1、句法无论词数多少，只要有主语与谓语而且能表达完整意义的一句话即是句子。如：(1) Life is short.生命是短暂的。(2) The poor old man with white hair and a white beard who is reading a book in his left hand lives alone in the little cottage at the foot of the hill behind my house.那个白头发、白胡子、左手里拿着一本书在看的可怜的老人单独住在我家屋后那个山脚下的那间小茅草屋里。一、对于句子应有的基本认识1.句子虽然必须具
2、备主语与谓语，但有时由于语言的习惯而被省略某一部分，或两者同时被省略。如：(1) Come in, please. 请进来。（祈使句，省略了主语）(2) Who will come to see you this afternoon?今天下午谁要来看你？My mother.我母亲。（答复询问句，省略了谓语）(3) What a pretty bird!多美丽的小鸟啊！（感叹句，省略了主语和谓语）2. 有时候一个词即可成为句子，因为它具备了主语与谓语，且能表达完整的意思；有时候成群的词却不能成为句子，因为它没有具备主语与谓语，因此：句子的成立与否，与词数的多少毫无关系。如：(1) Hide.躲起
3、来。（句子）(2) The poor old man with white hair and a white beard who is reading a book in his left hand白头发、白胡子、左手里拿着一本书在看的那个可怜的老人 (不是句子)(3) The poor old man with white hair and a white beard who is reading a book in his left hand lives alone in the little cottage at the foot of the hill behind my house.
4、那个白头发、白胡子、左手里拿着一本书在看的可怜的老人单独住在我家屋后那个山脚下的那间小茅草屋里。(句子)3. 同一个主语不可有两个谓语，除非其中有并列连词。(1) a. I hate write letters. 我讨厌写信。 b.I hate writing letters.(2) a.He eats, drinks,plays all day long. 他终日吃喝玩乐。b.He eats and drinks and plays all day long.(3) I neither lend money nor borrow money. 我既不借钱给人，也不向人借钱。4.不要把从句的主
5、语或谓语当作主句的主语或谓语。 主句与分句都要具备主语与谓语已如前述。但：主句与从句均各有其主语与谓语，二者绝不可合用同一个主语和谓语。例如：(1) a.Those eat too much will easily get sick. b. Those who eat too much will easily get sick.(吃得太多的人容易生病)(2) a.A man who is diligent. (不是句子) b.A man who is diligent to succeed.二、句子的成分 句子成分必须的成分 主语谓语可能有的成分宾语补语修饰语1.句子是由作用不同的各个部分组成
6、的，这些部分就叫做句子成分。它可以是单词、词组、或从句。在句子中起主要作用的成分有：主语、谓语。起次要作用的宾语、宾语补语、定语、状语、表语等。eg.1)我（主）深深地（状）热爱（谓）我的（定）祖国（宾）。I （主）deeply（状） love （谓）my（定） motherland（宾）. 2) 昨天（状）我（主）狠狠地（状）揍了（谓）他（宾）。I （主）beat（谓） him（宾） badly（状） yesterday（状）。 3）We（主） are（谓） the world（表）. 4）He （主）gave（谓） me （间接宾语）a book（直接宾语） 5）I（主） saw（谓） h
7、im（宾） playing basketball（宾补）.2.词类相互间的关系。(1) adj./num/n.可以修饰n. adj.还可以修饰pron.Eg: 1) The three tall and strong men are all basketball players. (数词three和形容词tall, strong 修饰名词men; 名词basketball 修饰名词players) 2) The writer often writes something interesting about children. (形容词interesting修饰不定代词something)(2)
8、 adv.修饰v./adj./adv. Eg:1) His sister plays the piano quite well. (副词well 修饰动词play, 副词quite 修饰另一副词well)2) The story is very interesting. (副词very 修饰形容词interesting)(3) 冠词只用于名词之前，辅助指明名词的含义；介词与它后面的名词或代词构成介词短语时才能在句子中作一定的成分（定语、状语、表语） Eg: The students of Class Two are having a meeting in the school yard. (两
9、个the 分别指明students 和school yard. 介词短语of Class Two 作定语，修饰the students. 介词短语in the school yard作状语，修饰谓语are having)3.词类和句子成分的关系（1）主语：是句子主要说明的人或物，（2）是句子的主体，（3）一般放在句首。N., pron, num, -ing, to do 和主语从句可做主语。Eg: Two and six is eight. Smoking is harmful to the health. To swim in the sea is a great pleasure. Wha
10、t we shall do next is not yet decided.（4）谓语：说明主语的动作或状态。动词在句子中做谓语，（5）一般放在主语之后。Eg: The new term begins on the first of September. His father is an engineer. She seemed tired. Mary showed me her album.（6）宾语：及物动词涉及到的人或物称为动词宾语。（7）介词后面的名词或代词称为介词宾语。N., pron., num.可作动词宾语和介词宾语，（8）to do 可作动词宾语，（9）-ing.,和宾语从句可
11、作动词宾语和介词宾语。Eg: This medicine is good for a cough. How many books do you want? My little sister always likes to ask questions. Would you mind coming earlier tomorrow? His brother is good at playing chess.（10）宾语补足语：在宾语后补充说明宾语的动作、状态、特征的成分. adj., adv., to do, -ing, -ed 和介词短语可作宾语补足语。Eg: He found the meet
12、ing over when he arrived there. You should put your things in order. The doctor advised her to stay in bed.We saw the students playing basketball.I dont believe the story true. （11）表语：在系动词后用来说明主语的身份、状态或特征的成分是表语。可作表语的有n., pron, adj., adv., 介词短语、分词、动名词、不定式和表语从句。Eg: My father is a doctor. He is always
13、careless. The basketball match is on. All the students are on the playground now. Our aim is to finish the assignment in three days.His work is teaching French.The glass is broken.The question is who can repair the watch.（14）定语：用来修饰名词或代词的成分是定语。单词做定语时，通常放在所修饰的名词前。但修饰不定代词（如nothing, anything, something
14、, everything等）或短语和从句做定语时，放在所修饰的名词之后。Adj., n., pron., num., adv.,介词短语， to do , ing, -ed,定语从句可以做定语。Eg: a great country something important few women workers oil workers here ten desks a report on science a lot of work to do the girl playing the piano is my sister. the dormitory built last year is for
15、post-graduates.（22）状语：修饰v., adj., adv., 或全句的成分是状语。修饰形容词的状语通常放在所修饰的词之前，修饰动词的状语通常放在所修饰词之后。但有些副词（often, always, usually等）做状语时，则放在行为动词之前、be动词之后。副词，介词短语，名词词组，不定式短语，分词短语和状语从句可作状语。Eg: He didnt know how to deal with the problem properly. She sins quite well. He often tell me about his life in the past. She
16、usually goes out to do some shopping on Sundays. He will leave for Shanghai the day after tomorrow. They went out to see whats the matter. Being a teacher, she is always ready to help her students. He sat there reading a book. If I have some spare time, I will take up German. 4、 用分析的的方法确定一个单词在句中的词类和
17、成分Eg: 1) Spring is here and we are busy with spring ploughing. (第一个spring 位于句首， 在谓语动词之前，是名词，作主语。词义是“春天”。第二个spring在介词with之后，在动名词ploughing之前，是名词，作定语，修饰动名词ploughing，词义是“春”。) 2）There is a hot spring near the village. (spring 在there is句型中作主语，是名词，词义是“泉”) 3）The spring of my watch is broken. (spring在冠词之后，在系
18、动词之前，是名词，词义是“弹簧”) 4）To sleep on a spring bed is very comfortable. (spring 在名词bed之前，作定语，是名词，词义是“弹簧”) 5）He can spring over 1.90 metres. (spring 在助动词can 之后，作谓语动词，词义是“跳”。Spring over 的词义是“跳过”) 6） All the plants have sprung up. (spring在助动词have 之后，作谓语动词，spring up 的词义是“发芽”)练习：1、写出下列句中黑体词的词义、词类及在句中的作用。1) I f
19、orgot to repair my watch .2) Keep watch against thieves.3) They are going to watch a football.match.4)The nurse watches the children.5) He is a watch maker. 2、将下列句子翻译成汉语并分析句子成分。Time flies fast.I am in a hurry to find a job.Can you get him to help me ?We called Xiao Liu our scientist.The people all o
20、ver the world are hoping for peace.A lot of noise is going on outside.How long have you worked in the hospital.?The skirt is a bit too long for me.第一讲 名词性从句初中的主要句型：能问答英文全名，知道名在前姓在后。注：要弄清楚：full name, family name/last name, given name/first name Eg: My name is Tonny Potter. Tonny is my given/first nam
21、e.句型归纳：1by+doing sth.通过?的方式)注: 介词后的动词要用-ing形式, by在这里当介词,所以它后面的动词要用-ing形式.Eg: I study English by reading aloud.我通过大声朗读(的方式)学习英语. By comparing yourself to other people, you will find your problems are not so terrible.通过与其他人对比,你会发现你的问题并不那么可怕.2. doing sth.+Verb “to be” +?做某事(很)? 注: 动词原形不能当主语,可以将它们改成-ing
22、形式. Eg: I think that doing lots of listening practice is one of the secrets of becoming a good language learner.我认为做大量的听力练习是成为好的语言学习者的一个秘密. find+sth. /doing +adj.发现某事(某物)/做某事(很)? eg: The writer found learning English difficult because she had trouble making complete sentences.作者发现学习英语很难,因为她在造完整句子时有困
23、难. Sometimes he finds watching movies frustrating because the people speak quickly. 有时,他发现看(英语)电影很令人灰心,因为那些人讲得太快了. (比较: find+ it +adj. +to do sth.发现做某事很?Eg: I have some ideas that may help.我有一些想法也许会有帮助. You said you couldnt understand people who talk fast.你说你听不懂那些话说得很快的人的意思. Martin Robinson is a fam
24、ous doctor who has a lot of experience dealing with teenagers. 马丁罗宾逊是一位很著名的医生,他对处理十几岁青少年的问题很有经验.3. It is +n. /adj. +(for sb.)to do sth.(对某人来说)做某事(很)? 注:此时, it 在这里当形式主语,真正的主语是后面的不定式。Is可以根据需要改变时态。Eg: Its very important for parents to be there for their children. 对家长来说，为了孩子（此时）与孩子们在一起是很重要的。 Its probabl
25、y a good idea for parents to allow teenagers to study in groups during the evening. 家长允许十几岁青少年以小组的形式晚上一起学习可能是个好主意。 Unless除非；注：句中有unless时，不能再按照中文的意思加上or(否则)。另外，要注意与if 句型的差别。Eg: Unless we deal with our problems, we can easily become unhappy. 除非我们把问题解决了，否则我们很容易不开心。 I shall go there tomorrow unless Im t
26、oo busy.如果我不太忙，明天将到那儿去。4.used to +do sth.过去常常/习惯做某事 注：这个句型常用来与“现在”进行对比。另外，要注意它的各种句型的表达方式。 Eg: Did you use to play the piano? Yes, I did. But now I am more interested in sports. 你以前弹钢琴吗？是的。但现在我对体育运动更感兴趣。 You used to cause a lot of trouble, didnt you? 你以往常常引起麻烦，对不对？ He is not what he used to be.他已不是旧日
27、的他了。 Our company used to do business with theirs.我们公司过去和他们的公司常有业务往来。 My parents used to live in South America and I used to fly there from Europe in the holidays.我双亲常在南美洲住，假期我常从欧洲乘飞机到那里去。 This used to be a shabby house.此处房年久失修。5. no longer /not any longer不再 Eg: She told me that even though my father
28、 was no longer with us, he was watching me, and would always take pride in everything good I do.她告诉我即使我父亲已再也不能与我们在一起，但是，他仍然在注视着我，并且永远会因我做得好的每一件事而自豪。6.be allowed + to do sth.被允许做某事 Eg: We should be allowed to take time to do things like that more often. 我们应当被允许更加经常地花时间做象那样的事情。 You have to be 18 years
29、 old before you are allowed to drive a car. 你得到18岁才会被允许开车。 When/ where/ what/ how?to do sth.何时/在哪里/什么/如何?做某事Eg: I cant choose which pair of jeans to buy. They both look good on me. 我无法选择买哪条牛仔裤,因为两件穿在我身上都好看.7. sb. need +to do sth.某人需要做某事 Eg: Everyone needs to have at least eight hours sleep a night.
30、大家每晚至少需要8小时的睡眠时间. (注: sth. need+doing/ to be done某物需要被? Eg: My English listening skills need improving.我的英语听力技能需要提高.) What/ who/ when? do you think+?你认为什么/什么时候? 注:此句中的do you think实为主句,因此, 要注意另一句(宾语从句)的语序. Eg: What school rules do you think should be changed? 你认为学校的哪些规定应当改变? What do you think I shoul
31、d tell her? 你认为我应该告诉她什么?8.if如果;假如 Eg: What would you do if your brother borrowed your clothes without permission? 如果你弟弟没有经过允许就借用了你的衣服,你会怎么做?If I were you, Id have a first-aid book on a nearby shelf in your home.我要是你的话,我会在家里随手可以拿得到的架子上放一本急救手册.9.rather宁愿;宁可注:常与than连用,要注意than后面的形式.Eg: I like talking to
32、 one or two people rather than to a group. 喜欢与一至两人谈话而不愿意和一群人交谈. He would rather stay ar home and read a good book than go to a party. 他宁愿待在家里看一本好书,而不愿去参加聚会.10.although连词表示让步意思,较though更为正式,和but 不同时使用。但可与副词yet,still连用。例如：Maybe, Im not very healthy, although I have one healthy habit.或许我不是很健康尽管我有一个健康的习惯
33、。Its +adj. +(for sb.) to do sth对某人而言做某事厖例如:Its easy to have a healthy lifestyle and its important to eat a balanced diet.拥有健康的生活方式很容易,同样重要的是饮食要均衡.11.until直到?时候 Until从句与肯定的主句连用时,主句的谓语动词必须是持续动词.常用句式not until.例如:I study late every night, sometimes until 2 am, but I dont think Im improving.每天晚上我都学得很迟,有时
34、到凌晨两点,但我认为自己没有进步.I didnt realize she was a famous film star until she took off her dark glasses.直到她摘下墨镜,我才认出她是个著名的电影明星.12.It takes (sb.) some time to do sth.(某人)花多长时间做某事 例如: It takes about 25minutes to walk and 10minutes by bus. 走路25分钟,坐车10分钟.13.not all 并不是所有的(部分否定) 例如: In North America, not all stu
35、dents take the bus to school. 在北美,并不是所有的学生都坐公交车上学.14.too+adj.+to do 太、以致不能，注意用形容词原级。 例如：You are never too young to start doing things. 你从不因为年龄太小而不能开始做些事。15.be used for 被用于 被动语态 例如: What are they used for? 他们的作用是什么?16.prefer A to B喜欢、而不、to 为介词，宾语为名词或动词ing 形式 Prefer to do rather than do 宁愿、而不、 例如：I pr
36、efer lemons to oranges.我喜欢柠檬不喜欢桔子。17It seems (seemed) that?好象，似乎 It为形式主语，that引导的从句是真正的主语。 例如：It might seem that speaking politely is more difficult than being direct. 好象有礼貌地说话比直言要难得多。18.as +adj. as 形容词同词比较，和什么一样、 例如：I think records are often as good as an actual performance. 我认为唱片几乎和真实的表演一样好。19be su
37、pposed to 按照规则、规律、义务或约定“理应”，“应当”去做某事，语义同ought to 例如：You are not supposed to eat anything with your hands except bread, not even fruit. 除了面包你不应用手吃任何东西甚至是水果。20.find it +adj形容词充当宾语补足语 I find it difficult to remember everything,but Im gradually getting used to things,and dont find themso strange more.我发
38、现记住所有的事情很难，但我逐渐习惯了这些并且发现它们再也不如此奇怪。21.must/could/might/cant +动词原形，其中用must表较肯定的推论，might could则语气较弱 Eg: -Whose book is this? -It must be Marys. Hemingway is her favorite author. -Whose guitar is this? -It might belong to Alice. She plays the guitar.22.用含有定语从句的复合句表达偏好 Eg: I like the music that I can dan
39、ce to .我喜欢可以跳舞的音乐。23The more?the more?越、越 the +形容词/副词比较级卼he+形容词/副词比较级 eg: The more I learn about Chinese history, the more I enjoy living in China. 我对中国历史了解越多，我就越喜欢住在中国。24rather than不是别的而是； 与其、不如 He resigned rather than take part in such a dishonest transaction. 他宁愿辞职也不愿意参加这样一种欺骗的交易。25Instead代替 Inst
40、ead of 代替，而不是of 后接名词代词或动词-ing形式 Eg:If you cant go ,hell go instead of you.26. Would you mind doing sth.? 你介意，反对做某事吗？ 注：mind后接动词-ing形式，有时可接宾格或所有格代词 Eg:Would you mind me smoking?介意我吸烟吗？初中重点句型及难句：Thank sb. for doing sth感谢某人做某事 It is time (for sb.) to do sth该是某人做某事的时候了 Spend?in) doing sth/on sth花（时间/金钱）
41、做某事或在某事上 Its ones turn to do sth该轮到某人做某事了 Why not do sth?为什么不做某事？ What do you think of? 你认为、怎么样？can you please do sth.?你能、好吗？no+ v-ing禁止做某事 So+adj.+that+从句 如此、以致 Its + n.+to do sth做某事是、 Its+ adj.+to do sth How do you feel about?你觉得?怎么样？ Be sure (not) to do sth.务必（不要）要做某事掌握问路的表达法Can you tell me the w
42、ay to the ?Which is the way to the ?How can I get to the ?Hows it going? Great./Pretty good./Not bad./Terrible.进展如何？太棒了/相当好/不错Tell it like it is.实话实说。名词性从句名词性从句分为主语从句、宾语从句、表语从句和同位语从句四种。这个语法项目在英语中相当重要。v 初高中衔接相关知识在初中阶段要求学生掌握各种从句的基本结构和用法；而在高中的学习中，则要求学生在此基础上能够在具体语境中判断主句与从句的逻辑关系，准确理解句意，加以灵活运用。考查方式多以选择题为主
43、。（一）概述名词性从句主要包括宾语从句、主语从句、表语从句和同位语从句。引导名词性从句的连接词可分为三类： 连接词（that, whether, if）；连接代词（what, whatever, who, whoever, whom, whose, which）；连接副词（when, where, how, why）（二）主语从句1. 主语从句在复合句中充当主语。引导主语从句的连词主要有：that, whether, what, which, whom, whose, when, where, why, how, whatever, whoever等。 注意：（1）这些引导词都不可以省略。（2
44、）只能用whether不能用if。（3）从句用陈述句语序。That he is still alive is sheer luck. 他还活着全靠运气。How the book will sell depends on its author. 书销售如何取决于作者本人。Who cooked the meal is not known yet. 谁煮的饭还不知道。How he did it is still a mystery. 他怎么做的还是个迷。Whether we can land on the moon is not known. 我们是否能登陆月球还不知道。2.大部分连接词引导的主语从
45、句都可以置于句末，用it充当形式主语。 例如：It is not important who will go. 谁去，这不重要。It is still unknown which team will win the match. 到底哪个队会赢形势尚不明朗。Its a pity that you should have to leave. 你非走不可真是件憾事。 用it作形式主语的that-从句有以下四种不同的搭配关系：（1）It + be + 形容词+ that-从句It is necessary that 有必要 It is important that 重要的是It is obvious
46、 that 很明显（2）It + be + -ed分词+ that-从句It is believed that 人们相信 It is known to all that 众所周知It has been decided that 已决定（3）It + be + 名词+ that-从句It is a pity that 可惜的是 It is a surprise that 令人惊奇的是It is a fact that 事实是（4）It + 不及物动词+ that-从句It appears that （看起来是）似乎 It happens that 碰巧It occurred to me that
47、 我突然想起例如：It is obvious that the object is not UFO. 很明显这个物体不是UFO。It is known to all that money cant grow on the tree. 众所周知，钱不会长在树上。It is a fact that Sadam has been captured by the American army. 萨达姆已经被美军捕获是个事实。It happened that they did the same thing in the same way. 碰巧他们用同样的方法做同样的事情。3. 主语从句不可位于句首的四种
48、情况：（1）“It doesnt matter + how/whether”结构中，主语从句不可提前。例如：It doesnt matter whether he likes it or not. 不管他喜欢不喜欢都没关系。（2）“It is said/reported”结构中，主语从句不可提前。例如：It is said that the highway will be open to traffic next year. 据说高速公路将于明年通车。（3）“It happens/occurs/turns out”结构中，主语从句不可提前。例如：It occurred to me that t
49、here was another path to the lake. 我突然想到还有另一条路通到湖边。（4）含主语从句的复合句是疑问句时，主语从句不可提前。例如：Is it likely that it will rain in the afternoon? 下午有可能下雨吗？（三）表语从句表语从句在复合句中充当表语。引导表语从句的连接词主要有：that, whether, because, what, which, whom, whose, when, where, why, how, whatever, whoever等。 注意：（1）这些引导词都不可以省略 （2）只能用whether不能
50、用if （3）从句用陈述句语序例如：My question is who will take over president of the charity. 我的问题是谁将接任该慈善机构的主席职位。The fact is that he has not been seen recently. 事实是近来谁也没有见过他。The point is whether we should lend him the computer. 问题在于我们是否应该借电脑给他。That is why he cant get along with others. 这就是为什么他不能和其他人相处好的原因。That is
51、because he cant get rid of his bad habits. 那是因为他不能改掉他的坏习惯。The important thing is what he does. 重要的是他做什么。（四）宾语从句一、概念：在句子中起宾语作用的从句叫做宾语从句。宾语从句分为三类：动词的宾语从句，介词的宾语从句和形容词的宾语从句。1、宾语从句的连接词引导宾语从句的常用连接词主要有：that, whether, if, what, which, whom, whose, when, where, why, how, whatever, whoever等。 注意：that 可以省略 若从句中
52、有or not 只能用whether 不能用if 宾语从句一定用陈述句语序 标点、语调根据主句决定2、常接宾语从句的动词：say, tell, ask, see, decide, wonder, think等。v 3、宾语从句的时态主句宾语从句一般现在时所需要的任何时态委婉语气过去时过去时的任何时态客观真理永远用一般现在时（1）主句为一般现在时或将来时，从句的时态可根据具体实际需要而定。例如： I imagine he is interested in the activity. I wonder what has happened to the driver. They will be to
53、ld when they will retire.（2）主句为一般过去时，从句的谓语动词也要用相应的过去时，即一般过去时、过去进行时、过去完成时或过去将来时的一种。例如： To our surprise, he told us that he would leave very soon. She didnt ask who had bought all the flowers. Andy said that he had gone to the Browns three days before.（3）主句是祈使句，从句的谓语动词可用所需要的任何时态。例如： Please tell me how
54、 long it will take us to the library. Show me which picture is yours.（4）从句叙述的是客观真理、自然现象或永恒不变的规律，此时宾语从句不受主句时态的限制，均用一般现在时。例如： Our teacher told us that light travels faster than sound. 我们老师告诉我们光速比音速快。 Everybody knew that one and one makes two. 每个人都知道一加一等于二。二、宾语从句应注意的问题和事项v 1、that引导的宾语从句为陈述句。that本身是一个连接
55、词，没有意义，在从句中也不充当任何句子成分，可以被省略。例如：I think (that) the novel is worth reading again.Anne said (that) she was leaving for London on Wednesday. 注意：如果谓语动词后跟有两个或更多的并列的宾语从句，第二个（或最后一个）连接词不可省略，以免引起误解。例如：I forgot (that) today was Friday and that the shop wasnt open.v 2、whether或if引导的宾语从句在意义上相当于一个一般疑问句。常放在know, as
56、k, care, wonder, find out等动词之后，意思是“是否”，不可被省略。且若从句中有or not只能用whether不能用if，介词之后一般也不用if。例如：I wonder whether/if he will come back with the good news.Susan asked me whether I would go to the club this weekend.I really dont know whether it will rain or not tomorrow. 注意：少数动词，如leave, put, discuss, doubt后的宾语
57、从句常用whether在不定式前只能用whether 例如：I cant decide whether to stay.为避免歧义，我们常用whether而不用ifif 引导的宾语从句可以用将来时，不要将其与if引导的条件状语从句混淆。试比较： Can you tell me if he will come back this May? If he comes back, please tell me as soon as possible.v 3、连接代词（who, whose, whom, which, what, whoever, whosever, whomever, whatever
58、, whichever）或连接副词（where, when, why, how, whenever, wherever, however）引导宾语从句，在意义上相当于特殊疑问句，有具体的汉语意思，在宾语从句中充当成分，此时不是疑问词。what, whatever除了指疑问外，也可以指陈述。例如：Do you know what they are looking for?The man in the shop asked the woman which kind of boots (靴子)she liked.That depends on where we shall go.Have you d
59、etermined whichever you should buy, a Motorola or Nokia cell phone?He didnt tell me when we should meet again.v 4、be + 形容词+ that-从句 that-从句也是宾语从句。常用这一结构的形容词有：sure相信，afraid恐怕，happy高兴，surprised感到惊讶 等。例如： Im afraid that he wont buy the most expensive bag for her. Im sure that Toms composition is the be
60、st in his class.v 5、否定转移若主句的主语是第一人称且为一般现在时，谓语动词是think, believe, suppose, expect, imagine, consider, fancy, guess等动词，则宾语从句的否定词应转移到主句中，即主句的谓语动词用否定式，而从句的谓语动词用肯定式。其反意疑问句一般与宾语从句一致。例如： I dont think I know you. I dont believe the books will sell well. We dont imagine that he will believe the truth. 注意：若主句谓
61、语动词为hope，宾语从句中的否定词不能转移。例如：I hope you werent ill.若宾语从句中有某个含有否定意义的形容词或副词，其反义疑问句要用肯定形式。如：We find that he never listens to the teacher carefully, does he? 我们发现他从来不仔细听老师讲课，是不是？ 若主句的主语是第二人称或第三人称，则否定也不转移。例如：He thought he hadnt corrected the mistake.v 6、用形式宾语it代替的宾语从句（1）动词find, feel, consider, make, believe
62、等后面有宾语补足语的时候，则需要用it作形式宾语而将that宾语从句后置。例如： I think it necessary that we take plenty of hot water every day.（2）有些动词带宾语从句时需要在宾语和从句前加it，这类动词主要有：hate, take, owe, have, see to We take it that you will agree with us. 我们认为你会同意我们的。（3）若宾语从句是wh-类，则不可用it代替。例如： We all consider what you said to be unbelievable. 我们
63、都认为你所说的是不可信的。 典型例题：1. _ that the American President will visit our school next month. A. What is reported B. What reports C. It is reported D. It reports2. Mary wrote an article on _ the team had failed to win the game. A. why B. what C. who D. that3. Do you know the fact _ the earth goes around the
64、 sun. A. that B. which C. of which D. what4. Perseverance is a kind of quality thats _ it takes to do anything well. A. what B. that C. which D. why5. A computer can only do _ you have instructed to do. A. how B. after C. what D. when6. Go and get your coat; it is _ you left it. A. there B. where C.
65、 there where D. where there第10讲 定语从句和状语从句（一）定语从句用来说明主句中某一名词或代词（有时也可说明整个主句或主句中一部分）而起定语作用的句子叫做定语从句。一. 定语从句的功用和结构 在复合句中，修饰某一名词或代词的从句叫做定语从句。被定从句修饰的词叫做先行词。定语从句必须放在先行词之后。引导定语从句的关联词有关系代词和关系副词。例如：This is the present that he gave me for my birthday.Do you know everybody who came to the party?I still remember
66、 the night when I first came to the village?This is the place where Chairman Mao once lived.二. 关系代词和关系副词的功用 关系代词和关系副词用来引导定于从句，在先行词和定语从句之间起纽带作用，使二者联系起来。关系代词和关系副词又在定语从句中充当一个成分。关系待客做主语，宾语，定语，关系副词可作状语。1. 作主语：关系代词在定语从句中作主语时，从句的谓语动词的人称和数须和先行词一致。例如：I dont like people who talk much but do little.The cars wh
67、ich are produced in Hubei Province sell very well.2. 作宾语：She is the person that I met at the school gate yesterday.The book that my grandmother gave me is called “The Great Escape”.3. 作定语关系代词whose在定语从句中作定语用。例如：Whats the name of the young man whose sister is a doctor?The girl whose father is a teache
68、r studies very hard.4. 作状语Ill never forget the day when I first came to Beijing.This is the house where I was born.三. 各个关系代词和关系副词的具体用法1. who 指人，在定语从句中作主语。例如：The person (who broke the window) must pay for it.The boy who is wearing the black jacket is very clever.2. whom指人，在定语从句中作宾语。例如：Do you know the
69、 young man (whom) we met at the gate？Mr. Lee (whom) you want to see has come.3. whose 指人，在定语从句中作定语。例如：The girl whose mother is ill is staying at home today.I know the boy whose father is a professor.4. which指物，在定语从中作主语或宾语。例如：A dictionary is a book (which gives the meaning of words).Here is the book
70、(which) the teacher mentioned yesterday.5. that多指物，有时也指人，在定语从句中作主语或宾语。例如：Ive read the newspaper that (which) carries the important news.Who is the person (that is reading the newspaper) over there?6. when 指时间，在定语从句中作状语。例如： Ill never forget the time when we worked on the farm. He arrived in Beijing o
71、n the day when I left.7. where 指地点，在定语从句中作状语。例如： This is the house where=in which we lived last year. The factory where his father works is in the east of the city. To the east of 四. 关系代词 whom， which 在定语从句中作介词宾语时，可以和介词一起放于先行词与定语从句之间，有时为了关系紧凑也可以将 whom 与 which 与先行词紧挨着书写，而将介词置于定语从句的后面，如： That was the r
72、oom in which we had lived for ten years. = That was the room which we had lived in for ten years. 五. 具体使用时还要注意下列问题：1. 只能使用that,不用which 的情况：(1) 先行词是all, few, little, nothing, everything, anything 等不定代词时。例如： All that he said is true. (2) 先行词被only, no, any, all,等词修饰时。例如： He is the only foreigner that h
73、as been to that place. (3) 先行词是序数词或被序数词修饰的词。例如：He was the second (person) that told me the secret.(4) 先行词是形容词最高级或被形容词最高级修饰的词。This is the best book (that) I have read this year.(5) 先行词既包括人又包括物时。例如：He talked about the people and the things he remembered.2. 只能用which，不用that 的情况：(1) 在非限制性定语从句中。例如： The me
74、eting was put off, which was exactly what we wanted.(2) 定语从句由介词+关系代词引导，先行词是物时。例如： The thing about which he is talking is of great importance. = The thing which he is talking about is of great importance.（二）状语从句在句中作状语的从句叫状语从句。状语从句由从属连词引导，可表示时间、地点、条件、原因、结果、让步、比较和方式等。、1. 时间状语从句(1)时间状语从句常用when, as, whil
75、e, before, after, since, till, until, as soon as等连词来引导。例如：It was raining hard when got to school yesterday.While he was doing his homework, the telephone rang.As he walked along the lake, he sang happily.He had learned a little Chinese before he came to China.After he finished middle school, he went
76、 to work in a factory.(2)在时间状语从句里，通常不用将来时态，用现在时态表示将来的动作或状态。例如：Ill ring you up as soon as I get to New York.I will tell him everything when he comes back.He wont believe it until he sees it with his own eyes.(3)在带有till或until引导的时间状语从句的主从复合句里，如果主句用肯定式，其含义是“一直到时”，谓语动词只能用延续性动词。如果主句用否定式，其含义是“直到才”, “在以前不”,
77、 谓语动词可用瞬间动词。例如：The young man read till the light went out.Lets wait until the rain stops.We wont start until Bob comes.Dont get off until the bus stops.2. 条件状语从句(1)条件状语从句通常由if, unless引导。例如：What shall we do if it snows tomorrow?Dont leave the building unless I tell you to.(2)在条件状语从句里，谓语动词通常用现在时态表示将来的
78、动作或状态。例如：Ill help you with your English if am free tomorrow.He wont be late unless he is ill.(3)“祈使句 + and (or)+ 陈述句” 在意思上相当于一个带有条件状语从句的复合句。例如：Hurry up, or youll be late.=If you dont hurry up, youll be late.Study hard and you will pass the exam.=If you study hard, you will pass the exam.3. 原因状语从句(1)
79、原因状语从句通常由because, since, as引导。例如：He didnt come to school because he was ill.As it is raining, we shall not go the zoo.Since you cant answer the question, Ill ask someone else.(2)because表示直接原因，语气最强。Because引导的原因状语从句多放在主句之后。回答由why提出的问题，只能用because。As和since语气较弱，一般用来表示明显的原因。由as和since引导的原因状语从居多放在句首。例如：-Why
80、 arent going there?-Because I dont want to.As he has no car, he cant get there easily.Since we have no money, we cant buy it.(3)because和so不能同用在一个句子里。4. 结果状语从句(1)结果状语从句由sothat, suchthat, so that引导。例如：He is so poor that he cant buy a bike for his son.She is such a good teacher that everybody likes her
81、.My pencil fell under the desk, so that I couldnt see it.(2)sothat语such.that可以互换。例如：在由so.that引导的结果状语从句中，so是副词，与形容词连用。其结构是: “.so + 形容词（副词）+ that + 从句”。例如：He was so glad that he couldnt say a word.The hall is so big that it can hold 2,000 people.Mother lives so far away that we hardly ever see her.在由s
82、uchthat引导的结果状语从句中，such是形容词，它修饰的可以是单数或复数可数名词，也可以是不可数名词；名词前面可以带形容词，也可不带。如果是单数可数名词，前面需加不定冠词a或an。例如：It was such a hot day that nobody wanted to do anything.He had such long arms that he could almost touch the ceiling.He made such rapid progress that he did very well in the mid-term. 有时上述两种结构是可以互换的。例如：It
83、 was such a wonderful film that all of us wanted to see it again.=The film was so wonderful that all of us wanted to see it again.It is such an important match that nobody wants to miss it.=The match is so important that nobody wants to miss it.(3)如果名词前由many, much, little, few等词修饰时，只能用so, 不用such。例如：
84、Soon there were so many deer that they ate up all the wild roses.He has so little time that he cant go to the cinema with you.5. 比较状语从句比较状语从句通常由asas, 比较级 + than等连词引导。例如：Tom runs faster than John does.This classroom is as big as that one.6. 目的状语从句(1)目的状语从句通常由 so that, in order that引导。例如：We started ea
85、rly so that we could catch the first train.He studies hard so that he could work better in the future.We used the computer in order that we might save time.(2)so that既可引导目的状语从句，又可引导结果状语从句。区别这两种从句的办法有两个：1)目的状语从句里往往带有情态动词can, could, may, might等。2)从意思上看，目的状语从句往往表示的目的很明确。例如：Speak clearly so that they ma
86、y understand you. (目的状语从句)Jack is badly ill so that he has to rest. (结果状语从句)7. 让步状语从句(1)让步状语从句通常由although, though等连词引导。例如：Though he is young, he knows a lot.Although I am tired, I must go on working.(2)although(though)不能用在同一个句子中。例如：我们不能说：Though it was raining hard, but he still went out.应该说：Though i
87、t was raining hard, he still went out.或It was raining hard, but he still went out.8. 地点状语从句 地点状语从句常常由where来引导。例如： Go where you like. Where there is a will, there is a way. 典型例题：1. Why does she always ask you for help? There is no one else_, is there? A. who to turn to B. she can turn to C. for whom
88、to turn D. for her to turn2. _ I explained on the phone, your request will be considered at the next meeting. A. When B. After C. As D. Since3. There was never any time for Kate to feel lonely, _ she was an only child. A. ever since B. now that C. even though D. even as 4. It was some time _ we real
89、ized the truth. A. when B. until C. since D. before5. _ is known to everybody, the moon travels round the earth once every month. A. It B. As C. That D. What6. John shut everybody out of the kitchen _ he could prepare his grand surprise for the party. A. which B. when C. so that D. as if 7. _ hard they worked, they couldnt finish the project in time. A. How B. However C. No matter D. Whatever
