1、Unit 2 What is happiness to you?What is happiness to you?What is happiness to you?Grammar and UsageGrammar and Usage1不定式作状语 不定式作状语常用来表目的、结果或原因等。例如：We eat to live,but we dont live to eat.(目的)What has he said to make you so happy?(结果)She burst into tears to hear the bad news.(原因)一 作状语注：表目的的不定式还常与so as
2、或in order连用，构成so as(not)to do和in order(not)to do 结构，其中so as(not)to do 不能用于句首。例如：To get there in time,we got up very early.=In order to get there in time,we got up very early.=We got up very early(in order/so as)to get there in time.不定式可用于作表语或补语的形容词之后作状语。例如：Be careful not to catch cold.The man is eas
3、y to get along with.不定式常与too或enough连用，在句中作状语。例如：The boy is too young to go to school/to be sent to school.=The boy is not old enough to go to school/to be sent to school.不定式有时用于so.as to do sth.结构中作状语。例如：Will you be so kind as to help me with the work?有时，不定式还可修饰一个句子，表明说话人的态度。常见的这类不定式有to tell you the
4、truth,to be honest,to be franc,to be fair,等。例如：To tell you the truth,I dont like the film.2-ing分词和-ed分词作状语-ing分词和-ed分词作状语修饰谓语，多说明动作发生的背景、方式或伴随情况。如果在逻辑 上句中的主语与分词有主谓关系，用-ing分词，有动宾关系则用-ed分词。例如：We enjoyed ourselves in the park,singing and dancing.Built in 1900,the house is now 100 years old.-ing分词和-ed分词
5、都可作原因或时间状语,其作用相当于一个相应的状语从句。如果在逻辑 上句中的主语与分词有主谓关系用-ing分词，有动宾关系则用-ed分词。例如:Being so poor in those days,they couldnt send the boy to school.(原因)Born in a poor family,the boy could not go to school.(原因)Hearing the bad news,she burst into tears.(时间)Seen from the hill,the park looks more beautiful.(时间)-ing分
6、词有时可作结果状语。例如：Her husband died in the war,leaving her a widow with three children.We got up very early,arriving at the hospital ahead of time.-ed分词有时用作条件状语，其作用相当于一个条件状语从句。例如：Given more time,we could have done it much better.如果不定式或分词表示的动作在谓语动词表示的动作之前发生，该不定式或分词用完成式。例如：Im sorry to have given you so much
7、 trouble.Having never/Not having met the man before,I couldnt recognize him at first.Having finished my homework,I went to play football.分词短语作状语时，通常与主句中的主语在逻辑上一致，但有时它也可以有自己独立的逻辑主语，这种结构称为“独立主格”结构。例如：Her grandfather being ill,she had to stay at home looking after him.(原因)The test finished,we began our
8、 holiday.（时间）The president assassinated,the whole country was in deep sorrow.（原因）Weather permitting,we are going to visit you tomorrow.（条件）有些分词在句子中没有主语，这种分词在语法上被称为垂悬分词，属于分词的一种特殊用法。taking.intoconsideration考虑到 judging by/from从判断speaking of 说到generally speaking一般说来to tell the truth说实话 allowing for考虑到re
9、garding关于concerning关于granting/ed(that)如果；即使providing/ed(that)如果given(that)考虑到 considering考虑到presuming 假定admitting(that)承认典型例题1.European football is played in 80 countries,_ it the most popular sport in the world.A.making B.makes C.made D.to make 解析：此题考查-ing分词作结果状语的用法。2._ in thought,he almost ran int
10、o the car in front of him.A.Losing B.Having lost C.Lost D.To lose 解析：此题考查-ed分词短语作原因状语的用法 be lost in thought是一个短语，意为“陷入沉 思”。3.Tom kept quiet about the accident _ lose his job.A.so not as to B.so as not to C.so as to not D.not so as to 解析：此题考查不定式作目的状语及其结构，所以选B。Exercise1.She set out soon after dark _ h
11、ome an hour later.A.arrivingB.to arrive 2.C.having arrived 3.D.and arrived 2.“Cant you read?”Mary said _ to the notice.A.angrily pointing B.and point angrily C.angrily pointedD.and angrily pointing 3._ a reply,he decided to write again.A.Not receivingB.Receiving notC.Not having receivedD.Having not
12、received 4.She is upstairs _ letters.A.writesB.is writingC.writeD.writing 5.The secretary worked late into the night,_ a long speech for the president.A.to prepareB.preparingC.prepared D.was preparing 二 作表语1.动词不定式作表语be to do sth.说明主语的内容His job is to send papers every morning.计划要做某事What am I to do th
13、em？2.现在分词作表语be doing sth.This story is very interesting.This match is very exciting.注意：主语常是物；doing具有了形容词的特性；注意与进行时态的区别3.过去分词作表语 be done过去分词作表语与被动语态的区别：被动语态强调动作，过去分词作表语说明主语的状态与特征。This novel was written in 1976.This novel is well written.被动语态后常接by+执行者；而过去分词作表语后不接介词by，但可以接其他介词，表示特征。The cup was broken b
14、y him.The cup is broken.I am interested in English.-ing动词作表语和-ing动词用于进行时的区别：动名词作表语说明主语“是什么”，现在分词作表语说明主语是特征。-ing动词用于正在进行时时，说明主语正在执行的动作。如：Her work is taking care of the children.（说明主语“是什么”）Her work is interesting,and she enjoys taking care of the children.（说明她工作的特征是有意思的）不定式和动名词作表语的区别：不定式作表语强调的是一次性、具体的
15、、将要发生的动作；动名词作表语强调的是一般性、抽象的、经常发生的动作。如：His job is to paint the walls.（目前要做的事情，并不是他日常的工作）His job is painting walls.（这是他日常的工作）现在分词作表语与过去分词作表语的区别：现在分词表示：“令怎么样”exciting/interesting/surprising/disappointing/astonishing/puzzling/exhausting/discouraging过去分词表示：“感觉起来怎么样”delight/disappointed/upset/astonished/ex
16、cited/frightened/interested/puzzled/exhausted/satisfied/qualified 不定式作表语和不定式表示将来时的区别：不定式作表语用于说明主语“是什么”，和主语之间是可以划等号的，不定式用来表示将来时态时，表示主语即将要执行的动作，和主语之间是不能划等号的。如：What he wanted to suggest is to cut down the price and increase the sales.My American teacher is to leave China soon.1.Sarah,hurry up.Im afraid you cant have time to _ before the party.A.get changed B.get changeC.get changing D.get to changeExercise2.It is believed that if a book is _,it will surely _ the reader.A.interested;interest B.interesting;be interestedC.interested;be interestingD.interesting;interest
