1、限制性定语从句非限制性定语从句意义描述主句所涉及的人或物的具体情况,是主句不可或缺的一部分,若省去,主句意义不完整,甚至没有意义对主句所描述的人或物提供一些附加情况,起补充说明作用,若省去,主句意义仍完整结构要求紧跟先行词,主句和从句间不用逗号分开主句和从句间用逗号分开功能 修饰先行词既可修饰先行词也可修饰整个句子引导词关系代词:who,whom,whose,which,that关系副词：when,where,why关系代词:who,whom,whose,which,as关系副词：when,wheree.g.This is the house(which)we bought last mont
2、h.这是我们上个月买的那幢房子。The house,which we bought last month,is very nice.这幢房子很漂亮,是我们上个月买的。The man(whom/that/who)I met in the street was a driver.我在街上碰到的那个人是个司机。His mother,who loved him very much,died in 1998.他的母亲很爱他,但在1998年去世了。注意:专有名词具有“独一无二”的含义,通常只能由非限制性定语从句修饰。e.g.Lu Xun,who died in 1936,was a famous writ
3、er in China.鲁迅于1936年去世,是中国一位著名的作家。既可以作为限制性定语从句又可作为非限制性定语从句,注意意义上的差别。e.g.There are 20 students in this class who are from the northeast of China.在这个班里,有20名来自中国东北的学生。There are 20 students in this class,who are from the northeast of China.这个班有20名学生,他们来自中国的东北。(一)关系代词关系代词that指物和人在从句中作主语或宾语which 指物 在从句中作主
4、语或宾语who,whom指人 在从句中作主语和宾语whose 指人和物在从句中作定语as指物 在从句中作主语(二)关系副词关系副词when指时间 在从句中作时间状语where 指地点 在从句中地点状语why指原因 在从句中原因状语注意:在口语和非正式场合,when,where和why或相当于关系副词的“介词+which”结构可用that来代替并可省略。e.g.Do you know anywhere(that)I can get a drink?你知道在哪儿我能喝杯酒吗？why或that引导的定语从句,先行词是reason,且reason又作主句主语时,表语从句不能用because引导,而要用
5、that引导。其句型为：The reason why.is that.或The reason that.is that.。e.g.The reason why he was late for school was that he was injured in the traffic accident on his way to school.他上学迟到的原因是他在上学路上的交通事故中受伤了。The reason that he explained at the meeting was that he had to look after his mother in hospital.他在会上解释
6、的原因是他不得不去照顾他住院的母亲。“地点模糊”的先行词后跟where引导的定语从句。当先行词为point,situation,conditions,case,position,stage,scene,spot,activity,family,job等表示某人/物所处的情况、发展的阶段或表达某事的某个方面时,用where引导定语从句,where相当于from which,under which等,表示“在这种情况下”,“从中”等。e.g.Were just trying to reach a point where both sides will sit down together and t
7、alk.我们只是尽力想能达到双方共同坐下来商谈的地步。(三)关系代词与关系副词的选择依据1.考虑代替先行词的关系词在从句中充当的语法成分,如果关系词在从句中作主语、表语、宾语和定语,就用关系代词；如果关系词在从句中作状语,就用关系副词。The houseneeds repairing.他住的房子需要修理。where he liveswhich/that he lives in2.辨别先行词表示的是人、物、时间、地点还是原因。e.g.I dont like the man who always speaks ill of others.我不喜欢总是说他人坏话的人。I will never for
8、get the days when we worked together.我永远也忘不了我们在一起工作的日子。3.判断从句是限制性还是非限制性定语从句。e.g.A dictionary is a book that gives the meanings of words.词典是解释词语意思的书。A dictionary is a book,which gives the meanings of words.词典是一本书,它给出词语的意思。4.判断关系词在从句中作宾语还是作状语,取决于定语从句中的谓语动词。e.g.This is the point where I disagree.这就是我不同
9、意的地方。(disagree为不及物动词,故关系词用where。)This is the point(which/that)I disagree with.这就是我不同意的地方。(从句缺少介词with的宾语,用that/which引导,也可以省略)1.关系代词that与which先行词指物时,which与that 一般可以互换，但也有特殊情况。1)只用that不用which引导定语从句的情况。a.先行词前有序数词或形容词用最高级修饰，或先行词本身就是序数词或形容词最高级时，用that不用which。e.g.The first place that they visited in London
10、was the Big Ben.This is the best film that I ever seen.b.先行词是不定代词all,little,few,much,something,anything,everything,none,nothing,some等时,用that不用which。e.g.Have you taken down everything that Mr Li said?李老师讲的你都记下来了吗？There seems to be nothing that is impossible to him in the world.对他来说似乎世界上没有什么不可能的事。All
11、that can be done has been done.所有能做的都做了。c.先行词被all,every,no,some,any,little,much,one of,the only,the very,the right,the last,few,just等修饰时,用that不用which。e.g.All the guests that were invited to her wedding were important people.所有应邀来参加她婚礼的客人都是重要人物。This is the very dictionary that I want to buy.这正是我要买的词典
12、。Give me any books that you would recommend.给我你要推荐的书。d.先行词既有人又有物,兼顾两者,用that不用which。e.g.They talked about the persons and thingsthat they remembered at school.他们谈论着他们所能记起的在校时的人和事。e.主句是以who或which开头的疑问句时,用that不用which。e.g.Who is the man that is standing by the gate?站在门口的那个人是谁？Which is the Tshirt that fi
13、ts me most?哪件T恤衫最合我的身？f.当先行词在主句中作表语,而且关系代词在定语从句中也作表语时,用that不用which。e.g.Shenzhen is no longer the city that it used to be.深圳不再是过去的样子了。g.主句是there be句型时,修饰主语的定语从句用that不用which。e.g.There is a seat in the corner that is still free.在那个角落还有一个座位空着。h.有两个定语从句时,一个从句的关系代词已用which,另一个要用that。e.g.The country built u
14、p a factory which produces things that have never been seen before.这个国家建立了一个生产以前从未见到过的东西的工厂。i.用作关系副词,修饰表示时间的名词,如day,time,moment等代替when时,用that不用which。e.g.It happened on the day that(when)he was born.这事碰巧发生在他出生的那天。2)只用which不用that引导定语从句的情况a.关系代词前有介词时,用which不用that。e.g.The chair on which she sat is made
15、of wood.她坐的那把椅子是用木头做的。b.引导非限制性定语从句时,用which不用that。e.g.Football,which is a very interesting game,is played all over the world.足球,一项非常有趣的运动,在全世界流行。c.先行词后面有插入语时,用which不用that。e.g.Here is the English grammar book which,as Ive told you,will help you improve your English.这就是我告诉过你的那本英语语法书,它能帮你提高英语水平。d.先行词本身就
16、是that时,用which不用that。e.g.Whats that which flashed in the sky just now?刚才在天空中一闪而过的是什么？e.代表主句中谓语的整体概念时,用which不用that。e.g.He can swim in the sea,which I cant.他能在大海里游泳,我不能(在大海里游泳)。f.代表整个主句时,用which不用that。e.g.He broke my cup,which made me angry.他打破了我的杯子,这使我很生气。2.关系代词that与who1)只用who而不用that引导定语从句的情况。a.先行词是指人的
17、不定代词,如:one,ones,anyone,no one,those,all,nobody,anybody,none等时,用 who不用that。e.g.People all like those who have good manners.人们都喜欢那些有礼貌的人。b.在there be句型中,多用who指代人。e.g.There are some people who want to have holidays in Hainan.有一些想去海南度假的人。c.当先行词指特定的人时,关系代词多用who,不指特定的人时,多用that。e.g.The aunt who came to see
18、us last week is my fathers younger sister.上周来看我们的姑姑是我父亲的妹妹。d.在非限制性定语从句中作主语时,用who不用that。e.g.Professor Wang,who is over sixty,still works hard day and night.王教授已年过六旬,依然夜以继日努力工作着。e.当先行词有较长的后置定语或在被分割的定语从句中时,用who不用that。e.g.Professor Smith is coming soon who will give us a talk on how to learn English.史密斯
19、教授不久就要来给我们作一场关于如何学英语的讲座。3.as与which引导定语从句的区别as与which都可以代指主句中的一部分或整个句子的内容,有时可以互换。e.g.He married her,as/which was natural.很自然地,他和她结婚了。as的特殊用法：(1)as引导的定语从句可以放在句首,而which则不能。e.g.As is known to us all,China is developing rapidly.众所周知,中国发展迅速。(2)as表示“正如,正像”,而which无此意。此时,as从句中常有know,expect,happen,point out,pl
20、an,suggest等单词或短语。e.g.He came back home late,as we expected.正如我们所料,他回家晚了。注意:as引导的定语从句常见句式有：as is known to all(众所周知),as is often the case(经常是这个情形),as is mentioned above(如上所述),as is announced(如宣布的那样)。(3)当先行词被the same,such修饰时,定语从句需用as引导。e.g.It is such a difficult problem as none of us can work out.这么难的一
21、道题,我们没人做得出。He wears the same coat as I do.他穿着跟我一样的外套。注意:当先行词被the same修饰时,that也可引导定语从句,但意义有所不同。the same.as指同样或同类的事物；the same.that指同一个事物。e.g.This is the same watch as I lost.这块表与我丢的那块一样。(不是同一块表)This is the same watch that I lost.这就是我丢的那块表。(是同一块表)1.在“介词+关系代词”引导的定语从句中，介词的选用和它前面的先行词或它后面的从句中谓语的搭配有关。如：They
22、 tried to think of a plan with which they could complete their task ahead of time.It isnt a subject to which I devote a great deal of thought.2.“介词+关系代词”前可有名词、数词或some,any,none,both,all,neither,most,each,few等代词。如：The house,the windows of which were damaged,is being repaired now.She has four daughters
23、,two of whom are teachers.The speed of growth of the plant is influenced by a number of factors,most of which we have no control over.3.“介词+which”引导定语从句时，介词可以是in(the)front of,at the foot of,in the middle of等复合介词。如：He lived in a big house,in front of which stood a big tree.定语从句的用法较为复杂，高考除了单独考查定语从句知识外
24、，还常常结合句式结构、时态等来综合考查。纵观近几年各地高考试题，不难发现其考点主要包括：1.考查关系代词和关系副词的区分。如:that,which和where,when的区分;that,which和why的区分等。2.考查whose的使用。whose可以指代人或物,在定语从句中作定语,后跟名词。指物时,whose+名词=名词+of which=of which+名词。如：The classroom whose door/the door of which/of which the door is broken is on the second floor.3.考查as/which引导的非限制性
25、定语从句。尤其要重视which，as引导的非限制性定语从句和it，what引导的主语从句的区分。4.考查定语从句中的主谓一致现象。如：I,who am your close friend,will try my best to help you whenever you are in trouble.5.考查“介词关系代词”引导的定语从句。“介词关系代词”引导的定语从句，关系代词指人时用 whom，指物时用which，不能用that。关系代词作定语时也可用whose。如：The teacher in front of whose house stands a tall tree is very
26、 patient with his students.同时还要重视“复杂介词或代词”出现时与并列句的区别。如：He loved his parents deeply,both of whom are very kind to him.(定语从句)He loved his parents deeply and both of them are very kind to him.(并列句)此外，“介词+which+名词”结构，也是一个较为特殊的结构。如：He was very ill,in which case(=and in this case)we sent him to hospital f
27、irst.6.考查一些特殊的先行词。如:当situation,point,case,activity,scene及period,festival,occasion等出现时,要注意具体情况具体分析;作主语、宾语和表语时,用关系代词that/which;作状语时,用关系副词 where/when或“介词which”,表示在某种特定的情形下。7.考查定语从句、强调句、时间状语从句等的区别。如：The news that he had passed the exam pleased him and his family.(同位语从句)The news(that)he told me this morn
28、ing is not interesting.(定语从句)It was 1914 when the war broke out.(时间状语从句)It was in 1914 that the war broke out.(强调句)1.It is a truly delightful place,_ looks the same as it must have done 100 years ago with its winding streets and pretty cottages.(湖南2015)A.as B.where C.that D.whichD2.Opposite is St.Pa
29、uls Church,_ you can hear some lovely music.(北京2015)A.which B.that C.when D.where 3.Creating an atmosphere _ employees feel part of a team is a big challenge.(浙江2015)A.as B.whose C.in which D.at whichDC4.The books on the desk,_ covers are shiny,are prizes for us.(四川2015)A.which B.what C.whose D.that
30、5.As the smallest child of his family,Alex is always longing for the time _ he should be able to be independent.(陕西2015)A.which B.where C.whom D.whenCD用适当的关系词填空。1.Some people think that the great Chinese scholar Confucius,67._ lived from roughly 551 to 479 B.C.,influenced the development of chopstic
31、ks.（2016 新课标全国卷III）2.I live next door to a couple _ children often make a lot of noise.（北京2016）whowhose3.But my connection with pandas goes back to my days on a TV show in the mid1980s,65._ I was the first Western TV reporter permitted to film a special unit caring for pandas rescued from starvation
32、 in the wild.（2016 新课标全国卷I）4.Scientists have advanced many theories about why human beings cry tears,none of _ has been proved.（浙江2016）whenwhichI.用适当的关系词填空。1.Lighting bonfires at this time of the year is a tradition _ goes back to the 17th century.2.The thought of going home to his family was all _
33、kept him happy while he was working abroad.3.These people,_ identities will be kept secret,will be paid$40 a day.which/that whose that 4.The beach is the place _ I most like to be in the summer.5.Recent accidents,_ fifteen people lost their lives,have renewed concerns over the safety of overnight bu
34、ses.6.Laura was always helping her brother with his physics after school,_,of course,made her parents very happy.7.The police are looking for two boys aged 14,_ stole a computer from the office.8.He has been unwell,and this may be the reason _ he lost the match.where where whichwhowhy 9.Do you know
35、the date _ we have to submit the first essay?10.Our flight from London to Hong Kong actually stopped in Singapore,_ we hadnt expected.which whenII.选用括号内合适的关系词填空。1.Its not what you say but the way _ (which,that)you say it that annoys her.2.There are a lot of students in the reading room,most of _(who
36、m,which)have their heads bent down over their books.3.The park _(which,where)I usually go running in is across the road.4.Have you met with a situation _ (where,which)you cant deal with?5.A huge amount of oil was spilled,the effects of _(which,that)are still being felt.that whomwhichwhichwhich6.The
37、danger of driving is something _ (which,that)worries me each time I travel.7.About 30 of her friends and relations came to the airport to welcome her back,some of _(that,whom)had traveled long distance.8.The difficulties of living near the volcano are well understood by the people _(who,whom)farm th
38、e land there.that whomwho9.There are times _(when,which)I wonder what my life would be like without friends.10._(As,Which)you will find,I will never let you down.whenAsIII.用适当的“介词+关系代词”填空。1.They showed enormous kindness to me,_ I will always be grateful.2.In the dark street,there wasnt a single pers
39、on,_ she could turn for help.3.She has recently published a collection of short stories,most _ first appeared in the magazine.4.Jane,_ I placed the greatest trust,failed to meet my expectations.for which to whom of whichon whom5.The wedding,_ only members of the family were invited,took place last F
40、riday.6.Fortunately we had a map,_ we would have got lost.7.She has now moved back to the house on Long Island _ she was born.8.In the novel by Peters,_ the film is based,the main character is a teenager.9.There are still many things in our solar system _ we know nothing.to which without whichin whi
41、ch on which of/about which IV.将下面每组句子合并成一个含非限制性定语从句的复合句。1.Mr.Carter is very interested in our plan.I spoke to him on the phone last night._2.The street I live in is very noisy at night.This makes it difficult to sleep._Mr.Carter,to whom I spoke on the phone last night,is very interested in our plan.
42、The street I live in is very noisy at night,whichmakes it difficult to sleep.3.The Queens last visit was in May.She opened the new hospital then._4.I have sent my friend two letters.She has received neither of the letters._5.The new stadium will be opened next month.It can hold 90,000 people._The Qu
43、eens last visit was in May,when sheopened the new hospital.I have sent my friend two letters,neither ofwhich she has received.The new stadium,which can hold 90,000 people,will be opened next month.6.Sheila is away from home a lot.Her job involves a lot of traveling._7.John is one of my closest frien
44、ds.I have known him for a very long time._Sheila,whose job involves a lot of traveling,isaway from home a lot.John,who/whom I have known for a very long time,is one of my closest friends.8.She lived in Rome for a couple of years.She taught English there._She lived in Rome for a couple of years,where she taught English.
