1、选修八 Unit3 Inventors and inventionsPeriod3 Grammar过去分词用做定语 概念：过去分词是非谓语动词的一种形式,表示完成和被动的动作。它在句子中可以充当表语、定语等成份。下面仅谈其作定语和表语的用法。一、过去分词作定语过去分词作定语有前置和后置两种情况。 1、前置定语单个的过去分词作定语,通常放在被修饰的名词之前,表示被动和完成意义。A类:被动意义:an honored guest 一位受尊敬的客人The injured workers are now being taken good care of in the hospital.受伤的工人现正在医
2、院受到良好的照料。B类:完成意义:a retired teacher 一位退休的教师They are cleaning the fallen leaves in the yard.他们正在打扫院子里的落叶。2、后置定语过去分词短语作定语时,通常放在被修饰的名词之后,它的作用相当于一个定语从句。如:This will be the best novel of its kind ever written (=that has ever been written).这将是这类小说中写得最好的。Who were the so-called guests invited (=who had been i
3、nvited) to your party last night?昨晚被邀请参加你的晚会的那些所谓的客人是谁呀?二、过去分词作表语作表语的过去分词主要来自及物动词,在主-系-表句型中,说明主语所处的一种状态。其中系动词有包括be在内的多种形式。如:You seem frightened.你看样子受了惊吓。少数不及物动词(如go, come, set)的过去分词也能作表语,但它们不表示被动意义,只是表示动作完成。如:They are gone for vacation.他们度假去了。注意:要区别“系动词+过去分词(系表结构)” 和 “系动词+过去分词(被动语态)”。如:A. The librar
4、y is now closed.图书馆现在关门了。B. The library is closed at six.图书馆经常在六点钟关门。说明:作表语用的过去分词表示主语的特点或所处的状态,强调主谓关系。这种结构中的过去分词前可加quite, very, rather等修饰词。系动词可有多种,表示不同的意义;被动语态表示动作,强调动宾关系,绝大多数被动结构中的行为执行者还可以用by短语来表示。因此,我们不难看出在上面两句中,A句是系表结构,B句是被动语态。 当堂导练：从A、B、C、D四个选项中,选出可以填入空白处的最佳选项。1. Most of the artists _ to the par
5、ty were from South Africa. (MET 1990)A. invited B. to invite C. being invited D. had been invited2. The computer center, _last year, is very popular among the students in this school. A.open B.opening C. having opened D. opened3. Cleaning women in big cities usually get _ by the hour.(NMET 1998)A. p
6、ay B. paying C. paid D. to pay4.How do you deal with the disagreement between the company and the customers?The key _ the problem is to meet the demand _ by the customers. (北京2002)A. to solving; making B. to solving; made C. to solve; making D. to solve; made5. Dont use words, expressions, or phrase
7、s _ only to people with specific knowledge.A. being known B. having been known C. to be known D. knownKey: 1-5 ADCBD过去分词作定语与所修饰的词之间有两种关系:从时间上讲,表示动作已经完成;从语态上讲,表示被动的概念。分词作定语有两种形式：它可以放在被修饰的名词之前,称为前置定语；有的放在被修饰的名词之后,称为后置定语。 (1) 前置定语:单个过去分词及由过去分词构成的复合形容词作定语时,通常置于被修饰词之前。如:the developed countries发达国家;well-t
8、rained policemen训练有素的警察man-made satellites人造卫星;invited people 被邀请的人We only sell used books.我们只卖用过的书。(2) 后置定语:当单个过去分词及由过去分词修饰代词时,需置于被修饰词之后;过去分词短语作定语要后置。如:Dont use words, expression_rs or phrases known only to people with specific knowledge.不要运用只有具有特别知识的人才能懂的词汇和表达方式。The bridge built last month needs r
9、epairing.上个月建造的那座桥需要修理。(3)部分过去分词作定语有的既可前置也可后置，意义不变,但部分过去分词置于被修饰词前后的位置不同,则意义也不相同。如:All the broken windows have been repaired. =All the windows broken have been repaired. 所有坏了的窗户已经修理好了。an adopted child 收养的孩子;a plan adopted 被采纳的方案(4)分词短语作定语必须置于被修饰词之后,相当于一个被动语态的定语从句。如: The first textbooks written for te
10、aching as a foreign language came out in the 16th century. = The first textbooks that(which)were written for teaching as a foreign language came out in the 16th century. The Olympic Games, first held in 776 BC, did not include women competitors until1912. = The Olympic Games, which were first held i
11、n 776 BC, did not include women competitors until 1912.? The man, having been disturbed so badly, almost lost his memory. = The man, who had been disturbed so badly, almost lost his memory. 由于被严重困扰,这个人几乎失去了记忆。(5)完成体的分词一般不作定语,若要表达完成意义最好用定语从句。如:我们一般不说:The girl having won the race is my desk mate.而常这样说
12、:The girl who has won the race is my desk mate.(6)一些不及物动词的过去分词作定语时在意义上只表完成不表被动。如: 表示被动也表示完成:the question discussed yesterday 昨天讨论的问题;the broken glass 碎了的杯子; the person killed last year去年被杀的人只表示完成,不表示被动:newly-arrived goods新到的货;fallen leaves落叶;faded flowers凋谢的花1. Travelling at a speed over 400 kilometres per hour, the train can complete the 30-kilometre journey in eight minutes.火车以每小时400多公里的时速前进,在8分钟内就完成了30公里的路程。注意速度speed和介词at的连用。如:at full speed 以全速at a speed of 50 miles per hour 以每小时五十英里的速度at the top of ones speed 某人以最高速度at what speed 以多快的速度Homework：review the lesson.
