诀名词单数变复数,几种规则要记住:一般词尾加-s,元、浊读z清读s。t后加s读作ts,d后加s读作dz。辅音字母加y来结尾,i替y再加-es。词尾若为sh,ch,s,x,加上-es读作iz。词尾为ce,se或ge,虽加-s也读iz。o结尾,加-s,多数情况均如此。马铃薯和西红柿,以
14、0结尾加上-esz。f,fe作词尾,去掉它们加-ves。house,mouth变复数,s变z来W变T。说明:词尾为清辅音时,其后的-s读作s。如:bookbooksbuks词尾为元音或浊辅音时,其后的-s读作z。如:boyboysbCiz carcarskB:zmugmugsmQgz中学阶段所学以o结尾的名词中,只有四个变复数时,加-es。即:potatopotatoes,tomatotomatoes,heroheroes,NegroNegroes其余一般在词尾直接加-s。如:radioradios photophotoshouse的单数读作haus,复数应读作5hauziz;mouth的单数
15、读作mauW,复数应读作mauTz。(2)巧记-f(e)结尾的名词复数以-f(e)结尾的名词变为复数时,有的可以直接加-s,有的则把f(e)改为v,再加-es。在学习过程中,有时往往弄混,下面让我们用顺口溜来进行记忆,也许能收到事半功倍之效。树叶半数自己黄,妻子拿刀去割粮,架后窜出一只狼,就像强盗逃命忙。leaf(树叶),half(一半),self(自己),wife(妻子),knife(刀子),shelf(架子),wolf(狼),thief(窃贼,强盗),life(生命)这9个名词变复数时,都要改-f(e)为v,再加-es。其他的以-f(e)结尾的名词则直接加-s变复数。(3)巧记-f结尾的名
16、词直接加-s变复数有些以-f结尾的名词在由单数变为复数时,是直接在词尾加上-s。如:gulf,roof,chief,serf,belief,proof,handkerchief。为方便记忆,我们将这些词编成口诀进行联想记忆,效果非常好!海湾边、屋顶上,首领奴仆两相望;谁说他们无信仰,证据写在手帕上。(4)巧记-o结尾的名词复数现行中学英语课本中有一些以字母“-o”结尾的可数名词。这些词由单数变为复数时,有的加-s;有的加-es。那么,哪些词后加-s;哪些词后加-es呢?翻一翻课本,查一查词典;我们不难发现:就中学英语教材中出现的13个以-o结尾的可数名词而言,其中只有hero,Negro,to
17、mato和potato四个单词必须加-es构成复数。为了便于记忆,我们可以用下列方法去进行。l.串连法:把上述加“-es”的四个词串连记为:黑人英雄爱吃西红柿和马铃薯。Negroes are heroes.They live on potatoes and tomatoes.黑人是英雄。他们以马铃薯和.西红柿为食。 2.总结法:两人(Negro,hero)两菜(tomato,potato)。 3.臆造法:The two heroes are Negroes who plant potatoes and tomatoes.两位英雄是种植马铃薯和西红柿的黑人。除了上述四个词必须加-es外,其余的词
18、只加-s,则不必记忆。巧记单复数名词同形名词的单数变复数中,有一类是单复数形式相同。他们是Chinese, Japanese, sheep, deer, fish等。许多同学老是写错。大家若是用下面这句话来记忆,就轻松多了。中国人和日本人很爱护绵羊、鹿和鱼。注意:fish指鱼的种类时,要加上-es才成复数;当指鱼的条数时,单复数形式相同;指鱼肉时,为不可数名词。巧记“某国人”变复数口诀英语中表示“某国人”的名词很多,且其单数变复数不同,如何记住它们的复数形式呢?请先看下列词组:1.中国人 a Chinese(单数)Chinese(复数) 日本人 a Japanese(单数)Japanese(复
19、数)2.英国人an Englishman(单数)Englishmen(复数) 法国人a Frenchman(单数)Frenchmen(复数)3.美国人 an American(单数)Americans(复数) 阿拉伯人an Arab(单数)Arabs(复数) 埃及人 an Egyptian(单数)Egyptians(复数) 德国人 a German(单数)Germans(复数)澳大利亚人an Australian(单数)Australians(复数)从第1组可看出:Chinese和Japanese单数和复数形式是一致的。从第2组可知:Englishman和Frenchman单数变复数,只需将词
20、中字母a改为e就行了。从第3组可见:这些名词变复数时,均在词尾加字母“-s”。由此可得出一个小小规律:复数词形不难记,中、日友谊是一致;英、法联盟a改e,其余一律加“-s”。 “瞻前顾后”分析双重所有格“名词+of+名词性物主代词或名词所有格”这一结构为“双重所有格”,如a tenant of his或a tenant of the noblemans。使用双重所有格应注意:一、瞻前名词前面表示数量可用不定冠词a(an)、数词(two,three等)、不定代词(few,little,some,any,no等),但不能用数词one。例如:【误】one friend of mine【正】a fri
21、end of mine名词前面可加指示代词(this,that),表示爱、憎、褒、贬等感情色彩,但不能加定冠词the。名词前面还可加疑问代词which表示疑问。例如:【误】the child of hers【正】this(lovely)daughter of my aunts(赞赏) that(naughty)son of Mr Smiths(厌恶) Which child of theirs(疑问)二、顾后of后面应为明确的对象,即用特指普通名词、专有名词或代词。例如:【误】some of pictures of a students【正】some of pictures of the st
22、udents/her students/Toms/yoursof后面的对象一般是人,不是物,不是无生命的东西。例如:【误】a leg of the tables【正】a leg of the mans用“一分为二鉴别法”辨名词的可数与不可数不少同学分辨不清可数名词与不可数名词。在这里告诉你一个诀窍,叫做“一分为二鉴别法”,能帮助你基本上分清这两类名词。判断某名词是可数名词还是不可数名词时,可先将这个名词所表示的东西一分两半,若每一半不能再叫原来的名称时,这个名词就是可数名词;反之,若每一半还可以叫原来的名称时,这个名词就是不可数名词。例如,desk表示“课桌”,若将课桌一分两半,所得的两部分都
23、不再具有课桌的特征,不能再用desk一词来表示。因此,desk是可数名词。meat表示“肉”,将一块肉一分两块,所得的两块仍可称作肉。所以,meat是不可数名词。主谓语一致巧掌握英语中,主谓语一致是个比较复杂的问题。下面这个顺口溜,对帮助同学们掌握英语的主谓语一致有事半功倍之效。单单复复最常见,集体名词谓用单,如若强调其成员,复数谓语记心间。有些名词谓常复,people,police即这般。主语单数后接介,谓语单数介无关,many a作主语也如此,谓语动词应用单。or、nor、but also、there be,近主原则挂嘴边。关系代词定主语,谓语根据先行词判。不定式短语、动名词,主语从句谓全
24、单。时间、货币与距离,谓语多单复少见,rest,means,fol1owing等,意义决定其复、单。none,all,half of等,of之宾语定答案。还有分数、百分数,仍据of之宾定复、单。代词all指人谓复数,all指事情谓用单。量词用法请注意,谓语要随量词变。and连接两名词,身兼两职一定冠,no,each,every后单名,两件(种)事(物)系一概念,以上情况请记清,谓语动词全用单。形容词带the一类人,姓氏复数加定冠,-s结尾的海峡、山脉与群岛,谓语用复勿用单。代词neither,either,each等,用作主语谓全单。下面分别举例子,对号入座请勿乱。l.A horse is a
25、n animal.2.Those books are mine.3.Our family is a big one.4.The family are watching TV now.5.The police are on the track(追踪)of the criminal.6.The father with his two sons has gone to Beijing.7.Many a student has gone to the cinema.8.Neither you nor I am a worker.9.Not only you but also I am a worker
26、.10.He is the only one of the workers that has been invited.11.He is one of the workers that have been invited.12.Seeing is believing./To see is to believe.13.What he says is not important.14.Five hours is not long.15.Two hundred yuan a month doesnt leave much for saving.16.All these means are usefu
27、l./Every means has been tried.17.The following are some examples./The following is taken from Book I.18.All of them are working hard.19.Half of the book is interesting./Half of the books are interesting. 20.None of his friends have (has) been to Shanghai.21.Two-thirds of the people present are again
28、st the plan.22.Three-fourths of the surface of the earth is sea.23.All are here. /All goes well.24.A pair of shoes is under the bed.25.The Party secretary and headmaster is giving a lecture.26.No teacher, and no student has gone there.27.Each man and each woman is asked to help.28.Bread and butter t
29、astes good.29.Going to bed early and getting up early is a good habit.30.The poor need helping./ The wounded need to be taken good care of.31.The Zhangs like playing basketball. 32.The Philipines (菲律宾群岛)lie to the southeast of China.33.The Alps(阿尔皮斯山脉) are in Europe.34.Each has his merits(优点).35.Nei
30、ther of them is going home.初学英语的同学,往往把不定冠词a和an混用,你可用这样一句话记住他们的用法:不见原因(元音),别施“恩 (n)”。如:一位老师a teacher一位英语老师an English teacher一个男人a man一位老人an old man如果你再能再记住下面这句话,你就能顺利闯过这个难关。Mr Li has one fox.(李先生有一只狐狸。) 这句话囊括了字母表里前面用不定冠词an的所有字母假若这些字母作为一个独立的单词使用的话。这些字母是:a,e,f,h,i,l,m,n,o,r,s,x。除这些字母外,其余的字母前面就用不定冠词a。定冠
31、词“the”在英语中使用率很高,然而它的用法却较难掌握。有些词前要加定冠词,有些却不要用,其基本用法就是特指某(些)人或某(些)事物。除此而外,还有许多地方都必须要用“the”。为了便于记忆,可以利用下面的两段顺口溜:一、使用定冠词口诀沙漠、河流与群山,列岛、海峡与海湾,阶级、党派、国家名,组织团体和机关,方位、朝代、独一词,会议、文件及报刊,木器、建筑、海洋群,定冠词来不能删。注:以上情况需使用定冠词。二、冠词省略口诀泛指复数日三餐球类运动季节前星期月份节假日,抽象物质或习惯。注:1.以上情况省略冠词。2.农历的节假日需用定冠词。3.泛指单数可数名词前用不定冠词。巧记100内的基数词基数词不
32、难记,找清规律很容易,十二以内词各异;十三数到十九去,后加-teen莫忘记。二十、三十至九十,整十之后有-ty;要说“几十几”,中间“-”号别丢弃,hundred是“一百”,请你记住莫大意。读数的诀窍有一首歌诀,可以帮助我们迅速地用英语读出长数字。从右向左三逗开, 一逗千,二逗百万,三逗就是十万万;左右三位分开读,保你又快又喜欢。“从右向左三逗开,”,指从右向左把长数字每三位用逗号分开。如:10,000;225,430;51,000,000,000“一逗千,二逗百万,三逗就是十万万;”指从右向左的第一个逗号表示“千”(thousand);第二个逗号表示“百万”(million);第三个逗号表示
33、“十万万”(billion,即十亿)。 “左右三位分开读,保你又快又喜欢。”指读数时从左向右,每三位三位地按三位数的读法读,遇到有逗号时就分别加上该逗号所表示的那个英语单词。如:457four hundred and fifty-seven102one hundred and two800eight hundred3,024three thousand and twenty-four2,007,009two million seven thousand and nine51,000,000,000fifty-one billion400,001four hundred thousand and
34、 one基数词变序数词歌诀基数词变为序数词绝大多数是直接加-th,但有少数变化是不规则的。虽然不规则的少,但同学们却最容易弄错。如把fifth写成fiveth,把ninth写成nineth。记住下面这首歌诀可以使你们克服诸如此类的错误。基变序,很容易,结尾加上“th”。一二三特殊记,结尾各是t、d、d。八减t,九去e,f来把ve替,y改为“ie”,结尾仍有“th”。若是遇到几十几,只变个位就可以。巧记分数表达法分子基数词,分母序数词,分子大于“1”,分母加“-s”。带分数莫着急,前加整数就可以。分母若是“2”和“4”,half、quarter可代替。巧用hundred等数词hundred,th
35、ousand,million等数词当表示具体数字时后无s和of,应说five hundred,three thousand,或six million等,而表示不明确数字时则说:hundreds of 数百个,thousands of数千个,成千上万,millions of 数百万。但同学们在使用时常会出错,如:two hundreds,five thousands of等,为了避免误用,可记住下面口决:hundred,thousand和million,有时含糊有时清。清时无s和of,糊时s和of跟。巧说“时间”同学们可以利用下列口诀来巧记妙学英语中的时间表达法。数字说法时后分,quarter,
36、half不可用。如果出现past,to,分钟在前记心中。past过,差几分to,分钟小于三十分。 说明:解释见上述相应的序号。时,用onethe other。如图所示:nonethe otherThere are two books on the desk.One is Lilys,the other is Lucys.课桌上有两本书,一本是莉莉的,另一本是露茜的。表示不定数目中的“一个”与“另一个”,用“oneanother”。如图所示:noneanotherI dont like this one,show me another,please. 我不要这个,请拿另一个给我看。强调确定数目中
37、的“一个”与“其余的”,用onethe others。如图所示:nnnnnonethe othersOf the six students,one is going home,the others are going to the cinema. 六个学生中,一个将要回家,其余(五个人)要去看电影。表示许多人或物中的“一部分”和“另一部分(并非全部)”,用someothers。如图所示:nnnnnsomeothersThere are lots of people in the park on Sunday.Some are walking and others are climbing th
38、e hills. 星期日公园里有许多人,有的在散步,有的在爬山。表示许多人或物中的“一部分”“其余的全部分”,用somethe others。如图所示:nnnnnsomethe othersThe students of Class Two are working on the hill.Some are carrying water,some are digging,the others are planting trees.二班的学生正在山上劳动,一些人在提水,一些人在挖坑,其余的在植树。表示“一个接一个地”,用one after another。如图所示: nnnnn例如:The stu
39、dents came one after another.同学们一个接一个地来all,both,each的位置巧安排不定代词all,both,each在句中作同位语时,其位置是有规律的,但许多同学却常常用错。现在教给大家一个灵便的方法:“两前三后”。一、“两前”即:1.行为动词前。1)They all attended the meeting.2)We each have a copy of the Chinese-English dictionary.2.半系动词(即行为动词兼作的连系动词)前,如become, get, grow, turn, feel, look, seem, keep等
40、。1)We both agreed to go.2)The children each had a piece of bread.3)We both became college students.4)My classmates all look fine.二、“三后”即:1.连系动词be之后。1)They are both doctors.2)We are all good friends.2.情态动词can,may,must等之后。1)We can both answer the question.2)The books must all be handed in.3.助动词be,do,h
41、ave,will等之后。1)The students have both made great progress.2)The men will each get a gun.3)They dont all attend the meeting.注意:当all,both和each在what和how引导的感叹句中作主语的同位语时,他们的位置应紧跟在主语之后。如:正How friendly they all are!误How friendly they are all!另外,“两前三后”也适用于修饰动词作状语的大多数副词的常用位置。当然,副词的位置比较灵活。如:1)She sometimes com
42、es to school late.2)She is always late for class.3)Did you often read the magazine?4)He has already completed his article.(1)复合代词分合口诀分合皆能单独用,后加of合不成。说明:复合代词指的是some,any,no,every和one,boy,thing的合成词。构成这类合成词的两个成份可分也可合:一般说来,单独使用时,既可分开,又可合并;若后面加了表示部分意义的of短语,则必须分为两个词。但有三点例外:(l)no和one的合成词none,不可分开。(2)含body的合
43、成词一般不能分开。(3)含one的合成词常指人,而绝少指物。例句:l.Anyone is liable to fall ill.2.Any one of us is liable to fall ill.3.Everyone admired the mathematician.(2)巧学不定代词something,anything,nothing1.修饰成份后置。如:something important一些重要的东西(事情)、nothing else别的东西(事情)、something to eat吃的东西。2.不定代词作主语,谓语动词用单数形式。如:Something is wrong w
44、ith your bike.你的自行车出毛病了。下面一首打油诗,把不定代词的两大特点介绍得清清楚楚。不定代词美名扬,修饰成份后边藏;单数动词作谓语,何时何地都一样。指示代词用法歌诀this,these靠近我,that,those离我远。this,that指单数,these,those不指单。都可用the来代替,劝君务必记心里。物主代词变化口诀 物主代词分两家,形、名词性各一霸;his,its无变化,my,mine记牢它;其余变形规律化,形容词(性)后加尾巴(-s)。巧记反身代词的用法反身代词表自身,句中可作两成分,表示强调同位语,宾语动作回自身。形容词和副词比较等级构成歌诀“比较”与“最高”,
45、“单音”加后缀;-er是“比较”,-est是“最高”。原级结尾若是e,只加-r或-st。重读闭音节,辅音要成对,其它多音节,加词不加缀。辅音若加y,y变i加后缀。y若是后来加,不在此规内。巧记特殊形式的比较级英语中有几个形容词(有的也是副词),比较级和最高级不是通过在词尾加-er,-est或在前面加more,most构成,而是有其特殊形式。学生常常记不全、记不准。我们把它们分为三类,编成歌决。请看:合二为一共三对,“坏”、“病”、“两多”并“两好”;一分为二有两个,一是“远”来,二是“老”;还有一词含双义,只记“少”来不记“小”。巧记修饰比较级的程度副词我们知道,在比较结构中,为了强调形容词、
46、副词的程度,在比较级前可以用以下副词修饰:a lot,a little,a bit,a great deal,many,much,even,any,still,no,rather等。但同学在使用这些词时,往往因记不住这些词而出错。下面这句话可以帮助你准确记住它们:四A 确实仍然没有任何马骑,甚至说,怎么走远?四A-a lot,a little,a bit,a great deal;确实-rather;仍然-still;甚至-even;没有-no,任何-any;马骑-much(many);远-far。形容词和副词比较等级用法歌诀(一)两者和三者或三者以上比较歌诀 两者比较用than连, 三者比较
47、the在前。(二)同级比较歌诀 同级比较用原级, asas永不离。若是否定加not,asas否前者。asas加not,只说两者有区别。soas加not,后者总是强前者。巧选表“范围”的介词of和in何时用of,何时用in,是有所区别的。of表示“人或物中最突出的”。of后面跟人或物,用于同类事物或人之间的比较,即前者与后者属于同一类别,或前者包含在后者这一概念之中。例如:Spring is the best season of the year.春天是一年中最好的季节。in表示“在范围或团体中最突出的”,in后面跟某个团体或范围,前者与后者不属于同类或同一类概念。例如:Shanghai is
48、the biggest city in China.上海是中国最大的城市。巧记enough在句中的位置在学习中,同学们对enough在句中的位置很容易混淆。一般规则是这样的:当enough修饰名词时,可以把enough放在名词的前面,也可以把enough放在名词的后面;当enough修饰形容词或副词时,把enough放在形容词或副词的后面。为了记住它的用法,我们可以将其巧记为:名前、幸福后(放在名词之前,形容词、副词之后)。巧记形容词的排列顺序不少学生对如何排列形容词的词序颇感困惑。在此,我们向同学们介绍一个简易的记忆方法。即请你记住“限观形令色国材”这几个字,这似乎有点不大好记,那就请你记住
49、“县官行令谢国材”吧。它们可以帮你掌握英语里形容词的排列次序。其分别的含义是:“县”(限)代表限定词,包括:冠词、指示代词、形容词性物主代词、名词所有格、数词等。“官”(观)代表表示观点的描绘性形容词,如:fine,beautiful,interesting等。“行”(形)代表表示大小、长短、高低及形状的形容词,如:small,tall,high,little,round等。“令”(龄)代表表示年龄、新、旧的形容词,如:old,young等。“谢”(“色”的近似音)代表表示颜色的形容词,如:white,black,yellow等。“国”代表表示国籍、地区、出处的形容词(名词),如:Englis
50、h,American,mountain等。“材”则代表形成中心名词的材料的形容词,如:stone,wooden,silk,plastic等。多个形容词同时修饰同一个名词时,就按上述顺序排列,然后加上中心名词。例如:1.a fine old stone bridge 一座古老漂亮的石头桥2.two big round new Chinese wooden tables两张新的中国式的木制大圆桌 3.his large new black foreign car他那辆新的大型黑色外国进口汽车巧记表示方位的介词in,on,to表示方位时容易用混淆。下面的图示能帮你辨别其用法。A 北DCB 西 东 南
51、B is in the east of AC is on the east of AD is to the east of A从(N)MET谈and对选项的暗示作用大家知道,and作为并列连词,用来连接两个或两个以上的词、短语或句子,表示并列或对称关系。有些同学很容易忽略它在句中的作用,因而答错题。现结合高考题简单介绍and对选项暗示作用的几种情况。 1、对谓语动词和非谓语动词选择项的暗示作用。 On Saturday afternoon,Mr Green went to the markets,_ some bananas and visited his cousin Abought Bbu
52、ying Cto buy Dbuy She set out soon after dark _ home an hour later Aarriving Bto arrive Chaving arrived Dand arrived The visiting minister expressed his satisfaction with the talks,_that he had enjoyed his stay here Ahaving added Bto add Cadding Dadded 【简析】第题选A是因为and在题干中连接三个并列谓语。第题选D。有的同学选A是因为不明白分词的
53、一般式表示与谓语动词同时发生或紧接着发生这一概念。根据题干语境,“出发”与“回家”不是同时或紧接着发生的两个动作,而是一先一后的两个动作,故只有用and连接的并列谓语才能表达先后发生的两个或两个以上的一连串动作。第题应选C,在句中作状语。如选D则要将题干中的逗号改为and。 2、在定语从句中对关联词选择的暗示作用。 He paid the boy ten dollars for washing ten windows,most of _ hadnt been cleaned for at least a year Ait Bthem Cthat Dwhich The lady has thre
54、e daughters and _ are at school Atwo of them Btwo of whom Cthe two of them Dthe two of whom 【简析】根据语义和句子结构,第题应选D,构成非限制性定语从句。如选B,则要将题干中的逗号改成and,连接两个并列句。第题应选A。因题干中有and的暗示。 3、在独立主格结构中的暗示作用。 There _ no rain now, lets start out Abeing Bis Cwill be Dwas The man stood there,his sharp eyes _ on my face Afix
55、Bfixed Cwere fixed Dfixing 【简析】独立主格结构与它所依赖的句子之间没有任何连接词and, so,though等,中间只有逗号。如果有连词,则独立主格结构就要变成一个完整的句子。很容易看出第题和第题分别选A、B,是独立主格结构。or和and与否定词连用之谜先做下面三道题:用or或and填空,要求构成完全否定。l.Tom_Mary cannot speak Chinese.They did not speak Japanese clearly_correctly,either.汤姆和玛丽不会讲汉语,日语也讲得不清楚,不正确。2.The clock has no eyes
56、_ears.And it has no mouth_ no legs,either. 时钟没有眼晴和耳朵,也没有嘴和腿。3.Man cant live without air_water.Thats to say,man will die without air_water. 没有空气和水,人就不生活,也就是说,没有空气和水,人就会死。说明:在否定句中,并列成分的列举通常用or连接构成完全否定,用and连接构成部分否定。但在中学英语课本中,否定词与and连用,有以下几种情况,仍构成完全否定:1.列举成分是主语,又在否定词之前,用and连接,而在否定词之后的列举成分用or构成完全否定,所以句1的
57、答案是and,or。2.列举成分之前都有否定词时,用and连接,否则用or连接,也都构成完全否定,所以句2的答案是or,and。3.在否定句中,without之后若有列举成分用and连接,构成完全否定;而在肯定句中,without之后的列举成分要用or连接才能构成完全否定,故句3的答案应是and,or。再做如下练习,你心中之谜就可以迎刃而解了。从(N)MET谈but在解题时的暗示作用英语往往能通过语句衔接对语义做出正确理解。英语中有许多这样的语句衔接词,它们提示我们在做题和阅读时注意上下文的语义关系,来龙去脉。but就属于这类衔接词。请看下面的例子:Toms mother kept telli
58、ng him that he should work harder, but _didnt help.(MET1993)A.he B.which C.she D.itI asked him for some oil, but he hadnt_.(MET1986)A.any B.some C.oil D.oneThey were all very tired, but_of them would stop to take a rest.(NMET1995)but在以上三句中表示前后后相反的语义关系,表示否定的概念,因此很容易找出各个题的答案(D;A;C)。-If you dont like t
59、he red coat, take the blue one.OK, but do you have_size in blue? This ones a bit tight for me.(NMET1995)A.a big B.a bigger C.the big D.the bigger (答案:B)Excuse me,is this Mr Browns office?Im sorry, but Mr Brown_works here.(MET1990)A.not now B.no more C.not still D.no longer (答案:D)从以上两题中可以看出,除了提醒我们逆向思
60、维外,but还在有语义的基础上进行递进或对原有前提做补充。在虚拟语气中,but的暗示作用更明显,but之后是一种客观实际的描述,动词需用相应的时态。如:Would you have told him the answer had it been possible?I would, but I_so busy then.A.had been B.were C.was D.would be (答案:C)He would gain weight but he _much. A.wouldnt eat B.doesnt eat C.didnt eat D.hadnt eaten (答案:B)but的这
61、种暗示作用不仅有助于做语法题,在做完形填空及阅读理解时,也有极大的帮助。通过but产生的逆向思维和特殊的语言逻辑,能够正确地捕捉信息,把握文章主旨。用不用要牢记在翻译句子、写作、句型转换或改错练习中,每当遇到because和so,but和though(although),if和and,any和no,hardly,few,little, never和not同时出现时,究竟用还是不用?该用哪个?不少同学常常束手无策,举棋不定。其实,只要在理解的基础上,记住以下这个口诀,上面的问题就会迎刃而解。不信?!那就试试:用because不用so,用but不用though。用and不用if you,用not
62、any不用no。Hardly,never,little和few;本身已包含no。当说话人强调或特别关心的是行为对象,即主动句中的宾语,或没有必要说出行为者是谁就用被动语态。其构成是用助动词be加上动词的过去分词。在被动句中语法上的主语是行为的承受者,而实际上的主语可用介词by来引导。据此编成如下顺口溜:(1)动作谁做的不知道,说出谁做的不必要,接受动作者要强调,用被动语态最为妙。(2)被动特点强调宾(语), 用be加上过去分(词), 行为对象做主语, 逻辑主语by引。(3) 被动不离“be”“p.p.”, 主谓一致莫忘记, 句中时态要留意, “进行”易漏一个“be”。例如:(1)Such bo
63、oks are written for children.A new railway is being built.(2)We love the Party. The Party is loved by us.(3) They were cleaning their classrooms. Their classrooms are being cleaned by them.巧记10个虚拟动词英语中有些动词后面的宾语从句或某些主语从句的谓语动词,常用虚拟语气-“(should)十动词原形”。这些动词要逐个记忆是比较困难的,下面介绍几个巧记方法:1“一、二、三、四”法。即:一个坚持,两个命令,三
64、个建议,四个要求。一个“坚持(insist)”:The doctor insisted that I(should)give up smoking.医生坚持要我戒烟。两个“命令(order,command)”:The general ordered that the enemy soldiers (should)lay down their arms.将军命令敌兵放下武器。He commanded that all his men(should)get to the front before darkness.他命令部下天黑前赶到前线。三个“建议(suggest,propose,advise)
65、”:The headmaster suggested that we (should)make better use of our spare time.校长建议我们更好地利用业余时间。The teacher proposed that John(should) get down to his study.老师建议约翰静下心来好好学习。They advised that steps(should)be taken at once.他们建议马上采取措施。四个“要求(demand,require,request,ask)”:The teacher demanded that the student
66、s(should)hand in the paper before eleven. 老师要求学生11点前交卷。Father requires that his son (should) not make such noise in the room. 爸爸要求孩子别在屋里大嚷。The workers requested that the working conditions (should) be further improved. 工人们要求进一步改善工作条件。She asks that he (should) be given an opportunity to try this meth
67、od. 他要求给他一个机会试验这办法。2.“Discrop(无收获)”法。由这个词的每一个字母联想一个词或两个词:demand,insist,suggest,command,request,require,order,propose。(例句见1)3.用句联想法。由句子“I drop cars”的每一个字母联想一个或两个动词:insist,demand,request,order,propose,command,advise,ask,require,suggest.(例子见1)注意:这三种方法只是帮助记忆的一些方法。其实,除这十个动词外,还有些动词,如remember,prefer等后面的宾语从
68、句也常用虚拟语气。就是上面列的十个动词后也不一定非用虚拟语气不可,在口语中不用虚拟语气的情况也是有的。如:He insisted that Shanghai is still the biggest part in China.(宾语从句表示的是十分确定的事实)。His accent suggests that he is from Shandong.(suggest不当“建议”讲,而是作“暗示”。)Tom insisted that he didnt go there last night.(insist不当“坚持认为”讲 ,而是当“坚持说”。)巧记表“推测”的情态动词用法 表“推测”时,情
69、态动词可用can,could,may,might,must。must表“一定”,只用于肯定句,其否定形式要用cant;may(might)表“或许”,可能性较小,不用于疑问句;can表“可能”,不用于肯定句。为方便记忆,可用一句话来记忆,即:肯(can)不肯?妹(may)不问,妈妈(must)肯定不否问。“肯(can)不肯”即can不用于肯定句;“妹(may)不问” 即may不用于疑问句;“妈妈(must)肯定不否问” 即must只用于肯定句,而不用于否定句和疑问句中。非谓语动词句法功能口诀不定式本领强,六种成分都能当;动名词不示弱,主宾表定用得上;两分词,互不让,表定状补争亮相。如下表所示:
70、 作用种类主宾表定状补不定式动名词分 词巧记“动词+不定式”结构在英语中,某些及物动词只能跟动词不定式作为它的直接宾语,不能接动名词。为巧记这些动词中的常用词,可用以下两个方法来帮助联想记忆。1.“磨豆腐5m:dUf”法 我们将中学课本中常见的这类动词的首写字母连起来,成为一个缩略词MERDOWPH。当我们读出它的谐音“磨豆腐”时,也就自然地联想到此类只能接动词不定式作宾语的动词:M=Mean(打算),E=Expect(期望),R=Refuse(拒绝),D=Decide(决定),0=Offer(提出),W=Wish(愿望),P=Promise(答应),Pretend(假装);H=Hope(希望
71、)。2.“Who ac(t)ed Mr. Flp?-谁演Flp先生?” 用这个句子来记只能接不定式作宾语的及物动词,亦可收到事半功倍之效。W=want,wish;H=hope,help;O=offer;A=agree,arrange,aim;C=choose; E=expect; D=decide,demand,dare,determine,desire;M=manage;R=refuse;F=fail;L=long,learn;P=prevent,promise,plan。to字离开又回来不定式作某些及物动词的宾语补足语须省略to,而作主语补足语时必须恢复to。这种现象可总结为口诀:不定式作
72、宾补,下列动词to省去:五看、三使役,二听一感半帮助。若是宾补变主补,to字面目要恢复。五看:see,watch,notice,observe,look at.如:I saw him leave the room.我看见他离开了房间。They watched the sun set behind the trees.他们看着太阳在树后面落下去。Did you notice me leave the house?你有没有注意到我离开那栋房子?I looked at him jump.我看着他跳的。三使役:let,make,have.如:She lets her children stay up
73、very late.她让孩子呆得很晚不睡觉。The landlord made the farmhands work long hours.那地主强迫长工长时间劳动。The soldiers had him stand with his back to his father.士兵们让他背对着他父亲站着。二听:hear,listen to.如:We often hear her sing.我们常听见她唱歌。Please listen to me sing a song.请听我唱支歌。一感:feel,如:Did you feel the earth move?你感到地震动了吗?半帮助:help。指
74、动词不定式作help的宾语补足语时,可带to,也可不带to。如:Will you help me(to)find my pen?请帮我找找钢笔,好吗?以上句子若是变为被动句,则宾语补足语变成主语补足语,并且不定式符号“to”要恢复。如:He was seen to leave the room.The farmhands were made to work long hours.She was heard to sing in the next room.不定式和分词作状语的区别动词不定式在英语中作用甚多,除不能单独作谓语外,可充当句子中的任何成分。但不定式和分词作状语(起副词的作用)的区别。
75、中学生很难分辨。我们谈谈二者作状语时的区别。1.不定式作状语不定式作状语一般用以表示“目的”、“结果”、“原因”。请看下列句子:I got up before dawn to catch the five oclock train.(目的)为了赶上五点的火车,天亮前我就起床了。He woke up to find everyone gone.(结果)他醒来后来后发现人都走了。What a fool he is to say such a thing!(原因)说那种话,他真傻哎!此外,不定式的某些固定搭配也可用作状语。如:to tell the truth 老实说to be frank with
76、 you 坦白地说strange to say 说也奇怪to make the matter worse 情况更糟needless to say 不消说,等等。2分词作状语分词作状语一般相当于一个状语从句,在书面语中人们更喜欢用分词作状语,口语中则多用从句。分词作状语常表示“时间”、“原因”、“条件”、“让步”、“伴随情况”和“结果”等。如:Being poor,I could not go to school.(=As I was poor,)(原因)因为穷,我不能上学。Turning to the right,youll find a large white building on you
77、r left.(=If you turn to the right)(条件)右拐,你就会在左边发现一座大白楼。Admitting what you say, I think you are wrong.(让步)即使我承认你所说的,我还认为你错了。The students went out of the classroom, singing and laughing.(伴随情况)学生们说说笑笑地走出了教室。My father left Beijing at ten in the morning, arriving at Tianjin at one in the afternoon.(结果)父亲
78、早10点离开北京,下午1点到天津。说明:(1)一般来说,作结果状语的分词和不定式区别不大,往往可混用。(2)作原因的不定式一般放在形容词后,相当于that引导的从句,有人认为是形容词所带的宾语。(3)分词一般不能作目的状语。不定式常用作目的状语。为加强语气,可常在不定式前加上in order to或so as to。巧记动词不定式的用法动词不定式是中学英语中一个较难的语法项目,如何快速记忆和准确使用它呢?请看下面一则口诀:不定式有标记,to与动原连一起。没有人称数变化,动词特点它具备。主宾定状表补语,唯独作谓不可以。not加上不定式,否定结构要牢记。疑问词与不定式,构成短语有意义。仔细推敲多思
79、考,准确判断有依据。说明: “to+动词原形”是它的基本构成形式,即不定式的标记。它没有人称和数的变化,不管主语是任何人称、单数还是复数,动词不定式都没有变化。但它仍保留动词的特点,可以有自己的宾语和状语。它具有名词、形容词和副词三大特征,所以,它在句中可以做主语、宾语、定语、表语、状语和宾补。“not+动词不定式”是它的否定形式,不要受其它否定式的影响,要记住规律。疑问代词(what,who,whom,which)和疑问副词(where,when,why,how)加上不定式在句中可以做主语、宾语、表语、状语。通过以上分析,只要仔细研究,把不定式的功能用法搞清楚,在应用时就会做出准确的判断。要
80、想迅速、准确地答对“疑问词动词不定式”这类题目,首先要判断“疑问词动词不定式”结构中的不定式是及物动词还是不及物动词,判断的准确与否是答题的关键。一、如果该不定式是及物动词,就要考虑以下两个方面的问题。1.不定式后面带有自己的宾语时,就根据句意选用合适的疑问副词。例如:Do you know_? A.how use a computer B.what to use a computer C.what use a computer D.how to use a computerI dont know_to do it. A.how B.what C.who D.which【解析】上面这两题中的动
81、词不定式都是及物的,而且都带有宾语,所以应选用疑问副词。鉴于此,答案应分别是D,A。 2.不定式后面不带有自己的宾语时,就根据句意选用合适的疑问代词。例如:She doesnt know_. A.when to do B.what to do C.how to do D.where to doSorry,I didnt know_. A.what to do B.how to do C.what doing D.how doing【解析】上述两题中的to do都是及物动词,而且后面都不没有宾语,根据题意它们缺少逻辑宾语,故要选用疑问代词。因此,答案应分别是B,A。二、如果该不定式是不及物动词,
82、就要从以下两个方面来解答。1.不定式后面不带有可以和它构成及物的短语动词的介词或副词,就根据句意选用合适的疑问副词。例如:We are not sure_. A.when to leave B.when leave C.when leaving【解析】上题中的to leave是不及物动词,其后面没有任何东西,故需要选用疑问副词。根据题意答案应是A。2.不定式后面带有可以和它构成及物的短语动词的介词或副词时,就要看该短语动词后面是否有宾语,有宾语就根据句意选用合适的疑问副词;无宾语就根据句意选用合适的疑问代词。例如:He wants to know_to the Peoples Cinema.
83、A.when go B.when to go C.when goes D.when to going【解析】go是不及物动词,但在该题中它和介词to构成及物的短语动词,且其后面带有宾语,故需要用疑问副词。B是正确答案。Bob doesnt know_to write about. A.how B.what C.that D.whose【解析】to write在该句中是不及物动词,和介词about搭配构成及物的短语动词,意为“写关于.方面的文章(著作)”。该短语动词后面没有宾语,所以它缺少逻辑宾语,能够担当此任的非B莫属。三、在含有宾语从句的主从复合句中,主句中的主语(或间接宾语)和从句中的主语
84、是同一类人或物,而且引导该从句的从属连词是which,what,how,where等词时,可以将宾语从句中的主语删去,将谓语动词改为“to动词原形”(有助动词的,将助动词一并去掉),最后变成“疑问词+动词不定式”结构。例如: A.The girl didnt know what she should answer.(改为同义句) B.The girl didnt know what_ _. Please tell me where we show our tickets.(改为同义句) Please tell me_ _show our tickets. I dont know when we
85、 shall start tomorrow.(改为同义句) I dont know when _ _tomorrow.(答案:to answer where to to start)of与for的选用有巧法先请看下面两个句子:1.Its right of you to do it.2.Its easy for you to do it.这两个句子的结构相同,为什么句2用for,句1却用of呢?换句话说,在“It is+adj.+of(for)+sb. to do sth.”这个句型中,怎样确定用of还是用for呢?在一般情况下,我们可使用以下两条规则来解决of与for的纠葛。一、如果句中的形容
86、词表示的是sb.的某种特征或品质,即句中的sb.和adj.所构成的主谓关系(主语+连系动词+形容词)合乎逻辑,应用of。如句l变成You are right.合乎逻辑。再如:It is kind of you to help me.你帮助我真是太好了。It was foolish of us to do so.我们这样做真是太傻了。常用于该句型的形容词有:right,kind,nice,good,clever,wise,polite,brave,strong,wrong,foolish等。二、如果这个形容词所表示的不是sb.的某种特征或品质,即句中的sb.和adj.所构成的主谓关系不合逻辑,则
87、用for。如句2变成You are easy.不合乎逻辑。再如:Its difficult for me to work out the problem.我要算出这道题目太难了。Its very important for students to learn English well.对于学生们来说,学好英语是很重要的。常用于该句型的形容词有:easy, difficult, hard, important, impossible, safe, dangerous, necessary 等。巧识动名词与不定式的区别一、I like playing football,but I dont lik
88、e to play football on such a cold day. 我是喜欢踢足球的,但今天这么冷,我不想踢。动名词往往表示一般的习惯或抽象的行为,不定式则表示某个特定场合的动作。二、Our job is carrying the boxes. 我们的工作是搬箱子。Our job is to carry the boxes.我们(现在)的工作是搬箱子。动名词含有多次反复的意味,或是经常性的动作,搬箱子可能是我们的职业;不定式则表示一次性或临时性的动作,搬箱子只是我们现在的工作,在此之前或之后,我们的工作不一定是搬箱子。三、I dont like swimming immediatel
89、y after supper.我不喜欢(你们或其它人)晚饭后马上游泳。I dont like to swim immediately after supper.我不喜欢晚饭后马上游泳。不定式的逻辑主语往往是句子的主语;而动名词的逻辑主语往往是其它人,在否定句中尤为如此。四、She remembered writing to us.她记得曾给我们写过信。She remembers to write to us. 她记住要给我们写信。在某些动词后接动名词表示已经发生过某事,接不定式表示还没发生。五、We stopped talking. 我们停止谈话。 We stopped to talk. 我们
90、(停下别的事 )开始谈话。在某些动词后跟动名词或不定式意义完全相反,在上面两句中,不定式to talk 做谓语动词的目的状语,动名词则做宾语。巧记“动词+动名词”结构在英语中,有些及物动词(组)只能接动名词(组)或动名词短语作宾语,而不能跟动词不定式。为帮助同学们巧记此类动词(组),特介绍如下几种方法。1.通过下面这句话,可以迅速而持久地记住接动名词作宾语的常用动词(组)。即:Dr. EBlack forgets helping Mrs. FBamca.由此句的每一个字母联想一个或两个以上的词(组):delay, risk ,enjoy,be worth, look forward to, a
91、void, continue, keep (on), forget,remember, object to, give up, hate, escape, try, excuse, succeed in, like, practise, insist on, need, go on, mind, regret, stop, finish, be busy(be used to),admit,miss,cant help,advise.以上的划线词,是可接动名词,也可接不定式作宾语的动词(组),不过意义有差别。2“Mrs. PBlack missed a beef bag.(P布菜克夫人丢了一只
92、牛肉袋。)” 这句话中的每一个字母均代表一个单词或短语。划线单词或短语也可接不定式(短语)作宾语。(参见“两者均可意不同”一文)M=mind(介意),r=risk(冒险),s=succeed in(成功地做),P=practise(练习),B=be busy(忙于),l=look forward to(希望),a=admit(承认),c=cant help(禁不住),k=keep on(继续),m=miss(错过),i=insist on(坚持),s=suggest(建议),s=stop(停止),e=enjoy(喜爱),d=delay(推迟),a=advoid(避免),b=be used to
93、(习惯于),e=escape(逃避),e=excuse(原谅),f=finish(完成),b=be worth(值得),a=advise(建议),g=give up(放弃)。3“Dr. FBlack stops helping Mr. FJamhow.” 这个句子有两个特点:它本身就是一个含有“动词+动名词(组)”结构的句子。句中的每个字母又代表一个可接动名词作宾语的动词(划线词也可接不定式)。(参见“两者均可意不同”一文)D=delay,r=remember,F=forget,B=begin,l=love,a=avoid,c=continue,k=keep(on),s=start,t=try
94、,o=object to,p=prefer,s=stop,h=hate,e=enjoy,l=like, p= practise, i=insiston, n=need,g=go on,m=mind,r=regret,F=finish, J=justfy, a=admit, m=miss,h=help,o=omit,w=want.4“Farm Pikes”(农场的通行税关卡) 该词组也能帮助我们记住接动名词作宾语的常用动词。F=finish;a=advise,avoid;r=risk,remember;m=mind;P=put off, practice, postpone; I=insist
95、on; k=keep(on);e=enjoy,escape, excuse;s=stop,suggest.下列短语中的to都是介词,所以后面跟名词或-ing形式:be/get used to(习惯于),stick to(坚持), object to(反对), lead to(导致),devoteto(献身于), be sentenced to(被宣判为),preferto(喜欢),come to(谈到),look forwardd to(期待),add to(加上),pay attention to(注意), get down to(开始)等。教你巧学巧记:上述短语动词中的to是介词,不是定符
96、号。为了便于同学们记忆,我们可以记住下面这两句话:习惯于旧方式的人坚持 反对新事物,这样导致许多献身于科学的人被宣判为大逆不道。不喜欢这种事实的谈到此事时,总期待着加上自己的努力注意使它开始改变。分词作状语与独立主格结构作状语的区别分词与独立主格结构均可作状语。但分词作状语时,它的逻辑主语就是句子的主语;而独立主格作状语时,前面的名(代)词就是这个结构的逻辑上的主语,它和句子的主语不保持一致性。如:Having finished my homework,I previewed my lessons.= After I had finished my homework,I previewed m
97、y lessons.Seen from the hill, the park looks very beautiful.=If the park is seen from the hill, the park looks very beautiful.以上二例是分词作状语,由此可看出,分词作状语时,其逻辑主语便是句子的主语。因此,我们不能说:Seeing from the hill,the park looks very beautiful.因为seeing的逻辑主语虽然是the park,但它不能发出see的动作,它是被看的,故应用Seen。再请看下面两个例子:Spring coming o
98、n,the trees turn green.=When spring comes on,the trees turn green.The weather being fine,we went for a walk.=As the weather was fine,we went for a walk.以上二例是独立主格结构作状语。前面的名词Spring,the weather便是这个结构的逻辑主语。它和句子的主语无一致性。巧辨现在分词和动名词现在分词和动名词形式相同,都可以作定语。怎么辨别它们呢?现在分词和动名词作定语时,主要从它们的意义、重读和位置三方面来区别。1现在分词作定语时,表示它所
99、修饰的名词正在进行的动作,二者在逻辑上有主谓关系,因而可扩展为定语从句,读时都要重读。例如:a 5crying 5baby(=a baby who is crying)the boiling water(=the water that is boiling)2动名词作定语时,表示它所修饰的名词的用途、所属关系等,二者不存在逻辑上的主谓关系,因而不能扩展为定语从句,只能扩展为一个表示用途的介词短语,读时只重读动名词。例如:a 5bathing suit(=a suit for bathing) 一件游泳衣5drinking water(=water for drinking) 饮用水3. 现在分
100、词作定语时,可以后置,而动名词只能放在所修饰的名词前边。例如:On the day following(=on the following day)he left for New York.(现在分词)Do you have any listening materials?(动名词)动名词逻辑主语的“三省三替”动名词的逻辑主语一般用物主代词或名词所有格来表示。在口语和非正式英语中,也可用人称代词的宾格来代替物主代词;用名词普通格代替名词所有格。有时又可省略名词的逻辑主语,我们把它归纳为“三省三替”。一、三省1句子的主语也是动名词的逻辑主语时。例如:He left without (his)sa
101、ying good-bye to us.他不辞而别。We felt uncomfortable about(our) receiving the presents.收到这些礼物,我们感到很不安。2动名词的逻辑主语“泛指”时。例如:Seeing is believing. 眼见为实。Swimming can help build us the bodies.游泳有助于增强体质。3从上下文可看出逻辑主语时。例如:She punished the student for(his) playing truant.她惩罚那个学生,是因为他逃学。二、三替1在口语中或非正式英语中。例如:I dont min
102、d Tom(him)going.汤姆去我没意见。(用Tom代替Toms,用him代替his)2. 逻辑主语为无生命的名词时。例如:The letter being torn to pieces nade my brother very angry.信件被撕成碎片我弟弟很生气。3用名词所有格或物主代词难以表达时。例如:I remember each of them saying about it.我记得他们人人都谈过此事。使用分词时如何确定主动和被动现在分词和过去分词在语态上的不同在于,现在分词表示主动,而及物动词的过去分词则表示被动。在实际运用时,同学们往往把握不准是主动还是被动,因而错用了分
103、词。现分类归纳并举例说明,供参考。一、分词作定语时,根据被修饰的名词是分词动作的执行者还是承受者来确定主动和被动,从而确定使用现在分词或过去分词。如:1. Crusoe lit a fire and took from it a burning stick.2. They seemed to be eating something cooked on the fire.二、分词作状语时,则根据句子主语是分词动作的执行者还是承受者确定主动还是被动。如:1. Holding his head high,he walked past the pole and the soldiers as if t
104、hey didnt exist.2. The teacher entered the classroom, followed by his students.三、分词作表语时,也是根据主语是分词动作的执行者还是承受者来确定。如:1. The story sounds moving.2. I was deeply moved when I saw the film.四、分词作宾语补足语时,根据该宾语是分词动作的执行者还是承受者来确定。如:1在及物动词的复合宾语中:I saw her opening the door.I saw the door opened.2在动词have后的复合宾语中:Th
105、e two men had their light burning all night long.I had my bike repaired yesterday.3在介词with后的复合宾语中:The picture only came out like a white circle with three black spots showing for a mouth and eyes.He stood for an instant with his hand still raised.五、分词在独立主格结构中,应根据该主格名词或代词来确定。如:1. Spring coming on,the
106、 trees turned green.2.The signal given ,the bus started.巧辨作表语的现在分词和动名词现在分词和动名词形式相同,都可以作表语。怎么辨别它们呢?1提问法能用how对表语提问的是现在分词;能用what提问的是动名词。例如:My job is interesting.(How is your job?)My job is teaching. (What is your job?)2位置对调法将表语和主语位置对调,句子仍然成立,且意思通顺的为动名词;否则,为现在分词。例如:My job is interesting.Interesting is m
107、y job.(不成立)My job is teaching. Teaching is my job. (成立)The ant queens full-time job is laying eggs. Laying eggs is the ant queens full-time job. (成立)3成分添加法表语后能带宾语和状语的是动名词;表语前面能加上副词(very,quite,so等)或more,most加以修饰的则是现在分词。例如:My job is more interesting than yours. (现在分词)The news is quite astonishing. (现在
108、分词)My job is teaching you English. (动名词)What she hated most was resting at home and doing nothing. (动名词)4系动词取代法选用别的系动词(如:get,become,feel,sound,look,seem等)取代be,句子依然成立、通顺的是现在分词;不能用别的系动词取代,只能用be的是动名词。例如:Seeing is believing.(动名词)The story is interesting.The story sounds interesting.(现在分词)My job seems in
109、teresting.(成立-现在分词)My job seems teaching you English.(不成立-动名词)现在分词的被动式与过去分词用法区别现在分词的被动语态形式和过去分词虽然都有被动的含义,但它们在时间关系上是有差别的。一、如果分词做定语或宾语补足语,表示说话的时候正在进行的动作或是与谓语动词同时进行的动作,该用现在分词的被动语态的一般形式。如:l.The large building being built will be a hospital.2.The watch being repaired is yours.3.They saw the stones being
110、moved away.二、当分词作状语时,表示行为方式或伴随动作,尽管它与谓语动作是同时进行,也常常不用现在分词的被动语态的一般形式,而用过去分词。如:l.The Emperor went to see the cloth,followed by the old Prime Minister and the officials.2.He slipped in at the back door unnoticed.三、如果分词表示的动作先于谓语动词所表示的动作发生,一般可以用过去分词来译分词所表示的那个动作。如:l.The book written by him has been transla
111、ted into English.2.Hit in the face,he became angry.四、如果要强调分词表示的动作先于谓语动作,可以用现在分词的被动式的完成式,在这种情况下分词常用作状语。如:1. Having been given such a good chance,how could she let it slip away?2. Not having been invited, he stayed at home watching TV.五、如果分词所表示的动作时间性不强,常用过去分词去译。如:1. The continent connected with Asia l
112、ies at the Suez Canal in Africa.2. Turn in everything captured.六、如果要表示将来的动作,则过去分词和现在分词的被动语态形式都不能用,只能用不定式的被动语态的一般式。如: 1. There are a lot of things to be done tomorrow. 2. The meeting to be held the day after tomorrow is very important.巧用“令(使)人”解的动词分词式在中学英语本中出现了一些意为“令(使)人”的动词,许多同学对这些词在理解、运用上把握不准。因此,我们
113、拟作以分析,告诉同学们运用之法。请先看口诀:过去分词作表定,修饰通常是人称。表示“使人”怎么样,皆由外因出感情。现在分词作表定,主语常是事、物名。表示“令人”怎么样,说明性质或特征。一、课本中出现的这类动词有:interesting,interested;exciting,excited;frightening, frightened; surprising, surprised; tiring,tired;encouraging,encouraged;puzzling, puzzled;astonishing, astonished; worrying, worried; delightin
114、g, delighted; pleasing,pleased; touching, touched;satisfying,satisfied等。二、它们的特点:1在句中作表语、定语、补足语和状语。2这类动词都与它们的逻辑主语有着主谓关系(此时动词为现在分词)或动宾关系(此时动词为过去分词)。三、具体用法:1作表语(主语指物、事)或作定语(被修饰词指物、事)时,用现在分词。如:Its well-known that a tiger looks very frightening.Such a surprising event took place in this area.2. 作表语(主语指人)
115、或作定语(被修饰词指人)时,用过去分词。如:We were moved at the news that he had died for the four modernizations.3. 用作主语补足语:主语指人,用过去分词;主语指物(事),用现在分词。如:John Baird could be seen delighted when he saw the boys face on the screen.To do that was once thought quite interesting.4用作宾语补足语:宾语指人,用过去分词;宾语指物(事),用现在分词。如:The owner of
116、 the shop found Tom dumbfounded.Do you feel this cloth satisfying?5用作状语,此时多为过去分词表示原因。如:Greatly touched by his teachers deeds,the student got rid of his bad habits.6构成短语或被动语态时,带过去分词。如:When Bashi became tired of riding,he started to walk.祈使句何时带主语?普通的祈使句的主语往往不表现出来,但上述第5小题却是个带主语的祈使句。那么祈使句何时带主语呢?一、当说话人必须
117、指明不同的事要求不同的人去做时。如:You clean the windows,and you(another man)mop the floor.你擦窗户,你(指另一个人)拖地板。You go over there and sit next to Tom,while he and I stay here.你到那里坐在汤姆旁边,我和他留在这里。二、当说话人强调主语或上级对下级,长者对年青人或小孩讲话时,如:You take care when you cross the road.你过马路时要小心。You speak first.你先讲。You listen to me.你听我说。You be
118、 careful.你要仔细点。三、当祈使句以Dont开头又要加重语气时。如:Dont you dare to cause any more trouble.你敢再捣乱。Dont you be late again next time.你下次不要再来晚了。四、当祈使句的主语是someone,somebody,everyone,everybody等泛指第三人称时。如:Someone open that window.来个人把那扇窗户打开。Everybody be here at7:30. 大家7:30到这里。五、当说话人有急躁或厌烦等情绪时。如:You do it right away.你立刻做这
119、件事You mind your own business,and leave this to me.你别管闭事,把此事留给我好了。六、当祈使句谓语部分有副词up,down,in,out,off,away等,且这些副词置于句首时。如:In you jump! 你跳进去吧!Out you come。请你出来。由此可见,第5小题当属于第二种情况。巧妙确定“祈使句+陈述句”的连接词在“祈使句+陈述句”这种句型中,祈使句和陈述句之间要用连接词。其连接词共分两类:第一类:and,then,and then。意思是“就”、“那么 (就)”、“(刚)才”。第二类:or,or else,otherwise。意思
120、是“否则”、“要不”、“不然的话”。什么时候用第一类连接词,什么时候用第二类连接词呢?有一种方法可以帮助我们作出迅速而准确的决定。请先比较下面三组例句:(l)Come early,and youll catch the first bus.早点来,你就能赶上第一班汽车。Come early,or youll miss the first bus. 来早点,不然的话,你就赶不上第一班汽车。(2)Use your head,then youll find a way.开动脑筋,那么你就会找到办法。Use your head,or else you wont find a way.开动脑筋,否则,你
121、就找不到办法。(3)Work hard,and then you wont fail.努力干你才不会失败。 Work hard,otherwise,youll fail.努力干,要不,你会失败的。上述三组第一句中的陈述句,都表示按祈使句去做的话,所产生的顺应结果,即令人愉快的后果。而三组第二句中的陈述句,都表示不按祈使句去做所得到的逆反结果,即产生令人不快甚至危险的后果。由此可见:凡陈述句表示的是人们所希望的后果时,就有and,then或者and then;凡陈述句表示的是人们所不希望的后果时,就用or,or else或者otherwise。也可以用一句顺口溜来帮助记忆:选择连接词,只看陈述句
122、。and叫人心欢畅,or的后果不好尝。以lets开头的祈使句,在确定其简略问句的时候,你可以这样记忆:有“ ”则we,无“ ”则you。我们在实际的运用中,只记住“what之后接名词,how之后接形容词或副词”这句话是不够的,认真比较这些句型,发现运用“逆推法”可快速准确地辨别感叹句的引导词。“逆推法”:即从一个句子的结尾往该句的开头看。下面以举介绍具体步骤如下:_ bright girls they are!A. What B. What a C. How D. How a l.找谓语动词 谓语动词通常是连系动词、行为动词及其他的助动词等所有动词。如:_bright they are!中的谓
123、语动词是连系动词are。 2.找主语,划竖线 找谓语动词的目的是找主语,谓语动词之前的名词或代词即是该句的主语,并在主语之前划两条竖线。如: _bright girls/they are!中谓语动词are之前的代词they是主语。在主语they之前划“/”线。 3.判别竖线之前单词的词性 这一步是关键,判别该词的词性是名词还是形容词、副词。如:_bright girls/they are!之前的词是名词girls。 4.确定引导词 如果竖线之前的词是形容词、副词则用how引导;如果该词是名词,则不论名词前是否有形容词都直接用What引导 (只有单数可数名词用Whata/an引导)。如:_bri
124、ght girls/they are!中竖线前的girls是名词(且不是单数),尽管前面有形容词bright也不能用how。此外,如果运用“逆推法”找不到该句谓语动词,说明该句主语和谓语都被省略,这时只要判断该句最后单词的词性即可按上述方法进行判定。如例4中的主语和谓语都被省略,最后一个词weather是不可数名词,直接用what引导。(1)反意疑问句用法歌诀反意疑问句三要点,前后谓语正相反。短句not如出现,必须缩写是习惯。最后一点须注意,短句代词作主语。说明:反意疑问句前后两部分谓语应是,“肯定陈述+否定疑问”或“否定陈述+肯定疑问”。如:He is a teacher,isnt he?S
125、he doesnt like it,does he?简略问句如是否定式,not应与be,do,will等助动词、情态动词缩写。如:He is a worker,isnt he?(不说is not he)简略问句的主语不可用名词,应用人称代词。如:Jack likes English,doesnt he?(不说doesnt Jack)(2)反意疑问句回答方法歌诀回答反意疑问句,答案含义是依据,肯定事实用yes,否定事实no替。说明:对反意疑问句的回答,不管问题的提法如何,如果事实是肯定的,就要用yes,事实是否定的,就要用no。这和汉语不一样,应特别注意。例如:He isnt going to
126、the meeting,is he?他不去参加会议,是吗?Yes,he is.不,他要去的。No,he isnt.对,他不去。注意1. 在回答否定主句的反意疑问句时,否定回答要用“No否定短句”;肯定回答要用“Yes肯定短句”,二者不可混用。这种省略回答的yes要译成“不”,no要译成“是”。例如:“She hasnt got up,has she?” 她还没有起床,是吗?“Yes,she has.”不,她已经起来了。(“No,she hasnt”是的,她还没起来。)2.普通的祈使句的主语往往不表现出来,但中学英语教材中却出现了两个带主语的祈使句。这两个句子是:“Well then,you c
127、atch that monkey and give me his heart to eat.”/“You wait and see.”(注意:这种句子的主语与谓语动词都要重读。)1999年高考也考了一道带主语的祈使句的反意疑问句用法。那么祈使句何时带主语呢?当说话人必须指明不同的事要求不同的人去做时。如:You clean the windows,and you(another man)mop the floor.你擦窗户,你(指另一个人)拖地板。You go over there and sit next to Tom,while he and I stay here.你到那里坐在汤姆旁边,
128、我和他留在这里。当说话人强调主语或上级对下级,长者对年青人或小孩讲话时,如:You take care when you cross the road.你过马路时要小心。You speak first.你先讲。You listen to me.你听我说。You be careful.你要仔细点。当祈使句以Dont开头又要加重语气时。如:Dont you dare to cause any more trouble.你敢再捣乱。Dont you be late again next time.你下次不要再来晚了。当祈使句的主语是someone,somebody,everyone,everybod
129、y等泛指第三人称时。如:Someone open that window.来个人把那扇窗户打开。Everybody be here at7:30. 大家7:30到这里。当说话人有急躁或厌烦等情绪时。如:You do it right away.你立刻做这件事You mind your own business,and leave this to me.你别管闭事,把此事留给我好了。当祈使句谓语部分有副词up,down,in,out,off,away等,且这些副词置于句首时。如:In you jump! 你跳进去吧!Out you come。请你出来。由此可见,上面提到的那两句当属于第二种情况。
130、巧记whether与if异同“whether”与“if”都可表“是否”,是常考内容。下面的顺口溜可帮你记住其异同。主从表从同位从,if不用whether用;discuss和介词后,whether引宾从;不定式、or not后面跟,whether独能显神通;宾从如是否定句,if发挥其功用;避免歧义要慎重,其它情况可换用。1. Whether well go camping depends on the weather. (这里指句首主语从句)2. The question is whether it is worth doing.3. The question whether we need i
131、t has not been decided.4. We should discuss whether we shall hold the meeting.5. Im worried about whether he can arrive in time.6. I dont know whether to stay or not.7. Please tell me whether or not you agree.8. I dont care if you wont come.9. Ill tell you whether he is busy. (若将句中“whether”改成“if”,则有
132、歧义,因“if”还有“如果”之意。)10. I dont know whether (if) he will succeed.11. It is uncertain whether he is coming.12. Can you tell me whether the train has left or not?定语从句用法巧记歌诀主句型,从句型,两种句子要完整。从句紧靠先行词,系词引导要弄清。定人用who或whom,定物which当先用。关系代词有that,定人定物有本领。定时间要用when,定地点where行。关系代(副)词作成分,唯作宾语可以省。that和which的区别,很容易记混,
133、用下面的顺口溜便不难区分:that,which可互换,下列请况勿照办,that情况比较多,不妨对你说一说;不定代词这路货,全用that准没错。先行词前被限制,千万不要用which,要用which别着急,介词提前逗隔离。浅谈as引导的让步状语从句as除了引导原因状语从句、时间状语从句外,还可引导让步状语从句,但从句须用倒装语序。这时,as意为“虽然”、“尽管”,等于though。下面谈谈三种倒装情况:一、如果句中谓语是“连系动词+表语”,则将表语放在as之前。如:Long as the sentence is,its structure is very simple.句子虽长,但其结构很简单。注
134、:如果表语为单数可数名词,这个名词不带冠词。如:Child as he is,he knows a lot.虽然他还是个孩子,却懂的很多。二、如果句中谓语包含情态动词或助动词,则将实意动词放在as之前。如:Try as I might,I couldnt lift the stone.我使多大劲儿也搬不动这块石头。Praised as he was, he remained modest.他虽然受到表扬,但仍然保持着谦虚。三、如果句中谓语仅有实意动词,则将实意动词(原形)放在as之前,并在主语后面加助动词do。如:Torture her as they did, the enemy got n
135、othing out of her.虽然敌人拷打她,却没有能从她嘴里得到什么。注:但是,如果在这种情况下,句中谓语有副词修饰,则将副词放在as之前。如:Again and again as he failed, he didnt lose heart.他虽然多次失败,但仍不灰心丧气。Much as I admire his courage,I dont think he acted wisely.我虽然佩服他的勇气,但是我认为他这样做是不明智的。“条件”表示法种种条件即一个动作或一种情况发生或存在的前提,究其种类,有真实条件、虚拟条件之分。本文仅对几种常见的条件概念表示法分别简述如下:一、从句
136、常用来引导条件从句的连词有:if,unless,even if,in case,provided(that),providing(that),suppose,supposing,as long as,so long as,so far as,on condition that等。例如:If we fight resolutely,the enemy can be defeated.如果我们坚决斗争,敌人是可以击败的。I wont go to the party unless I am invited.要是没人邀请,我是不会去参加聚会的。We wouldnt lose heart even if
137、 we should fail ten times.即使失败十次,我们也不灰心。Wed better take our raincoats in case it should rain.我们最好带着雨衣,以防下雨。Providing(that)you let me know in good time,Ill come.要是你及时通知,我会来的。Suppose (or Supposing) he does not come,what shall we do?如果他不来,我们该怎么办?As long as we dont lose heart, well find a way to overcom
138、e the difficulty.我们只要不灰心,就能找到克服困难的办法。Granted that this is true, what conclusion can you draw?就算这是实际情况,你又能得出什么结论呢?二、分句1.祈使句表示条件,简单句表示结果。例如:Come earlier tomorrow and youll see him. (=lf you come earlier tomorrow,youll) 你明天早点来的话,就会见到他。Use your head, and youll find a better way. (=lf you use your head,y
139、oull)只要动动脑筋,你就会想出更好的办法来。2.由转折连词引导的分句可表示虚拟条件。例如:I was very busy today. Otherwise (= If I had not been very busy that day), I would have taken part in the discussion.今天我很忙,否则,我会参加那次讨论的。He would have given you more help, but he was very busy (=If he had not been very busy).他要不是很忙,就会给你更多的帮助的。3.有些谚语中的省略句
140、,虽没有表示条件的连词,也可表示条件。 例如:Easy come,easy go.(=If money comes easily, it will go easily. )来得容易,去得快。First come, first served. (=If one comes first, he will be served first.)先来先招待。三、名词词组其作用相当于一个条件从句。例如: One step further, and you are lost. (=lf you take one step further,you)再往前走一步的话,你就没命了。Another half hour
141、 (= If another half hour should pass或If you should wait for another half hour), all doors would be locked.再等半个小时,所有的门就锁上了。四、介词短语其作用相当于条件状语从句。例如:We could not have succeeded without your help(= If you had not helped us).如果没有你的帮助,我们就不会成功。Many people believed that, for the spelling difficulties(=if ther
142、e were not the spelling difficulties), English would be an easy language. 很多人认为,要不是拼写有困难,英语会是一种容易学的语言。五、不定式短语To look at him (=If you were to look at him ), you would think him a young man. 如果看一看,你会觉得他很年轻。六、独立主格结构Weather permitting, well have an outing tomorrow.如果天气许可,我明天出去郊游。All things considered,he
143、r paper is of greater value than yours.从各方面考虑起来,她的论文比你的论文更有价值些。如何判断so that引导的目的状语从句与结果状语从句so that后既可跟目的状语从句,也可跟结果状语从句。如何判断?下面的方法可帮助你解决问题。一、当表达的含义是“为了”、“以便”时,为目的状语从句;当表达的是“以至于”、“因此”含义时,为结果状语从句。例如:1.If you do know,answer in a loud enough voice so that all the class may hear.(目的状语从句)如果你的确知道,应大声回答,以便让全班
144、学生都可以听见。2.It rained hard the day before yesterday,so that she had to stay at home.(结果状语从句)前天雨下得很大,因此她只好呆在家里。二、当从句的谓语动词有情态动词can,could,may,might等时,是目的状语从句;当从句里没有情态动词,且谓语动词是一般现在时(过去时)、现在完成时等时态时,是结果状语从句。例如:1.We stopped at Salt Lake City so that we could(might)visit the monument to seagulls. (目的状语从句)我们在盐
145、湖城逗留,以便可以参观为海鸥修的纪念碑。2.They have walked a long way,so that we are all tired. (结果状语从句)他们走了很长的路,所以都很累。三、当从句之前的so that可用in order that代替时,是目的状语从句;反之,是结果状语从句。例如:We now study hard so that we may work well in the future.(=We now study hard in order that we may work well in the future. (目的状语从句)我们现在努力学习是为了将来更
146、好地工作。四、当so that之前有逗号时,是结果状语从句;反之,是目的状语从句。例如:The story is very interesting,so that I like it very much.(结果状语从句)这部小说很有趣,因而我非常喜欢。Than后面的代词是用主格还是用宾格?下列两句中,than分别用了I和me,两者都正确:She is older than me.(口语中常用)She is older than I(am)(较正式文体常用)但是,在有些句子中,用主格和用宾格,句子会截然不同。John likes Henry more than I. John likes Hen
147、ry more than me.我们知道,than用作连词,它的后面省略了一个比较(方式)状语从句。现在我们把以上两句补充完整。John likes Henry more than I like Henry. John likes Henry more than he likes me.看得出,第一句的意思是:约翰比我更喜欢亨利。第二句的意思是:约翰喜欢亨利胜过喜欢我。那么,在什么情况下,than后面的人称代词用主格?什么情况下用宾格?一、如果主句谓语是不及物动词,than后面的人称代词用主格或宾格均可,且意义无区别。例如:She draws better than I(me).它画得比我好。
148、要注意:如果人称代词后面有all时,人称代词一般用宾格。She draws better than them all.二、如果主句谓语是及物动词,且than后面的名词或代词又与动词连用时,than后面的人称代词只能用主格。例如:He loves the dog more than his wife does.他比他的妻子更爱这条狗。三、如果主句谓语是连系动词be,than后面的人称代词用主格或宾格均可,且意义无区别。例如:He is taller than I(me).他比我长得高。四、如果主句谓语是及物动词,特别是like,love,hate等及物动词,than后面的人称代词用用主格或宾格均
149、可, 但句意不同。逻辑上,这些及物动词既能与人称代词构成“主谓关系”,又能构成“动宾关系”。因此,用主格时,后面省去了主句中的谓语和宾语;用宾格时省去了句子的主语和谓语。例如:I like the boy better than she.=I like the boy better than she likes the boy.我比她更喜欢那个男孩。I like the boy better than her.=I like the boy better than I like her.我喜欢那个男孩胜过喜欢她。so和such都有“这么,这样”之意,许多同学在使用它们时容易混淆。为帮助同学们掌
150、握和记忆,请看下面一句顺口溜:名前such,形、副so,多多少少也用so。little属特殊,“小”用such,“少”用so。巧学倒装句倒装句是中学英语语法重点,也是高考试题的热点。其用法较为复杂。为了便于同学们掌握记忆,我们总结归纳了以下“四个要点”和“三个口诀”。希望对同学们学习与掌握这一知识有所帮助。一、辨清结构 就是要分清是全部还是部分倒装。可记以下顺口溜:A位置副词there句, 全为句子保平衡, neither,nor,so也如此, 上述全部倒着行。B. 部分倒装要记清。 位置副词主人称, only,否定词放句首, 让步、虚拟有感情。说明:A.情况一般全部倒装。表示位置关系的副词(
151、如here,there,out,in,up,down,away等)开头的句型。如:Out rushed the soldiers.there开头的固定倒装句型。如:There goes the bell.为了保持句子平衡,或强调表语或状语时,一般用全部倒装。如:Nearby were two canoes in which they had come to the island.“so(neither,nor)+助动词+主语”句型。如:He has never been to New York,neither have I.B.情况下一般用部分倒装。当表位置关系的副词开头的句子主语是人称代词时
152、,用部分倒装。如:Here you are.only修饰的副词、介词短语或状语从句用于句首时。如:Only in this way can you learn from the mistakes.表示否定意义的副词和连词(如no,not,never,little,hardly等)用于句首时,用部分倒装结构。如:Not a single mistake did he make.让步状语从句常用部分倒装。如:Proud as these nobles are,they dare not see me.含有were,had,should的虚拟条件句,常用部分倒装而把if省略。如:Had I had
153、a knife,I would have lent it to you.感叹句用部分倒装。如:What good news it is!二、记牢引词 就是要记住哪些常用副词和连词常能引起倒装结构。中学教材常用到:9N2S和only,还有little,hardly。说明:9N:no,not,never,neither,nor,not until,not only but also,no soonerthan,no matter。2S:so,seldom。三、注意位置 就是要注意在复合句或并列句中,要在何处倒装。可记下列口诀:only,NU主倒装,NB前句也一样,NM前后不用管,NN前后全倒装。说
154、明:only+状语从句和Not until+状语从句位于句首时,只有主句倒装,从句不倒装。如:Only when he told me did I know it.Not until I began to work did I realize how much time I had wasted.Not onlybut also引导的并列句。当Not only位于句首时,前一个分句倒装。如:Not only did he come,but also he was very happy.No matter+状语从句,主句和从句的主语谓语均不倒装。如:No matter how busy he i
155、s,he always comes to help us.Neither,nor引导的并列句,若两词均位于分句之前,前后两句谓语动词均倒装。如:Neither do I know her name,nor does he.(1) 直接引语为陈述句变间接引语口诀当直接引语为陈述句,变成间接引语的“顺口溜”是:去掉引号加that,人称变化要灵活,时态向后退一步,状语变化按规定。例如:She said,“My brother doesnt want to go there.”She said that her brother didnt want to go there.(2)间直引语互变人称变化口
156、诀一、直接引语变为间接引语的人称变化规律可总结为, 一主、二宾、三不变。“一主”即把直接引语中的第一人称(如:I,me,my,mine,we,us,our,ours)变为与主句的主语相一致的人称。如:She said to him, I can get on well with my friends here. She told him that she could get on well with her friends there.“二宾”指把直接引语中的第二人称(you,your,yours)变为和主句的间接宾语(即听话人,如无听话人,可根据上下文的体会人为确定一个人称)相一致的人称。如
157、:How did you find your way here?he asked (her).He asked (her) how she had found her way there. “三不变”就是直接引语中的第三人称(he,him,his,she,her,hers,it,its,they,their,theirs,them)变为间接引语时,人称不变。如:You said to me, He hasnt heard from his son for a long time.You told me that he hadnt heard from his son for a long ti
158、me.二、与上述人称变化相反,间接引语变为直接引语的人称变化可总结为:同主一 ,同宾二,异不变。“同主一”是指在间接引语变为直接引语时,当间接引语中的人称与主句主语一致,则变为第一人称。如: They told you that they were preparing for their English evening then.They said to you, We are preparing for our English evening now.此句中的 we,our也可用 they,their。如果这样 ,则原间接引语中的 they与主句中的they就是指不同的两方。直接引语中用we
159、,our是 指原间接引语中的they,their与主语中的they属于同一方。又如:She told you that she would fly to London the next week. She said to you, I will fly to London next week. “同宾二”指间接引语中的人称与主句间接宾语(听话人)一致,变为直接引语时变为第二人称。如:I told her that she had to (must)stay at home and look after her grandma.I said to her,You must stay at hom
160、e and look after your grandma.“异不变”就是间接引语中的人称既不与主句主语一致,也不与宾语一致,变为直接引语时则不变。如:I told him that she hadnt sent for a doctor the day before. I said to him, She didnt send for a doctor yesterday.疑问句变间接引语有妙法1一变 二换 三变化 四连词一般疑问句和特殊疑问句变为间接引语时要注意:(1)改为陈述句语序。(2)人称代词、时态等也要变化。(3)主句谓语动词为said时,换为asked。“一变”即改变语序;“二换
161、”即换said为asked;“三变化”即人称、时态要变化;“四连词”即原来为一般问句时,间接引语中用whether或if,原来为特殊问句时,间接引语中仍用原来的疑问词。如:He asked,“Is it raining now?”He asked whether/if it was raining then.He asked, “How can I go to the museum?” He asked how he could go to the museum.2口诀记忆(1)直接引语为一般疑问句,变间接引语的口诀是:去掉引号加if(或whether),陈述语序要记住。时态、人称和状语,小心
162、变化别马虎。(2)直接引语是特殊疑问句,变间接引语的口诀是:直接去引号,陈述莫忘掉。助动do(does)、did,一定要去掉。祈使句变间接引语有方法当直接引语是祈使句,变成间接引语的“顺口溜”是:去掉引号要加to;ask,order须记住,直引若是否定式,not加在to前部。例如:The teacher said to her mother,“Please give me the book.”The teacher told her mother to give her the book.巧识强调句型与it作形式主语代替that引导的主语从句1.强调句型的标志是“It iswasthat”。如
163、果去掉此标志,句子结构仍然完整。如: It was in 1906that a terrible earthquake hit San Francisco就在1906年旧金山发生了大地震。(去掉强调句型标志后,句子结构仍然完整,即:A terrible earthquake hit San Francisco in 1906) Was it at a theater that Lincoln was murdered?林肯是在一个剧院里遇刺的吗?(去掉强调句型标志后,句子结构仍然完整,即:Was Lincoln murdered at a theater?) 2.it作形式主语时,去掉it,把
164、that从句移至句首,可构成一个完整的句子结构。如: It is suggested that we should hold the meeting another day(That we should hold the meeting an- other day is suggested)有人建议我们改天再开会。 It is a fact that English is being accepted as an international language(That English is being accepted asan international language is a fact
165、)英语逐渐成为国际语言是一个事实。构 词 法语言中词的总和构成词汇,但是词汇并不是一堆杂乱无章、互不相关的群体,而是一个严密体系,在这个结构的体系中,词与词之间有着各种各样的联系。英语中的这些联系的规律总结起来就是构词。英语中构词的方法就是构词法。构词法主要有合成法、转化法、派生法和缩略法四种。掌握构词法是迅速扩大词汇量的重要方法之一。第一节 合成法合成法就是指由两个或两个以上的单词合成的词叫合成词。这种构词方式主要有两种:复合法、结合法。合成法主要是构成合成名词和合成形容词。复合法构成的复合词,它们各个结合的部分相互间的语法关系是紧密相关的。如blackboard和darkroom都是形容词
166、和名词形成的结构,writing desk是动词名词和名词形式的结构。结合法形成的词是形态合成词,它的结合是用一个起来连接作用的中缀来把两个或两上以上的词根词素紧紧的连缀在一起。如,用辅音字母s来缀全两个词根词素构成的词有:salesman, townspeople等。合成的方式常见的有如下几种:一、合成名词1、名词代词名词:woman-doctor, women-doctors, workship, spaceship, he-goat, coal fire, motorcycle, gas cooker, oil well, power plant, sil worm, gold mine
167、, bottleneck, piano keys, telephone receiver, television screen, chairman, fireman, motorman, police-officer, postman, pine tree, girl friend, boy friend, goldfish, raindrop, birdcage, breakfast time, flowerbed, tearoom, 2、动词名词:blowpipe, brakwater, flashlight, watchdog, call-girl, searchlight3、形容词名词
168、:blacksmith, blackboard, supermarket, superman, darkroom, blackbird, highchair, hothouse, greenhouse, madman4、动名词名词:reading-room, sitting-room, classroom, schoolroom, dining room, building materials, dancing girl, cleaning women, flying machine, washing machine, working conditions, boilding point, d
169、rinking water, swimming pool, drinking cup, typing paper, writing desk, sewing machine, walking stick, 5、名词动名词:machine-building, shoe-making, paper-correcting, book-keeping, dressmaking, letter-writing, story-telling, town-planning, handwriting, sun-bathing, horse riding, chrchgoing, daydreaming, 6、
170、动词副词:stand-by, take-off, cut-off, breakdown7、副词名词:downfall, rainfall, outhouse8、现在分词名词:running dog, running water, flying fish, rising sun, burning stick, 9、名词介词名词:man-of-war, editor-in-chief, 10、名词连词字母名词:handiwork, nowadays11、介词副词名词:afternoon, inland, overbalance二、合成形容词1、形容词名词ed:five-storeyed, one-
171、eyed, double-faced, blue-eyed, 2、名词名词ed:honey-mouthed, 3、名词代词分词:man-made, heart-broken, self-educated, snow-covered, man-eating, peace-loving, paper-making, ocean-going, heartfelt, handmade, home-made, sunburnt, weather-beaten4、名词代词形容词:color-blind, ice-cool, seasick, airsick, tax-free, grass-green,
172、snow-white, rock-hard, sea-green5、形容词数词名词:full-time, high-grade, second-hand, 6、形容词数词分词:ready-made, sleepy-looking, good-looking, 7、副词分词:far-reaching, so-called, hard-working, far-reaching, well-meaning, newly-laid, well-meant, wide-spread8、副词形容词:ever-green, under-ripe, 9、形容词形容词:dark-blue, red-hot,
173、grey-green10、介词名词:downhill, overnight三、合成副词1、形容词名词:sometimes, meanwhile2、副词名词:oftentimes, indoors, outdoors, overhead3、介词名词:alongside, beforehand4、名词形容词:skyhigh, stonestill,5、副词介词:nearby, upalong, 四、合成动词1、名词动词:overhear, underline2、形容词动词:moonwalk3、副词动词:white-wash, safeguard五、其它合成词1、合成代词:everybody, ev
174、eryone, everything, anyone, anybody, anything2、合成介词:outside, inside, throughout第二节 转化法不用借助构词词缀,把一个单词从一种词类转化成另一种词类的方法就是转化法。由于词类转化的结果,英语中就形成了大量外形相同但词类不同的词,即同形异类词。转化主要有如下几种类型。一、名词起定语作用(类似名词转化为形容词):space travel, television network, stone table, paper bag, water pipe, history teacher, college students二、名
175、词转化为动词:boatgo boating, dustto dust the desk, filmto film this story, mailto mail, shipto ship the goods, trainto train the passagers, 三、形容词转化为动词:slowto slow down a little bit, dryto dry your hands, wrongto wrong sb, freeto free the slaves, narrowto narrow the street, 四、动词转化为名词:to actan act, to dress
176、a good dress, to doubtwithout any doubt, to guide usa local guide, to smella terrible smell, to lovelove of ones country, to tastea good taste, to demanda demand for more equal rights五、形容词转化为名词:chemicaldangerous chemicals, dailyChina Daily, finala maths final, nativea native第三节 派生法派生法又叫词缀法,即在一个单词前或其
177、后加上词缀,构成新的单词。中学英语中以派生法生成的词汇占整个中学词汇总量的25。一、前缀一般说来前缀不会改变一个词的词性。1、否定前缀(1) un-a. un +形容词:unfit, unhappy, unfair, unlucky, unfortunate, unkind, unimportant, unnecessary, uncomfortable, unselfish, unusual, uncommon, unexpected, unknown, unthinkable, unbelievable, unseen, unforgettable, unwise, unhealthy,
178、unpleasant, unable, untrue b. un+副词:undoubtedly, unexpectedly, unfortunately, unusually, unhappily, unluckily由un形容词构成的词除了unknown, unseen, unfit等词之外,其它词都可变为加-ly的副词(个别形容词尾需要变动)。c. un动词:uncover, untie, unlock, undress, undo, unpack (2) im形容词:impossible, impolite(3) in形容词:incorrect, incomplete, invisibl
179、e, independent(4) ir形容词:irregular(5) mis动词:misspell, misunderstand, mistake(6) dis-a. dis名词:dishonour, disease, discomfortb. dis形容词:dishonest, discouragedc. dis动词:disappear, dislike, discover, disclose, disagree, discomfort, dismiss2、表示空间、位置关系的前缀(1) a,大多加在音节较少的名词或不及物动词上构成新词,表示“在之上、向、处于状态”:ahead, abr
180、oad, aside, alive, awake, above, about等。(2) fore,表示“在前面”:forehead, foreground, forearm, foreleg(3) in, il, im, ir表示“向内在内”:inside, include, import(4) inter,表示“在间、相互”:international(5) intro,表示“在(向)内”:introduce(6) out,表示“向外”:outside, outlook, outdoors, outflow(7) over,表示“在上面的、在外的”:overhead, overlook, o
181、vercoat, overcome, overtime, overgrow(8) pre,表示“在前”:prefix, preposition(9) pro,表示“在(向)前”:progress, programme(10) sur,表示“在上”:surface, surround(11) trans,表示“转移”:translate(12) under,表示“在下”:undergraound, underline(13) up,表示“向上”:upward, upset, upstairs(14) be,表示“在,靠近”:before, behind, below, between, beyo
182、nd(15)ex,表示“向外,从出来”:exchange, export(16) tele,表示“远”:telephone, television, telegram, telegraph3、表示时间、序列关系的前缀(1) fore,表示“在前,预先”:foreword, foresight, foretell(2) mid,表示“中间”:midnight, midsummer, midautumn(3) post,表示“在后”:postwar, postlistening(4) re,表示“重复”:review, retell, rewrite, replace, return, rebui
183、ld(5) extra,表示“格外、超越”:extraordinary(6) over,表示“超过”: overcome, overeat, overpass (7) super,表示“极、超”:supermarket, superpower, superman, superpower4、表示共同、相等关系(1) com(在b, m, p前),col,con,cor(com在g, l, r及其它辅音前):company, cnnect, correct(2) co:cooperate, coexist(3) sym:sympathy, symphony 5、表示整个、完全关系(1) al:al
184、one, almost, altogether(2) over:overall, overflow, overfall6、表示“离、离开”(1) a:arise, away, apart (2) de:depart, dewater, decolour(3) se:separate, select(4) for:forget, forgive7、变换词类作用的前缀(1) enem:enable, enlarge, enrich, enclose, empower(2) ad,ac,af,ag,an,ap,ar,as,at,(ad在c, f, g, I, n, p, r , s, t前的变体):
185、adapt, across, affect, appear, arrange, assist, attend, attract8、表示加强意义(1) a:ashamed, arouse, amuse(2) ad:address, admire, advise, advance(3) be:belong, believe9、表示特殊意义(1) arch,表示“首位、主要”:architect(2) auto,表示“自动”:automobile, autobiography(3) magni,表示“大”:maginificent(4) micro,表示“微小”:microscope, Micros
186、oft, microcomputer(5) bi,表示“数量”:biweekly, bicycle, bimonthly(6) mini,表示“小型”:minibus, miniskirt, mini-factory, mini-market二、后缀后缀是指在一个词的尾部加上一个词缀构成新的词。后缀往往会改变一个词的词性。常用后缀大约有96个,大致可分为五类。1、名词后缀(1) 构成表示人的名词后缀a. 动词er表示人:traveller, hunter, reader, worker, keeper, driver, listener, discoverer, reporter, owner
187、, speaker, weaver, winner, buyer, leader, runner, swimmer, ruler, viewerb. 名词er表示人或物:villager, prisoner, geographer, farmer, lawyer, cookerc. 形容词er表示人:foreigner, stranger, southernerd. 动词or表示人:actor, director, inventor, operator, governor, professor, conductor, visitor, sailore. 名词eer表示人:engineer, v
188、olunteer, mountaineer, pioneerf. 名词(动词)ress表示女性:actress, waitress, authouress, millionaires, tailoress, tigeressg. 名词cian:mathematician, physician, politician, musicianh. 名词ese:Chinese, Japanese, Portugese, Taiwanese, Cantanesei. 名词an:American, Australian, Austrian, Canadian, Hungarian, Indian, Ital
189、ian, Russianj. 名词(或al结尾的形容词)ist:artist, communist, novelist, physicist, violinist, pianist, naturalist, socialist, scientist, typist(2) 构成抽象名词与集合名词的后缀a. 动词age:package, marriage, carriage, postage, storage, luggage, baggage, percentageb. 动词ure:failure, pleasure, pressure, mixture, fixturec. 形容词ity:ma
190、jority, electricity, activity, equality, possiblility, ablilityd. 动词ment:argument, judgement, achievement, astonishement, development, excitement, encouragement, movement, government, punishment, treatment, statement, department, enrichmente. 动词ion/sion/ation/action/cation/ition:education, graduatio
191、n, translation, separation, operation, celebration, congratulation, action, invention, attraction, connection, election, collection, devotion, pollution, decision, division, attention, description, production, redution, revision, permission, examination, explanation, consideration, invitation, imagi
192、nation, pronunciation, satisfaction, addition, repetition, competitionf. 名词形容词动词ery/ry:bravery, discovery, machinery, slavery, chemistryg. 形容词动词y: difficulty, honesty, safety, activity, injury, unity, discoveryh. 动词al:arrival, survival, burial, proposal, disapproval, refusali. 名词形容词ship:friendship,
193、leadership, hardship, citizenship, comradeship, professorship, warship, memberhipj. 名词hood:boyhood, girlhood, childhood, neighbourhood, manhoodk. 动词ance/ence:appearance, entrance, guidance, difference, referencel. 形容词动词th:truth, length, youth, strength, depth, wealth, warmth, width, growthm. 形容词名词do
194、m:wisdom, freedom, kingdomn. 形容词名词ism:communism, socialism, Marxism, imperialismo. 动词ing:building, feeling, dancing, meetingp. 形容词ness:kindness, illness, sickness, brightness, selfness, correctness, happiness, darkness, weakness, carelessness2、形容词后缀(1) 名词动词able/ible:valuable, reasonable, comfortable
195、, countable, enjoyable, horrible, terrible, responsible(2) 名词al/ia/ual:cultural, agricultural, natural, physical, musical, practical, national, technical, industrial, material, actual(3) 名词ic/ical:electric, basic, electric, atomic, plastic, magic, scientific, electrical, historical, medical, chemica
196、l, physical(4) 名词ish:foolish, childish, womanish, Spanish, British, English(5) 名词动词ful:careful, powerful., tearful, beautiful, hopeful, wonderful, fearful, thankful, harmful, useful, frightful(6) 名词动词less:careless, hopeless, useless, harmless, homeless, wireless, endless, selfless, powerless, fearle
197、ss, valueless(7) 名词ar:regular, particular, (8) 名词ary:revolutionary, extraordinary, contrary(9) 名词形容词ly:friendly, motherly, brotherly, monthly, weakly, wooly, lovely, lively, lonely(10) 名词en:wooden, woolen, golden, (11) 名词ern:eastern, western, northern, southern(12) 名词y:cloudly, sunny, shiny, windy,
198、rainy, snowy, lucky, salty, hilly, funny, healthy, sleepy, foggy, dusty, lucky, muddy, wealthy, noisy, easy, dirty, thirsty, angry, hungry, smoky, sandy(13) 名词ous/ious:dangerous, famous, nervous, poisonous, serious, curious, various, mountainous, homourous(14) 名词动词some:handsome, troublesome, tiresom
199、e(15) 动词ant:pleasant, excellent(16) 动词ive(atove):active, expensive, talkactive, comparative, relative(17) 动词ed:excited, learned, tired, interested, surprised, pleased(18) 动词ing:interesting, moving, exciting, tiring, surprising3、副词后缀(1) 形容词ly:badly, nearly, mostly, quickly, roughtly, quietly, slientl
200、y, sadly, slowly, commonly, softly, frequently, rapidly, deeply, slightly, lightly, fairly, smartly, certainly, excitedly, curiously, firmly, sliently, constantly, seriously, particularly, coldly, suddenly, freely, highly, lately, finely, politely, completely, widely, immediately, unfortunately, sur
201、ely, closely, truly, wholly, probably, simply, possibly, impossibly, getly, terribly, easily, busily, happily, heavily, angrily, prettily, hungrily, shyly, dryly, carefully, finally, usually, actually, really, naturally, beautifully, dully, fully, scientifically, phsically(2) 名词介词ward/wards:northwar
202、d, southward, eastward, westeward, downward, upward, backward, forward, toward, afterwards4、动词后缀(1) 形容词名词en:deepen, broaden, widen, darken, weaken, sharpen, blacken, redden, whiten, tighten, stengthen, lengthen, heighten(2) 形容词名词fy:beautify, satisfy, electrify, purify, terrify(3) 名词形容词 ize/ise:reali
203、ze, modernize(4) ate由外来词构成:libreate, educate, operate, translate, graduate, separate, celebrate, congratulate(5) ish由外来词构成:finish, publish, astonish(6) 形容词en:enable, enlarge, enrich5、数词后缀(1) 基数词teen:thirteen, fourteenk fifteen, sixteen, seventeen, eighteen, nineteen(2) 基数词ty:twenty, thirty, forty, f
204、ifty(3) 基数词th:fourth, fifth, sixth, eighth, ninth三、中缀在英语有些词在结合时,需要有一个中间的起连接作用的中缀,这类词汇不多,常见的中缀是字母s。如:salesgirl, salesman, townspeople, townsman。第四节 缩略法缩略法是把原有的词汇通过缩短,在读音和写法一呈现新的形式,这种构词方式用得很普遍,特别是近几年来,随着科学技术的飞速发展,产生了很多新的缩略词。缩略法构词主要有如下几种。一、剪切法(clipping)剪切法的含义是从某个词的完整形式中删除一个或更多音节,这种方法构成的词汇往往认为是非正式的。1、剪切
205、原词的开始部分:omnibus-bus, bicycle-cycle, airplane/aeroplane-plane, taxicab-cab, telephone-phone2、剪切原词的末尾部分:advertisment-ad, examination-exam, photograph- photo, taxicab-taxi, laboratory-lab, public house-pub(3) 剪切原词的中间部分:foot/feet-ft, half-hf, Greek-GK, yard-yd, year-yr, continued-contd(4) 剪切原词的两端部分, 保留中
206、间的部分字母:infludenza-flu, refiderator-fridge二、混成法 (blending)混成法是由两个词混合或紧缩而成为一个复合词的方法。这种复合词都保留了原来两个词的一部分,其后半表示主体,前半部分表示属性。breakfastluch brunch smokefog smog motorhotelmotel boatmotorbotor newsbroadcastnewscast televisionbraodcasttelecastcheesehamburgercheeseburger beefhamburgerbeefburgerEuropeantelevisi
207、onEurovision三、用首字母缩略(acronym)大量的缩略语是其所含各个成分的第一个字母或多个字母构成的,由这种方式杨成的词叫做首字母缩略语 (acronym)。(1) 按首字母拼读的缩略语:British Broadcasting Corporation-BBC, European Economic Community-EEC, United Nations-UN, Unidentified Flying Object-UFO, Very Important Person-VIP, Do-it-yourself-DIY, World Tread Organization-WTO(2
208、) 象单词一样拼读的首字母缩略语:North Atlantic Treaty Organization-NATO, the United Nations Educational, Scientific and Cultural Organization-UNESCO, lightwave amplification by stimulated emission of radiation-laser, acquired immunity deficiency syndrome-AIDS附录二:常用不规则动词表所有动词都按原形、过去式、过去分词形式排列。I.AAA型burstburstburstc
209、astcastcastcostcostcostcutcutcuthithithithurthurthutletletletputputputsetsetsetshutshutshutsplitsplitsplitspreadspreadspreadthrustthrustthrustupsetupsetupsetII.AAA同时又可ABB型betbetbetbetbettedbettedbroadcastbroadcastbroadcastbroadcastbroadcastedbroadcastedforecastforecastforecastforecastforecastedforec
210、astedridridridridriddedriddedspitspitspitspitspatspatwedwedwedwedweddedweddedwetwetwetwettedwettedIII. ABA型becomebecamebecomecomecamecomeovercomeovercameovercomerunranrunIV. ABB型bendbentbentbindboundboundbleedbledbledbringbroughtbroughtbuildbuiltbuiltbuyboughtboughtcatchcaughtcaughtclingclungclungcr
211、eepcreptcreptdealdealt /dealt/ dealt /dealt/digdugdugfeedfedfedfeelfeltfeltfightfoughtfoughtfindfoundfoundfleefledfledforetellforetoldforetoldhanghunghunghanghangedhangedhavehadhadhearheardheardholdheldheldkeepkeptkeptlaylaidlaidleadledledleaveleftleftlendlentlentloselostlostmakemademademeanmeant /m
212、ent/meant /ment/meetmetmetmisleadmisledmisledpaypaidpaidredread /red/read /red/saysaidsaidseeksoughtsoughtsellsoldsoldsendsentsentshootshotshotsitsatsatsleepsleptsleptspendspentspentspinspunspunstandstoodstoodstickstuckstucksweepsweptsweptswingswungswungteachtaughttaughttelltoldtoldthinkthoughtthoug
213、htunderstandunderstoodunderstoodupholdupheldupheldweepweptweptwinwonwonV.ABB或AA-edA-ed型awakeawokeawokeawakeawakedawakedblessblestblestblessblessedblessedburnburntburntburnburnedburneddreamdreamt/dreamt/dreamt/dremt/dreamdreamed/dri:md/dreamed/dri:md/divedovedovedivediveddivedforgetforgotforgot(forge
214、tforgottenforgotten)getgetgotten(getgotgotten)kneelkneltkneltkneelkneeledkneeledleanleantleantleanleanedleanedleapleapedleapedlearnlearntlearntlearnlearnedlearnedlightlitlitlightlightedlightedproveprovedproved(proven a.)shineshoneshoneshineshinedshinedslideslidslidslideslidsliddensmellsmeltsmeltsmel
215、lsmelledsmelledspeedspedspedspeedspeededspeededspellspeltspeltspellspelledspelledspillspiltspiltspillspilledspilledspoilspoiltspoiltstrikestruckstruck(stricken a.)sweatsweatedsweatedsweatsweatsweatswellswelledswelled(swollen)whipwhipwhipwhipwhippedwhippedwrapwraptwraptwrapwrappedwrappedandwoundwound
216、windwindedwindedVI.ABC型beginbeganbegundrinkdrankdrunk(drunken a.)ringrangrungsingsangsungsinksanksunk(sunken a.)springsprangsprungswimswamswumblowblewblowndrawdrewdrawnflyflewflowngrowgrewgrownknowknewknownoverthrowoverthrewoverthrownthrowthrewthrownwithdrawwithdrewwithdrawnarisearosearisenbeatbeatb
217、eatenbreakbrokebrokenchoosechosechosendrivedrovedriveneatateeatenfallfellfallenforbidforbadeforbiddenforbidforbadforbiddenforgiveforgaveforgivenfreezefrozefrozengivegavegivenhidehidhiddenhidehidhidmistakemistookmistakenrewriterewroterewrittenrideroderiddenriseroserisenshakeshookshakenspeakspokespoke
218、nstallstolestolentaketooktakenundertakeundertookundertakenwakewokewokenwakewakedwakedweavewovewovenwritewrotewrittenbearboreborne (born a.)swearsworeswornteartoretornwearworewornbe/am/is/arewas/werebeendodiddoneforeseeforesawforeseengowentgonelielaylain(躺)lieliedlied (撒谎)sawsawedsawnsawsawedsawedseesawseensewsewedsewnsewsewedsewedshowshowedshownshowshowedshowedsowsowedsownsowsowedsowe