1、1The Father and His SonFather:You know,Tom,when Lincoln _(be)your age,he _(be)a very good pupil.In fact,he _(be)the best pupil in his class.Tom:Yes,Father.I _(know)that.But when he _(be)your age,he_(be)President of the United States.waswaswaswaswasknow2专题7 动词的时态和语态3 动词的时态和语态是历年高考英语测试的重中之重，每年试题一般不低于两
2、道。命题思路有三种：一是直接给出标志性时间状语，考生能根据其作出选择；二是给出时间状语，但所给时间状语有较强的干扰性，考生不能直接根据时间状语作出选择，而需要结合语境进行判断；三是没有任何时间状语，需要借助于上下文语境，才能作出正确判断。一、命题特点4在历年有关被动语态的考题中，共涉及了8种基本时态的被动语态，其中以现在完成时、一般现在时、一般过去时和现在进行时考得最多。被动语态由“助动词be+过去分词”构成，时态通过be动词表现出来。5高考命题中更多地侧重于时态的交叉使用和时态干扰。考生答题时要寻找尽可能多的“时间参照信息”。关于被动语态题，做题时应首先根据主语与谓语的关系确定是否是被动关系
3、，然后再根据有关时间信息确定用哪种时态。还要注意的是不及物动词是不能用于被动语态当中。二、应考策略6基础回归7一般现在时:am/are/is /do/does一般过去时:was/were/did 一般将来时:will +V（动词原形）过去将来时:would+V（动词原形）现在进行时:am/are/is+Ving过去进行时:was/were+Ving现在完成时:have/has+p.p.过去完成时:had+p.p.谓语（各种时态）的主动形式8一般现在时:be(am/are/is)+p.p.(过去分词)一般过去时:be(was/were)+p.p.一般将来时:will be+p.p.过去将来时:w
4、ould be+p.p.现在进行时:be(am/are/is)+being+p.p.过去进行时:be(was/were)+being+p.p.现在完成时:have/has+been+p.p.过去完成时:had+been+p.p.谓语（各种时态）的被动形式9一、对一般现在时的考查1.考查其基本概念：一般现在时表示一个习惯性、经常性的动作。常与表示习惯的副词always,every time,now and then,occasionally,often,seldom,sometimes,usually 等连用。但近几年，对一般现在时的考查常用过去时态或现在完成时态对考生进行干扰。1)Months
5、 ago we sailed ten thousand miles across the open sea,which _the Pacific,and we met no storm.（2005年辽宁卷）A.was called B.is called C.had been called D.has been called10（2010高考英语重庆卷,29)The palace caught fire three times in the last century,and little of the original building _now.A.remains B.is remained
6、C.is remaining D.has been remained【答案】A【解析】考查时态。remain在这儿意思是“剩下，余留”，为不及物动词，不能用于被动语态；又因为语境是对现在事实的陈述，所以用一般现在时。选 A项。112.考查一般现在时的替代用法：在以when,till/until,as soon as,by the time,after,before等引导的时间状语从句，在以if,unless,once等引导的条件状语从句和以no matter,however,even if 等词引导的让步状语从句中，如果主句中的动词用一般将来时，从句中的动词通常用一般现在时或现在完成时代替一般
7、将来时。What would you do if it _ tomorrow?We have to carry it on,since weve got everything ready.（2005年全国卷）A.rain B.rains C.will rain D.is raining“主将从现”12二、对一般过去时的考查一般过去时表示在过去某时某刻发生的动作或存在的状态，它常与表过去的时间状语连用，如yesterday,last year,last night,the other day,just now,then,two days ago,in 1999,at that time等。但是一
8、般过去时也经常用在没有说明过去的时间状语的句子中，这是高考的命题方向。I bought a new car three days ago.More than a dozen students in that school _ abroad to study medicine last year.（2005年上海卷）A.sent B.were sentC.had sent D.had been sentnowbought13(2010高 考 英 语 重 庆 卷,24)The book has been translated into thirty languages since it _on t
9、he market in 1973.A.had come B.has come C.cameD.comes【答案】C【解析】考查时态。since引导的从句作状语时，主句通常用完成时，而从句用一般过去时，所以选C项。返回目录14三、对现在进行时的考查由上下文语境表示时间。1)Whats the terrible noise？The neighbors _ for a party（2004年北京卷）A.have prepared B.are preparing C.prepare D.will prepare2)Because the shop _,all the T-shirts are sol
10、d at half price.（2004年浙江卷34题）A.has closed down B.closed down C.is closing down D.had closed down15四、对过去进行时的考查I was walking down the street when it beganto rain.When it began to rainI was walkingnow161.把过去进行时放在when,while,as 等引导的时间状语从句中考查。如果主句谓语和从句谓语都发生在过去，动作时间长的用过去进行时，表达谈话背景；动作时间短的用一般过去时。You were out
11、 when I dropped in at your house.Oh,I _ for a friend from England at the airport.（2004年福建卷）A.was waiting B.had waited C.am waiting D.have waited172.把过去进行时放在某特定的语境中考查。Has Sam finished his homework today?I have no idea.He _ it this morning.（2004年全国卷）A.did B.has done C.was doing D.had done18五、对现在完成时的考查
12、1.现在完成时表示过去的动作对现在的影响或表示经验。2.现在完成时表示过去的动作一直延续至今并可能继续下去，常与for或since 等短语连用。I_(graduate)in 1993 and in that year I _(begin)to teach English in a middle school.I _(teach)there for five years.Five years later,I _(move)to Pinghu.I_ (teach)senior English in Danghu High School for nearly 9 years ever since t
13、hen.graduatedbegantaughtmovedhave taught/have been teaching1993now19989 years5 years19(2010高考英语浙江卷,15)For many years,people _ electric cars.However,making them has been more difficult than predicted.Ahad dreamed of Bhave dreamed of Cdreamed of Ddream of【答案】B【解析】考查动词的时态。从for many years可知，此处谓语动词用完成时态；
14、排除C项和D项；又因后一句用的是现在时态，故排除A项。据此答案应该选B项“现在完成时态”。返回目录203)The window is dirty.I know.It _ for weeks.（2004全国卷）A.hasnt cleaned B.didnt clean C.wasnt cleaned D.hasnt been cleaned注：由终止性动词leave,arrive,come,go,return,begin,start,put,stop,start,put,stop,die,fall,buy,borrow,see等构成的完成时不能与for或since引导的时间状语连用。但这些终止性
15、动词的否定式可以与for或since短语连用。Eg.I havent met him for two years.213.考查现在完成时与一般过去式的区别：一般过去时着重说明动作发生的时间、地点、方式等，与现在不发生联系，且句中一般有表示过去的时间状语；而现在完成时只说明现在的情况，对现在有影响。Where _the recorder?I cant see it anywhere.（98NMET）I _ it right here.But now its gone.A.did you put;have put B.have you put;put C.had you put;was putti
16、ng D.were you putting;put22The CCTV has been broadcasting English programs ever since 1977.1977now六、对现在完成进行时的考查构成:have/has been+doing概念:表示从过去某一时刻发生的动作，一直延续到现在，并且还可能继续下去。23现在完成进行时与现在完成时的区别如下：1.现在完成时与现在完成进行时I have written an article.I have been writing an article.2.有些延续性动词，如live,teach,work,study,learn
17、,stay等因现在完成时与现在完成进行时差别不大。I have lived here for ten years.=I have been living here for ten years.Notes：表短暂动作的动词（finish,marry,get up,come,go等）一般不能用现在完成进行时。强调：已完成性强调：持续性，未完成性249.(2010高 考 英 语 天 津 卷,4)We _on this project for four hours.Lets have a rest.A.are working B.have been working C.worked D.had wor
18、ked【答案】B【解析】考查动词时态。根据句意可知语境是现在，又有for four hours这个时间状语，可以判断动作一直持续到现在并在持续进行当中，故选B。返回目录251)Now that she is out of a job,Lucy_going back to school,but she hasnt decided yet.（2004年北京卷）A.had considered B.has been considering C.considered D.is going to consider2)-Hi,Tracy,you look tired.“-I am tired.I _ th
19、e living room all day.A.painted B.had painted C.have been painting D.have painted26七、对过去完成时态的考查过去完成时，经常以“过去”为背景，要想表达比这一背景更早的动作，即“过去的过去”，常用此时态。Eg.When we got to the theatre,they had sold all the tickets.What a pity!had sold gotNow过去的过去27 George and Lucy got married last week.Did you go to their weddi
20、ng?No,I _.Did they have a big wedding?（2004年湖北卷）A.was not invited B.have not been invited C.hadnt been invited D.didnt invite28常见考点有：把过去完成时放在含有when,before,after,until,as soon as等引导的时间状语从句的复合句中考查。1)When the old man _ to walk back to his house,the sun _ itself behind the mountain.（2005年湖北卷）A.started;h
21、ad already hidden B.had started;had already hidden C.had started;was hiding D.was starting;hid29把过去完成时放在by+过去时间点或by the time+从句（一般过去时）的句子里考查。By the end of last year,another new gymnasium _ in Beijing.（2003年上海春）A.would be completed B.was being completed C.has been completed D.had been completed301.-D
22、o you work here?-No,I dont really work here.I _ until the new secretary comes.A.just help outB.have just helped outC.am just helping outD.will just help out举一反三破定势造成思维定式的干扰因素：comes从现主将误选just完成时标志误选B题眼：I dont really work here暂时性工作正确选项 CJust 的多义：刚 正 只不过 引起祈使句31一般现在时表示经常性、习惯性的动作或永久性的状态，而现在完成时则强调过去发生的动作
23、对现在造成的影响。1考查一般现在时和现在完成时的区别32典例1(2011年高考新课标全国卷)Planning so far ahead _no senseso many things will have changed by next year.Amade Bis makingCmakes Dhas made解析由于受so far的影响会误选D，其实这儿的so far不是表示“到目前为止”的那个短语so far，此处so是用来修饰短语far ahead的，far ahead很早。答案C33典例2(2011年高考安徽卷)I didnt ask for the name list.Why_ on
24、my desk?I put it there just now in case you needed it.Adoes it land Bhas it landedCwill it land Dhad it landed解析从对话中知道名单已经出现在桌子上了，所以需要用现在完成时。因此选B。342.(2010高 考 英 语 上 海 秋 季 卷,28)Every few years,the coal workers _ their lungs X-rayed to ensure their health.A.are having B.have C.have had D.had had【答案】B【
25、解析】本题考查时态。根据时间状语every few years,可判断本句应为一般现在时，因此答案选B。35前者强调按计划或安排而发生的事情；后者不强调行为的计划性，多指临时的决定或安排。2考查be going to do和willdo构成的将来时的区别36典例3Did you tell Julia about the result?Oh，no.I forgot.I _ her now.Awill be calling Bwill callCam going to call Dam to call解析分析四个选项可知，只有B项可表示临时作出的决定或产生的想法。A项表示将来某一时刻正在发生的事；
26、C项可表示预先安排好的要发生的事情；D项表示早就有的打算。答案B3738393考查过去时和现在完成时的区别现在完成时表示过去发生的动作对现在造成的影响；而过去时仅说明过去发生的动作，与现在毫无关系。40典例4The book has been translated into thirty languages since it _on the market in 1973.Ahad come Bhas comeCcame Dcomes解析since引导的从句作状语时，主句通常用完成时，而从句通常用一般过去时，所以选C项。答案C41过去时往往有明确的过去时间状语，说明是发生在过去的动作；而过去完成
27、时表示过去某个时间或动作之前已经发生或完成的动作或存在的状态，强调“过去的过去”，句中常有by，before，when，until等词引导的时间状语。4考查一般过去时和过去完成时的区别42典例5(2011四川卷)What a mistake!Yes.I_ his doing it another way,but without success.Awas suggesting Bwill suggestCwould suggest Dhad suggested解析根据语境可知suggest动作应发生在犯错误之前，即“过去的过去”，应使用过去完成时。答案D43一些动词的过去完成时的“特别”之意in
28、tend，mean，hope，want，plan，suppose，expect，think等动词的过去完成时可用来表示过去未曾实现的设想、意图或希望等，含有某种惋惜之情。如：I had intended to call on you yesterday，but I had an unexpected visitor.我本来打算昨天去看你，但我有了一个不速之客。44现在完成进行时强调的是在一段时期内某项活动的持续性，强调的是动作本身；现在完成时则是强调动作产生的结果或影响，而不是动作本身。5考查现在完成时和现在完成进行时的区别45典例6(2011年高考辽宁卷)Ill go to the libr
29、ary as soon as I finish what I_.Awas doing Bam doingChave done Dhad been doing解析我一完成我正在做的事情，就去图书馆。本题语境为现在时态，所以根据句意应用现在进行时态，表示现在正在做的事情。答案B466考查一般过去时和过去进行时的区别一般过去时仅说明动作发生在过去，不强调动作的延续性；而过去进行时则强调在过去某一时间正在进行或持续进行的动作。47典例7I walked slowly through the market，where people _all kinds of fruits and vegetables.
30、I studied the prices carefully and bought what I needed.Asell Bwere sellingChas sold Dhave sold答案B48现在进行时除表示现在外，还可以表示将来。现在进行时表将来时常有“安排”或“打算”之意，所用动词多是非延续性动词，如marry，die，leave，join等。7现在进行时表将来49典例8An airbus has begun taking orders from Chinese customers on the mainland and _more this year.Ais expecting
31、BexpectedCwill expect Dis expected解析此处应用一般将来时，但expect一词习惯上用进行时表示将来。答案A50被动语态51高考对被动语态的考查往往跟对时态的考查融合在一起，而且语境化特点非常突出。语态用以表示主语和谓语之间的关系。英语的语态分为主动语态和被动语态。主动语态表示主语是动作的执行者；被动语态表示主语是动作的承受者。521被动语态的谓语形式(以动词give为例)一般现在时态：am/is/are given一般过去时态：was/were given一般将来时态：shall/will be given过去将来时态：should/would be give
32、n现在进行时态：am/is/are being given过去进行时态：was/were being given现在完成时态：has/have been given过去完成时态：had been given53(2011年高考湖南卷)In the near future,more advances in the robot technology _ by scientists.Aare making Bare madeCwill make Dwill be made答案D542特殊结构的被动形式(1)双宾动词的被动结构双宾动词变为被动结构时，一般将主动结构中的间接宾语变为被动结构中的主语，直接
33、宾语不变。这一保留不变的宾语叫做保留宾语。如将主动结构中的直接宾语变为被动结构中的主语，间接宾语之前则应加介词to(可省去)或for(一般不可省)。如：55典例2She was _the bike for 20 dollars，but she wouldnt take it.Aprovided BsuppliedCoffered Dgave解析offer作“出价，开价”讲，常有offer(sb.)money for sth.答案C56(2)带复合宾语的动词的被动结构带复合宾语的动词变被动时，一般将主动结构中的宾语变为被动结构中的主语，宾语补足语不变。典例3The missing boys we
34、re last seen _near the river.Ato sing BsingingCto be singing Dsing答案B57(3)“be过去分词不定式”的被动结构She is said to know three languages.据说她懂三种语言。(4)“itbe过去分词从句”的被动结构Its said that she has some supernatural powers.58常见的结构还有：It is known that.众所周知It is suggested that.有人建议It is believed that.据信59(5)getdone构成被动语态此种
35、形式用来表示状态或情况，常考的形式如下：get married结婚；get engaged订婚；get hurt/wounded受伤；get lost迷路；get drunk喝醉了；get caught/stuck/trapped被困；get dressed穿好衣服；get run over被(车)轧60典例4Before she realized what happened，she got _ on the head and lost consciousness.Ahit Bto be hitChitting Dhitted解析get hit表示“被打”，做题时考生应注意hit的原形、过去式
36、、过去分词的形式是一样的，此处是其过去分词形式。答案A613时态和语态的综合考查高考单项填空中往往是把时态和语态结合起来考查，以增加试题的难度和综合性。621.(2010高 考 英 语 上 海 秋 季 卷,31)The church tower which _ will be open to tourists soon.The work is almost finished.A.has restored B.has been restored C.is restoring D.is being restored【答案】D【解析】本题考查时态和语态。restore意思为修复，因此为正在修复中，并
37、且the tower和restore之间是被动关系，所以选D。返回目录634主从句谓语动词的时态一致性主从句的时态要对应，即要保持时态的一致性。这使考生在做题中既可以根据主句的时态来确定从句的时态，也可以根据从句的时态来确定主句的时态。64典例6The church tower which _will be open to tourists soon.The work is almost finished.Ahas restored Bhas been restoredCis restoring Dis being restored解析因此此处强调正在修复中，且要用被动语态。故选D。答案D65
38、2固定句型中的固定时态在某些固定句型里往往有固定的时态要求，请体会下列句子中时态的运用：(1)This/It is the first/second.time I have done sth.That/It was the first/second.time I had donesth.(2)It is two years since he went abroad./It wastwo years since he had gone abroad.(3)I was about to go out when the telephone rang.66(4)Hardly had I got hom
39、e when the telephone rang.(5)No sooner had I got home than the telephone rang.(6)It wont be long before he comes back./It wasnt long before he came back.(7)I didnt manage to understand it until he had explained it again.(8)祈使句and(or，or else，otherwise)并列分句671(2011年高考新课标全国卷)When Alice came to，she did
40、not know how long she _ there.Ahad been lying Bhas been lyingCwas lying Dhas lain解析：由 she did not know how long.可知应用过去完成进行时，表示持续发生的动作。答案：A682(2011年大纲全国卷)If you dont like the drink you_，just leave it and try a different one.Aordered Bare orderingCwill order Dhad ordered答案：A693(2011年高考山东卷)When I got on the bus，I_I had left my wallet at home.Awas realizing BrealizedChave realized Dwould realize答案：B704(2011年高考福建卷)Last month,the Japanese government expressed their thanks for the aid they _ from China.Areceive Bare receivingChave received Dhad received答案：D71Thank you!
