1、Unit 4 EarthquakesThe eighth PeriodGrammar(II)【完成例句】有人愿意帮助受伤的人吗？Is there anyone who is ready to help the injured person?这就是那位帮助在事故中受伤的人的医生吗？Is this the doctor that helped the people who were injured in the accident?【结论5】指人时，定语从句中的关系代词只能用who的情况：当先行词是anyone,those时，只用who。有两个定语从句皆指人时，其中一个关系代词已用that，另一个宜
2、用who。【完成例句】(16)那个门破了的教室在二楼。The classroom whose door/the door of which/of which the door is broken is on the second floor.【结论6】whose可以指代人或物，在定语从句中作定语，后跟名词。指物时，whose 名词 of which 名词 名词 of which。【完成例句】(17)我们都知道，吸烟有害健康。As we all know,smoking is harmful to ones health.太阳照射地球，这对我们是很重要的。The sun heats the ea
3、rth,which is very important to us.(18)她和她妹妹穿一样的衣服。She wore the same dress as her young sister wore.这不是我们想到的那所房子。This house is not such as I expect.(19)就像我们指出的那样，这种物质是有毒的。As was pointed out,this kind of substance is poisonous.【结论7】关系代词as和which 在非限制性定语从句中，as和which可代替整个主句，相当于and this或and that。二者的区别主要在于
4、：as引导的非限制性定语从句既可以在主句前，也可以在主句后，有时还可以在插入句中，常带有“正如，正像”的意思。而which引导的非限制性定语从句只能放在主句之后，翻译成“这”。as常用于以下固定搭配中：the same名词as“和同样的”，such名词as“像一样的，像之类的”，such as“这样的人/物”。(such为代词，作先行词；as在从句中作宾语)在以下结构中，一般也用as:as(it)appears,as(it)seems,as(it)often happens,as(it)was pointed out/said/reported/announced,as(it)was said
5、 earlier,as I remember(it),as is wellknown,as is known to all,as anybody can see等。【完成例句】(20)这就是我一直在找的书。This is the book which/that/不填I am looking for.(21)他深爱对他慈爱的父母。He loved his parents deeply,both of whom are very kind to him.He loved his parents deeply,of whom both are very kind to him.(22)我没有足够的钱
6、去买那条昂贵的裙子。I dont have enough money with which to buy such an expensive dress.(23)从1998年到2004年Mike在这所大学学习，在此期间，他学习很努力并当选为学生会主席。Mike studied at the university from 1998 to 2004,during which time he studied very hard and was made chairman of the Students Union.【结论8】“介词关系代词”引导的定语从句，关系代词指人时用whom，指物时用whic
7、h。某些带有介词的动词短语，介词可以提至关系代词之前，但是在一些固定搭配的短语动词中，由于动词和介词不可以分割，因此不能将介词置于关系代词之前，如take care of,look for,look after,care for等。“介词关系代词”前可有some,any,none,both,all,neither,most,each,few等代词或者数词，有时数词或代词也可以放在“介词关系代词”之后。介词which/whomto do结构。这种结构可以改为：介词which/whom定语从句。在非限制性定语从句中，which可作定语，指先行词(短语或句子)所表示的信息，形成“介词which 名词
8、”结构，相当于and in/at/during this/that名词。二、关系副词的使用【完成例句】(24)我仍然记得我们第一次上学的那天。I still remember the day when/on which we first came to the school.(25)十年前我住的房子已经被推倒了。The house where/in which I lived ten years ago has been pulled down.(26)我不知道他今天看起来不高兴的原因。I dont know the reason why/for which he looks unhappy
9、today.【结论1】关系副词的分类和作用when指时间，在定语从句中作时间状语；when表示时间的介词(in/at/on/during)which。where指地点，在定语从句中作地点状语，where表示地点的介词(in/at/on/under)which。why指原因，在定语从句中作原因状语，why表示原因的介词(for)which。【翻译句子】(27)他回答这个问题的方式是令人惊讶的。The way in which/that/不填he answered the question was surprising.(28)The way which/that he explained to
10、us was quite simple.【结论2】在以the way为先行词的定语从句中，若the way 在从句中充当状语，则通常由in which或that引导，而且通常可以省略。若the way 在从句中充当宾语，则通常由which或that引导。【完成例句】(29)中国是风筝的起源地，并从那里传播到日本、韩国、泰国和印度。China is the birth place of kites,from wherekites spread to Japan,Korea,Thailand and India.【结论3】有时为了表达更清楚，可以在关系副词where/when前加上介词to,fro
11、m等。【疑难】There is one point that we must insist on.有一个观点我们必须坚持。(定语从句可还原为：we must insist on the point，所以先行词point在定语从句中作宾语，故用that/which或省略。)Were just trying to reach a point where both sides will sit down together and talk.我们正努力做到能让双方坐下来对话。(定语从句可还原为：at the point both sides will sit down together and tal
12、k,故先行词point在定语从句中作状语，所以关系词用where/at which。)【疑难剖析】一些特殊的先行词如situation,point,case,activity，scene及 period,festival,occasion等要注意具体情况具体分析，作主语、宾语和表语用that/which，作状语用where/when/介词which。三、关系代/副词的选择技巧【完成例句】(30)我会记住我们一起度过的日子。I will remember the days that/which/省略we spent together.(根据把定语从句还原成we spent the days to
13、gether，判断出the days作spent的宾语)(31)6月7日是我们开始高考的日子。June 7 is the day when/on which we begin to take the college entrance examination.(根据把定语从句还原成we begin to take the college entrance examination on the day，判断出on the day作状语。)(32)这是他工作过10年的地方。This is the place where/in which he worked for ten years.(根据把定语从
14、句还原成he worked in the place for ten years，判断出in the place作状语。)【结论】用还原法：将先行词放入定语从句中，找到它的原有位置，判断它做什么成分以及判断先行词指人还是指物。一般说来，作主语、宾语或表语时，用关系代词；作状语时，用关系副词或介词which；作定语时，用whose。四、定语从句和其他句型之间的关系【例句观察】He is such a good boy that everyone likes him.(不缺句子成分，that引导结果状语从句)他是如此好的一位男孩以至于大家都喜欢他。He is such a good boy as
15、everyone likes.(likes缺宾语，用as充当并引导定语从句)他是一个大家都喜欢的男孩。The great white shark is so fierce a fish as eats most of the others.(as充当eats的主语，并引导定语从句)大白鲨是大多数鱼都吃的一种凶狠的鱼。【结论】区别such/soas引导的定语从句和such/sothat引导的结果状语从句判断用that还是as,只要看从句的结构是否完整即可。如果从句缺了主语或宾语就是定语从句；如果从句的结构完整，就是结果状语从句。【疑难1】区别非限制性定语从句与并列句 He wrote a lot
16、 of novels,none of _ were popular.Its the same with his wife.She wrote some plays,but none of _ was a success.A.these;them B.which;which C.those;whichD.which;them【疑难剖析1】此题应选 D。很容易误选A、B。选对该题的关键是：要注意前面一句的 none of没有并列连词(说明它才是非限制性定语从句，所以其后填which)，而后面一句的none of前有一并列连词but(说明它与前面一句构成并列句，所以其后填them)。【疑难2】区别定
17、语从句与名词性从句As is known to all,the moon travels around the earth.It is known to all that the moon travels around the earth.That the moon travels around the earth is known to all.What is known to all is that the moon travels around the earth.【疑难剖析2】as引导非限制性定语从句；it作形式主语，that引导主语从句；that引导主语从句；what引导主语从句，t
18、hat引导表语从句。【疑难3】区别定语从句与地点状语从句When you read the book,youd better make a mark in the place where you have any questions.When you read the book,youd better make a mark where you have any questions.Please put the book in the place where you got it.Please put the book where you got it.【疑难剖析3】定语从句修饰place;地
19、点状语从句；定语从句修饰place；地点状语从句。【疑难4】区别定语从句与强调句、状语从句It was this small village(that/which)we got to know each other.It was in this small village that we got to know each other.It was 1914 when the war broke out.It was in 1914 that the war broke out.It was 1914,when the war broke out.【疑难剖析4】定语从句；强调句；时间状语从句；强
20、调句；非限制性定语从句。【疑难5】定语从句中含有插入语He made another wonderful discovery,which I think is of great importance to science.The Chinese government has decided to develop the west of China,which,I dare say,will benefit the people there,especially those who are still leading a poor life.【疑难剖析5】I think作插入语；I dare s
21、ay作插入语。用适当的关系代词填空1 The girls _ served in the shop were the ownersdaughters.2 The ladder on _ I am standing was bought in thesupermarket.3The girl _ I spoke to was a student.4He hides all the people and things _ he knows.5He saw a house _ windows were all broken.6All the apples _ fall are eaten by wi
22、ld bears.7Can you think of anyone _ could look after him?8This is the best restaurant _ I have known.who/thatwhichwho/thatthatwhosethatthatthat9 He showed a machine _ parts are too small to beseen.10You can take any room _ you like.11 The road conditions there turned out to be very good,_ was more than we could expect.12He was educated at the local high school,after _he went on to Beijing University.13 Among the winners stands little Tom _ father isseriously ill in hospital.14 Do you still remember the chicken farm _ wevisited three months ago?whosethatwhichwhichwhosethat/which
