1、Section Grammar构词法新知导引用括号内词的适当形式完成下面教材中的句子1For example,in our free time we can sculpt a _(sculpt)and paint a _(paint),but we take a photo.2If harmless actions are the opposite of _(harm)actions,why are shameless and shameful behaviors the same?3When we look out of the window and see rain or snow,we
2、can say“its _(rain)”or“its _(snow)”.But when we see sunshine,we cant say“its sunshining”sculpture painting harmful raining snowing 4Even the smallest words can be _(confuse)5English was invented by people,not computers,and it reflects the _(creative)of the human race.6That is why when the stars are
3、out,they are visible,but when the lights are out,they are _(visible)confusing creativity invisible语法精释按照一定的语言规律创造新词的方法叫做构词法。英语构词法主要有转化法、合成法、派生法、首尾缩略法等。一、转化法英语中一个词由一种词类转到另一种或几种词类而不发生词形的变化，称为转化。1名词转化为动词(1)身体部位When the famous star came in,all people eyed her.当那位著名明星进来时，所有的人都注视着她。Many of his friends bac
4、ked his plan.他的很多朋友支持他的计划。Id like to live in a room whose window faces south.我想居住在窗户朝南的屋子里。(2)身份职业She nursed her husband back to health.她照料丈夫恢复了健康。The dog was guarding its owners luggage.狗守护着主人的行李。Although I am no longer a child,mother still mothers me.尽管我已经不是小孩了，但母亲对我依然悉心照料。(3)地点场所The government ha
5、s built new houses to house the homeless people.政府建了新房子给无家可归的人提供住处。(4)工具装置She penned a few words of thanks.她写了几句致谢的话。The company ships its goods all over the world.公司把货物运往世界各地。These oranges were boxed and sent off quickly.这些橘子被装箱，然后迅速地发走。(5)物质名词These trees need to be watered.这些树需要浇水。It was raining h
6、eavily when we arrived there.当我们到达那里时正在下大雨。(6)抽象名词Their words angered me greatly.他们的话使我非常愤怒。【名师指津】名词转化为动词后的发音有些名词转化为动词时形式不变，但读音会发生变化。例如：house n/has/v./haz/use n/ju：s/v./ju：z/2其他三种转化(1)动词转化为名词Lets go out for a walk.我们出去散散步吧。Our builds are similar.我们的体形相似。(2)形容词转化为名词She was dressed in blue.她穿着蓝色衣服。(3)
7、形容词转化为动词Culture has furthered the advance of language.文化促进了语言的发展。The train slowed down to half its speed.火车速度减慢了一半。即学即练 句型转换(1)We had lunch together after the meeting.We _ together after the meeting.(2)Lets fill the water into this bottle.Lets _ the water.(3)You are so fat that you have to go on a d
8、iet.You are so fat that you have to _.(4)Snow often falls in my hometown in winter.It often _ in my hometown in winter.lunched bottle diet snows二、合成法两个单词连在一起合成一个新词，前一个词修饰或限定后一个词。1合成形容词构成方式例词形容词名词-ednoble-minded 高尚的good-tempered 脾气好的形容词现在分词good-looking 好看的fine-sounding 动听的副词现在分词hard-working 勤劳的far-re
9、aching 深远的名词现在分词peace-loving 热爱和平的epoch-making 划时代的名词过去分词state-owned 国营的heartfelt 由衷的副词过去分词well-known 著名的widespread 广泛流传的形容词名词large-scale 大规模的high-class 高级的名词形容词duty-free 免税的lifelong 终身的，毕生的2.合成名词构成方式例词名词名词silkworm 蚕 bloodtest 验血形容词名词double-dealer 两面派 shorthand 速记动名词名词waiting-room 候车室sleeping-pills
10、安眠药动词名词pickpocket 扒手break-water 防水堤名词动名词handwriting 书法sun-bathing 日光浴动词副词get-together 联欢会break-through 突破副词动词downfall 垮台 outbreak 爆发3.合成动词名词动词sleep-walk 梦游副词动词overthrow 推翻形容词动词white-wash 粉刷4.合成副词形容词副词everywhere 到处somehow 不知何故副词副词however 无论如何介词副词forever 永远即学即练 写出下列合成词的汉语(1)salesman_ (2)snow-white_(3)
11、warm-hearted_ (4)blacklist_(5)roommate_ (6)undergo_售货员雪白的热心的列入黑名单室友经历三、派生法在词根前面加前缀或在词根后面加后缀构成一个与原单词意义相近或截然相反的新词叫做派生法。(一)常用前缀1表示否定意义的前缀常用的有：dis-，il-，im-，in-，ir-，mis-，non-，un-等，在单词的前面加这类前缀常构成与该词意义相反的新词。appear 出现disappear 消失correct 正确的incorrect 不正确的2表示其他意义的前缀常用的有：a-(多构成表语形容词)，anti-(反对；抵抗)，auto-(自动)，co-
12、(共同),en-(使)，inter-(互相)，re-(再；又)，sub-(下面的；次；小)，tele-(强调距离)等。alone 单独的 anti-gas 防毒气的Internet 互联网 subway 地铁3改变词性的前缀有：en-，de-，be-，a-，out-等。en-前缀通常加在形容词或名词前构成动词；de-前缀通常加在名词之前构成动词，其意义大多和原名词相反；be-前缀可加在名词或形容词前构成动词；a-前缀常加在名词或描述性动词之前，构成形容词或副词；out-前缀可加在名词之前构成形容词，加在动词之前构成名词。courage n勇气encourage vt.鼓励value n价值de
13、value vt.降低的价值(二)常用后缀1名词后缀形式意义例词-age表状态、性质shortage(缺乏)-ance/-ence指行为、状态performance(演出)，preference(偏爱)-dom指性质、状态freedom(自由)-ee表某物的承受者employee(雇员)，trainee(实习生)-er/-or指人的身份worker(工人)，bachelor(单身汉)-ess指人的身份hostess(女主人)-ese表示国籍Chinese(中国人)-hood表身份、性质 neighborhood(邻里)，manhood(男子气概)-ian指人的身份musician(音乐家)-i
14、on/-tion 表情况、状态fashion(时髦)，tradition(传统)-ist从事的人dentist(牙科医生)-ment指行为、状态amusement(娱乐)-ness表状态、性质kindness(仁慈)-ship表状态、技能hardship(苦难)，workmanship(工艺)2.形容词后缀形式意义例词-al具有性质的personal(个人的)，regional(地区的)-en有性质的golden(金色的)，woolen(毛的)-ful充满的helpful(有帮助的)，fearful(可怕的)-able/-ible可的readable(可读的)，accessible(可接近的)
15、-ive有作用的productive(生产的)，active(积极主动的)-ly像某种举止/性格/外貌般的 friendly(友好的)，orderly(整齐的)-ous充满的dangerous(危险的)，famous(著名的)-some引起/产生的troublesome(令人烦恼的)，tiresome(令人讨厌的)3.副词后缀类别例词直接加-lyclearclearly 清楚地greatgreatly 很，大大地以辅音字母y 结尾的形容词，变 y为 i 再加-lyhappyhappily 高兴地heavyheavily 沉重地词尾为 ble/le 的形容词，去掉 e，再加-yterriblet
16、erribly 可怕地；极度地gentlegently 轻轻地词尾为 ue 的形容词，去掉 e 再加-lytruetruly 真实地词尾为 ll 的形容词，直接加-yfullfully 充分地；完全地dulldully 迟钝地词尾为-ic 的形容词，加-allybasicbasically 主要地，基本上scientificscientifically 合乎科学地即学即练 单句语法填空(1)Theme parks offer more educational things than _(amuse)parks do.(2)Lucy has a lot of _(curious)about wh
17、at it is like to live in a foreign country.(3)The weather in Britain is _(change).You can find that one minute it is rainy and the next minute the sun is shining brightly.(4)Sometimes unknown things appear _(mystery)to us.(5)If we human beings keep on killing the wildlife,some animals will _(appear)
18、completely.amusement curiositychangeable mysteriousdisappear四、首尾缩略法首尾缩略法，即用单词首尾字母组成一个新词。读音主要有两种形式，即各字母分别读音；作为一个单词读音。very important personVIP 非常重要的人；大人物televisionTV 电视Testing of English as a Foreign LanguageTOEFL 托福Information TechnologyIT 信息技术即学即练 写出下列缩略词(1)the United States of America _ 美国(2)World
19、Wide Web_万维网(3)the Voice of America_美国之音(4)Central Processing Unit_中央处理器USAWWWVOACPU.写出下列句子中画线词的词性及汉语意思1The cook always brushes a little oil over the top of the pizza with a brush._2The doctor advised her to take more exercise.So,to keep fit,she exercises twice a day._3There are a lot of people near
20、 the post office.Can you post the letter for me？_4 He was ill for some days,and the nursenursed him kindly._5 I have a balanced diet and I dont have to diet to lose weight._vt.刷上；n.刷子，毛刷n.运动；vi.运动，锻炼(身体)n.邮政；vt.邮寄n.护士；vt.护理 n.日常饮食；vi.节食6I dreamed a terrible dream last night,which terrified me a lot.
21、_7 He fooled a lot of people into believing that he was noble-minded._8 After work,the saleswoman didnt head straight home._9 The middle-aged woman is going to visit her mother this afternoon._10We buy a lot of imports(进口产品)in duty-free shops,some of which are at a discount._vt.做梦，梦见；n.梦，睡梦adj.品德高尚的
22、n.女售货员 adj.中年的adj.免关税的.用所给词的适当形式填空1We stress _(create)and imagination in everything we do.2We were astonished to find the building still in its _(origin)condition.3The accident happened on a _(rain)morning.4Now _(pollute)is becoming more and more serious.5Father sometimes goes to the gym with us alt
23、hough he _(like)going there.6All of us should take part in the _(active)7_(fortunate),my friend helped me out at that time.8We had a great time and felt very _(relax)creativity original rainypollution dislikes activityFortunately relaxed.结合构词法完成句子1Look out!Its a _(5 米深的)hole.2It is commonly believed
24、 that musicians are _(热爱和平的)people.3Speaking of all the songs he has written,I think this is probably his _(最闻名的)one.4They are only _(路人),and it wasnt connected with them.5The _(三条腿的)chair isnt suitable for a young child.He may fall off.6You must put your heart into studies.Dont be _(心不在焉的)in class.7The policy produced _(影响深远的)effects.five-meter-deeppeace-lovingbest-knownpassers-by three-leggedabsent-mindedfar-reaching
