1、语法剖析活用动词-ing形式作状语的用法分词或分词短语在句中可以作状语修饰谓语动词或整个句子, 用来对谓语动词表示的动作加以修饰或作为陪衬, 说明谓语动作发生的时间、原因、条件、结果、让步或伴随状况, 相当于其所对应的状语从句。根据现在分词所表示的动作与谓语动作发生的先后, 应选择现在分词的不同形式在句型中作状语。若现在分词所表示的动作与谓语动作同时存在, 或同时发生, 则用现在分词的一般式；若现在分词所表示的动作发生在谓语动作之前则用现在分词的完成式, 即having done的形式。1. 作时间状语1)分词动作一发生, 谓语动作紧跟着发生, 这时用现在分词的一般式作时间状语, 其逻辑主语为
2、句中的主语。常用的动词如:hear, see, arrive, return, get to, look, open, close, leave, turn around, walk等, 表示一个极短暂动作。如:Looking out of the window, I saw some boys playing hide-and-seek.注意:此种情况可以换作“on+动名词”结构, 表示相同的意思，译为“一（刚）就”。此种情况也可以换作when引导的时间状语从句, 该从句的动词多用一般过去时表示。如:Hearing their teachers voice, the pupils stopp
3、ed talking at once.= On hearing their teachers voice, the pupils stopped talking at once.= When they heard their teachers voice, the pupils stopped talking at once.一听到教师的声音, 学生们立即停止讲话。2)谓语动作发生在分词所表示的动作过程之中，这时用“when/while+现在分词的一般式”, 分词的逻辑主语为句中的主语。此种形式也可以换作when、while引导的时间状语从句, 该从句的谓语动词用进行时态。如:Dont be
4、careless when/while having an exam.=Dont be careless when/while you are having an exam.考试时不要粗心。注意:此结构中, 不能用其他连接词替换when或while。3)分词所表示的动作完成之后, 谓语动作才发生, 这时则要用现在分词的完成式, 即having done的形式。分词的逻辑主语应是句中的主语。如:Having written the letter, he went to post it.注意:这种情况可以用“after+动名词的一般式”表示，也可以用after/when引导的时间状语从句来替换,
5、该从句的谓语动词用过去完成式。如:Having finished his homework the boy was allowed to watch TV play.=After having finished his homework, the boy was allowed to watch TV play.=After/When he had finished his homework, the boy was allowed to watch TV play.2. 作原因状语1)分词(短语)在句中作原因状语时, 相当于一个原因状语从句。与时间状语一样, 也要注意分词所表示的动作与谓语动
6、作的先后关系。当分词所表示的动作与谓语动作同时发生或几乎同时发生时, 用分词的一般形式，此时分词的逻辑主语须是句中的主语。这样的原因状语可以换成because, as引导的原因状语从句, 该从句谓语动词用一般过去时。如:Not knowing how to work out the difficult physics problem, he asked the teacher for help.=Because he didnt know how to work out the difficult physics problem, he asked the teacher for help.因
7、为不知道如何解这道物理难题, 他向老师求助。2)当分词表示的动作发生在谓语动作之前, 可以用现在分词的完成式在句中作原因状语, 其逻辑主语须为句中的主语, 该短语的作用相当于一个原因状语从句。该从句的谓语动词须用完成时。如:Having lived with the girl for 5 years, we all know her very well.= Because we have lived with the girl for 5 years, we all know her very well.因为与那个女孩一起生活了五年, 我们都非常了解她。3. 作条件状语现在分词(短语)在句中作
8、条件状语, 其逻辑主语须为句中的主语, 该短语相当于一个条件状语从句。如:Working hard, youll succeed.= If you work hard, youll succeed.如果你努力工作, 你会成功的。Turning to the left, you will find the path leading to the park.= If you turn to the left, you will find the path leading to the park.如果转向左边, 你将找到通向公园的小道。4. 作让步状语现在分词(短语)在句中作让步状语时, 相当于一个
9、让步状语从句, 有时分词前可以带有连接词although, whether, even if, even though。如:Weighing almost one hundred jin, the stone was moved by him alone.=Although the stone weighed almost one hundred jin, it was moved by him alone.虽然那块石头重将近一百斤, 他一个人就把它挪动了。注意:现在分词(短语)作让步状语, 分词的逻辑主语是句中的主语, 变成状语从句时, 需用主动语态。5. 作结果状语现在分词(短语)在句中可
10、以作结果状语, 逻辑主语是句中的主语, 该短语相当于一个结果状语从句, 且用主动语态。分词短语在句中作结果状语时, 通常位于句末, 中间有逗号。有时为了加强语气, 在分词前加thus。如:Their car was caught in a traffic jam, thus causing the delay.=Their car was caught in a traffic jam, thus it caused the delay.他们的车遇上交通阻塞, 因而耽误了。6. 表示方式或伴随现在分词(短语)表示方式或伴随, 用来说明动作发生的背景或情况。一般情况下, 现在分词所表示的动作与谓
11、语所表示的动作同时发生, 它的逻辑主语就是句中的主语, 谓语动词作为主要动作, 而现在分词表示一个陪衬动作。它没有相应的状语从句可以转换, 但可以用并列句来转换。如:The children ran out of the room, laughing and talking merrily.The children laughed and talked merrily, and they ran out of the room.那些孩子们跑出房间, 愉快地笑着、说着。7. 动词-ing形式的否定式动词-ing形式的否定式其基本结构是“not+-ing”形式, 无论在完成式还是被动式里, not必须置于-ing形式之前。如:Not having finished his homework, the boy was still doing it in the classroom.Not knowing what to do, he asked the teacher for advice.
