1、Unit 4Global Warming人教新课标选修六Translate the following words into English:图表现象燃料影响灾难副产品数据气候每陈述范围干旱graphphenomenonfuelperdatacatastropheclimateconsequencestaterangebyproductdrought与比较发生大量的导致增加毫无疑问继续物种的灭绝compare tocome abouthuge quantities ofresult inbuild upThere is no doubt that keep onzxxkthe destruct
2、ion of speciesTranslate the following words into English:1.matter 要紧、有关系，=be importantIt doesnt matter if I miss the train because theres another one in ten minutes.It is what you do rather than what you say that matters.Language points2.It is a rapid increase when compared to other natural pare vt.
3、1)比较;对照comparewith表示“把与相比(同类相比)”如：Compared to/with many women,she was indeed very fortunate.Zx.xk2)喻为;比拟compareto 表示“把比做(异类相比,比喻)”如：My handwriting can not be comparedwith my fathers.我的书法不能与我父亲的相比。Shakespeare compared the world to a stage.莎士比亚把人世比做舞台。用法拓展(1)compare notes 交换意见(2)beyond comparison/comp
4、are无与伦比(3)compare.to.把比作(4)compare.with.把和相比Compared with your brother,you should make greater efforts to study English.和你哥哥相比，你应该更加努力学习英语。Zx/xkcome about:发生,造成,相当于happen你能告诉我事情是怎么发生的吗？Can you tell me how the accident came about?随着电的使用,种种大变化发生了。With the use of electricity,great changes have come e o
5、ut 出现;出版come up 出现;被提出3.So how has this come about and does it matter?come aboutcome acrosscome roundcome into beingcome into effectcome outzxx/kcome down to earth发生偶然遇到绕道而来出现,形成开始生效出现;出版;显出回到现实中来come about 是不及物短语。Please tell me how the accident _.I am still in the dark.(2005 江西)A.came by B.came out
6、 C.came to D.came aboutD4.There is no doubt that.doubt 1)作不可数名词,作“疑惑;怀疑”肯定句中doubt多接whether(一般不用if代替)同位语从句。否定句中doubt多接that同位语从句。如:Theres some doubt _ hell keep his promise.She had her doubt _ the new book would sell well.whetherwhetherThere is no doubt _ they will ask you for help.I have no doubt _ y
7、ou will succeed.2)作及物动词常用于下列句型中,作“怀疑;不能肯定;不大相信”解,一般不用进行时态。thatthat用于否定句或疑问句,后接that引导的宾语从句。用于肯定句,一般接whether 或if引导的宾语从句。如:I dont doubt _ he is telling the truth.我毫不怀疑他在讲真话。Do you doubt _ he will win the match?你怀疑他会赢这场比赛吗?I doubt _ we will make a profit out of it.我认为我们不可能从此事中获利。We doubt _ she will be p
8、ersuaded.我们不知道她会不会被说服。whether/ifwhether/ifthatthat4.subscribe to1)同意;支持I dont subscribe to such views.我不同意这样的观点。2)对.捐款Many people subscribed liberally to the relief fund.许多人为救灾基金慷慨解囊。3)订阅(书籍等)He subscribed to Readers Digest.他订阅读者文摘。5.Without the green house effect,the earth would be about thirty-thr
9、ee degrees Celsius cooler than it is.如果没有温室效应,地球会比现在冷33。这是一个含蓄虚拟条件句。有时假设的情况并不以条件从句形式表示出来,而是通过一个介词短语或其他方式表示。常用的词或短语有:without,but for,otherwise,or,but等。e.g.Without your help(=If we had not had your help),we could not havesucceeded要是没有你的帮助,我们是不会成功的。He felt very tired yesterday,or he wouldhave attended
10、the party他昨天很累,不然他就参加那个聚会了。6.quantity n.数量;量1)“a large/small quantity of+不可数名词或可数名词复数”表示“大量的/少量的”,当它修饰名词作主语时,谓语动词用单数2)“large/small quantities of+不可数名词或可数名词复数”,但谓语动词用复数。Large quantities of cotton have been shipped all over the world already.A large quantity of bamboo is used for pipes to carry water.
11、可数名词和不可数名词均可修饰：lots of=a lot of a quantity of=quantities of a mass of=masses of,plenty of只修饰可数名词：many,a great/large number of=large numbers of,a good/great many,scores of,dozens of只修饰不可数名词：much,a great/large amount ofa great/good deal of注意：amounts of+不可数名词充当句子的主语时,其谓语动词用复数。an amount of+不可数名词充当句子的主语时
12、,其谓语动词用单数。the amount of+不可数名词the number of+可数名词 e.g.What are you going to do with the amount of money?7.It means that more heat energy tends to be trapped in the atmosphere causing the global temperature to go up.二氧化碳量的增加意味着更多的热能滞留在大气中，结果造成地球温度的上升。主句是“It means”;that 引导的是宾语从句，其中的分词短语“causing the glob
13、al temperature to go up”作结果状语。tend vi.倾向；易于；照顾 vt.照顾；护理1)tend to/toward sth.有的趋势；倾向于tend(to)照顾2)tendency n.倾向a tendency to/towards sth的倾向，趋势have a tendency to do sth.倾向于做某事，往往会做某事Eg.My grandmother tends to go to bed early every day.He has a tendency to forget things.go up 1)上升Prices have gone up aga
14、in.物价又上涨了。2)被建造起来New factories are going up everywhere.到处在兴建新工厂。result in产生，导致（lead to,cause sth to happen)result from 由引起，产生(lie in,occur,as a result of/because of)The accident resulted _ the drivers carelessness,which resulted _ the death of two passengers.fromin8.1.The experiment _ the discovery
15、of a cure for cancer.A.resulted in B.lead to C.resulted from D.was caused by2.He slipped and broke his leg._,he will have to be away from school for two or three months.A.Resulting in B.With the result that C.As a result D.The result is that9.On the one hand,Dr Foster thinks that the trend which inc
16、reases the temperature by 5 degrees would be a catastrophe.On the one hand,this activity is interesting;on the other hand,it makes people happy.You should pay attention to the trend of public opinion.(舆论导向）The earthquake was a terrible catastrophe.10.On the other hand,there are those,like George Ham
17、bley,who are opposed to this view,believe that we should not worry about high levels of carbon dioxide in the air.在另一方面,还有一些人,对这一观点持反对态度,像科学家乔治 汉布利,他们认为我们不必担心空气中高含量的二氧化碳。on the other hand:另一方面Id like to eat out,but on the otherhand I should be trying to save money.I want to go to the party,but on th
18、e other hand I ought to be studying.我想去参加聚会,但从另一方面来说,我应该留下来学习。oppose vt.反对;反抗 如：be opposed to sth./doing sth.反对某事/做某事I am opposed to going shopping with others.我反对与他人一起外出购物。He is strongly opposed to the plan.他强烈反对这一计划。oppose sth./doing sth.反对某事/做某事oppose后若接动词,则用其动名词形式，而不用动词不定式。The young man opposed/
19、objected to turning to his parents for help.11.consequence n.结果,后果,影响 in consequence 因此 as a consequence 结果 as a consequence of 由于的结果 It rained yesterday and in consequence the match was canceled.He studied hard,and in consequence he passed the exam.+n.12.state +that从句+wh-从句；他已公开声明他会支持那项政策。He has pu
20、blicly _ _ _ for the policy.stated his support我听见那位官员说不接纳儿童。I heard the official state that they would not accept children.合同清楚地叙述了那项工作应在何时完成。The contract stated when the work should be finished.v.陈述,声明；n.状况,情况;国家；13.Range n.范围，种类1）beyond the range of 超越的范围out of ones range 某人达不到的in/within range 在范围
21、内a wide range of 一系列a full range of 各种这家商店商品品种多。The shop keeps _.a wide range of goods2)range from to 在什么范围内变动range betweenand 在什么和什么范围内变动温度在15度到35度之间。The temperature _.ranges from 15 to 35 degrees14.built up逐步建立；增加；增进(1)build up ones confidence/body增强自信/体质(2)build sb./oneself up增强某人的体质；使更加强壮(3)buil
22、d on.在的基础上发展Traffic is building up on roads into the city.来往的车辆在通往市区的道路上越聚越多。You need more protein to build you up.你需要增加蛋白质以增强体质。15.even if/though:即使;虽然He will come on time even though it rains.即使下雨,他还是会准时来的。I wouldnt tell you even if I knew.Even if she survives,shell never fully recover.Even though
23、 hes 24 now,hes still like a little child.I can still remember,even though it was so long ago.16.keep on 继续We kept on working in the field in spite of the rain.尽管下雨，我们还是坚持在地里劳动。The children kept on writing though the bell was ringing.尽管铃声在响着，孩子们还是继续写着。17.On the whole the warming of the earth is a ph
24、enomenon that causes great concern.总体上来说，全球气候变暖是一种引起广泛关注的现象。His business，on the whole，was successful.他的事业大体上是成功的。My opinion is on the whole the same as yours.我的意见大体上同你的差不多。On the whole our talks were going on smoothly.总的来说，我们的谈判进展顺利。Discovering useful words and expressions Find the words in the text
25、 that have these two meanings.Take notice of the meaning used in the reading passage,write the words and mark their usage in the chart.1Possible meaningsword Which used1 n.a general tendency in the way a situation is changing2 v.to start doing something that everyone copiestrend11 v.to make somethin
26、g(especially something bad)increase2 n.a substance that can be burned to make heat or energyfuel21 n.the physical or mental condition of someone2 v.to formally say or write some information or an opinionstate21 v.to use time,energy,goods,etc2 v.(formal)to eat or drink somethingconsume11 v.to look qu
27、ickly at someone or something2 v.to read something very quicklyglance2Go over the new words and phrases in the previous sections.Then complete each sentence with one of those new words or phrases.21.Charles Keeling collected _on the carbon dioxide content in the atmosphere over a forty-year period.H
28、e found that the amount of carbon dioxide _ increasing during that time.datakept on2.Although we are burning coal in huge _ every year,we wont _ of it for centuries.3.If the amount of greenhouse gases continues to _ we could be facing a global _.quantitiesrun outbuild upcatastrophe4.Many scientists
29、believe that global warming has _ through the burning of fossil e about5.The _ of a rising sea level would be widespread flooding.consequence6.On the whole the warming of the earth is a _ that causes great concern.7.The _ shows temperature changes during the 20th century.8.One hectare of forest can
30、absorb 23 tons of carbon dioxide _ year.phenomenongraphper9.The washing machine uses too much energy,but _ we buy a more economical one,it would still use too much water.even if10.The Car accident on the main road yesterday _ one drivers death.resulted inDiscovering useful structures1.it 作人称代词,主要指刚提
31、到的事物，以避免重复;也可以指动物或婴儿.2.it作非人称代词，有时并不指具体的东西，而泛指天气、时间、日期、距离等.Review the use of“it”(1)3.用以代替指示代词this,that4.it 作形式主语，而真正的主语是动词不定式、动名词或从句。5.it 作形式宾语，而真正的宾语是动词不定式、动名词或从句。The use of“it”(2)The Use of“it”forEmphasisCompare the two sentences below.1.Human activity has caused this global warming.2.It is human
32、activity that has caused this global warming.“It”has been used in the second sentence to give extra importance to“human activity”.一.陈述句的强调句型结构:1.Tom ate an egg at home this morning.强调主语：It was Tom that/who ate an egg at home this morning.强调宾语：It was an egg that Tom ate at home this morning.强调时间状语：It
33、 was this morning that Tom ate an egg at home.强调地点状语：It was at home that Tom ate an egg this morning.1.Tom ate an egg at home this morning.Conclusion:陈述句的强调句型结构:It is/was+被强调成分(主语/宾语/状语等)+that/who+句子的其他成分。（it在这种句型中本身无实际意义）Notice：1.除谓语动词以外的成分都可用于强调句中;2.如原句时态为现在时或将来时，则be 用 is,如原句时态为过去时,则 be用was;3.当被强调
34、部分指人时，既可以用that,也可用 who.二.一般疑问句的强调句型：1.It was Tom that/who ate an egg at home this morning.Was it Tom that/who ate an egg at home this morning?2.It was at home that Tom ate an egg this morning.Was it at home that Tom ate an egg this morning?Conclusion:Is/Was+it+被强调的部分+that/who+其余部分?三.特殊疑问句的强调句型：Concl
35、usion:被强调部分(通常是疑问代词或疑问副词)+is/was+it+that/who+其余部分?1.It was this morning that Tom ate an egg at home.When was it that Tom ate an egg at home?2.It was at home that Tom ate an egg this morning.Where was it that Tom ate an egg this morning?not.until 的强调形式是：It is not until+被强调部分+that.，主要用于强调时间状语的强调句型。He
36、didnt go to bed until his mother came back.It was not until his mother came back that he went to bed.四.not.until 的强调形式 Notice:注意区别强调句和定语从句：判断是强调句还是定语从句，可把 It is/was that/who去掉，剩余部分在不增减任何词的情况下可以还原成一个完整的句子，那么这个句子就是强调句，否则就是定语从句。2.It was 9 oclock I met her father in the street.A.that B.whenAB1.It was at
37、 9 oclock I met her father in the street.谓语的强调方式：do/does/did+动词原形（1）我的确想去北京。I want to go to Beijing.I do want to go to Beijing.（2）我昨天确实买了一支新钢笔。I bought a new pen yesterday.I did buy a new pen yesterday.五.谓语的强调方式六、it 常用的固定搭配1.make it(1)在口语当中相当于succeed,表示:成功、做到、说定、赶上、及时到达.Its hard to make it to the to
38、p in show business.(2)在口语中相当于fix the date for,表示“约定好时间”。例如:-Shall we meet next week?-OK.We just make it next Saturday.2.take it/things easy相当于Dont worry or dont hurry.用来劝告别人,表示“不要慌,别担心,存住气”。例如:Take it easy!He will do it well.3.It all depends/that all depends.在口语中,相当于it hasnt been decided yet,表示“那得看情
39、况,还没有定下来”。例如:-Are you going to the countryside for holiday?-It/That all depends.4.Its up to sb.在口语中,相当于its decided by sb.表示“由决定,由负责,取决于”例如:-Shall we go out for dinner?-Its up to you.5.It looks(seems)as if.该句型中it无意义，as if 引导一个状语从句。常译为，看起来好象如果与事实不相符合，则用虚拟语气。It looks as if he is ill.（真的病了）It looks as i
40、f he were ill.（没有生病）It seemed as if he were dying.Tell the function of“it”:1.Its difficult to remember all their names.2.Its very quiet in the caf.3.It rained for three days.4.He made it clear that he didnt want to speak to me.5.It was nice to meet you.形式主语,代替CircumstanceWeather形式宾语,代替形式主语,代替6.It wa
41、s on Tuesday that Smith came.7.Its three miles from here to the nearest garage.8.A tall man stood up and shook hands.It was captain Lawrie.9.I hear you bought a new bike.Can you show it to me?用于强调句型中Distance人称代词,代表前面提到的人人称代词,代表前面提到的物10.It was five oclock when we got back home yesterday.11.It was dir
42、ty and wet below the ship where the slaves were kept.12.It was on this coast that lots of his people disappeared.13.It was most likely that one third of them had lost their lives.TimeCircumstance用于强调句型作引导词,在句中作形式主语,代替后面的从句What can we do about global warming?Reading and writing1.Who are the writers o
43、f the letters?Ouyang Guang and the editor of Earth Care.Reading1.Whats the purpose of Ouyang Guangs letter?To get some suggestions for what he can do about global warming.Read Ouyangs letter and answer:2.Sometimes he has a commitment,whats it?Individuals can have little effect on global warming.1.Do
44、es Earth Care agree with Ouyang Guangs opinion that individuals can have little effect?No,Earth Care doesnt agree.Read Earth Cares reply and answer:2.What suggestions does Earth Care give him?(in your own words)2.What suggestions does Earth Care give him?Turn electrical appliances off when not using
45、 them.Dont turn up the heat.Put on more clothes.Walk or ride a bike.Dont drive.Buy products that use less energy.Plant trees.Talk with family and friends about global warming.Recycle cans,bottles,plastic bags and newspapers.Buy things made from recycled materials.AssignmentMake a poster for your sch
46、ool that tells students various ways they can reduce the amount of carbon dioxide in the air.Fighting global warmingCut down on energy.Cut down on carbon dioxide.If not using an electrical item,turn it off.If you suddenly feel cold,dont turn the heat up,put a jacket instead.Walk or ride a bike and s
47、ave fossil fuels.Recycle paper,cardboard and newspapers.Buy products made from recycled materials.Buy energy-saving products like low energy light bulbs.Plant trees to absorb CO2.Tell your friends about global warming.Every effort counts!We have onlyone earth!Let us save energy and protect environme
48、nt together.1.on behalf of He accepted the cup on behalf of the team.2.advocate v.提倡,主张,拥护,鼓吹/n.提倡者He advocates building more schools.The public advocated passing the law.Language mitment n.承诺,信奉,忠诚,预先安排的事His political commitment is only skin-deep.他政治上的承诺只是表面文章。commit v.犯罪,犯错误,使承担义务,为某人作出保证commit a
49、crime 4.pollution n./pollute v.Many young people could not resist the spiritual pollution.很多年轻人不能抵制精神污染。Many lakes have been polluted by industrial waste.5.We do not have to put up withpollution.put up with:suffer or bear patiently;tolerate 忍受；容忍I cannot put up with the toothache.We cant change the
50、bad weather,so we must put up with it.I wont put up with her rudeness any longer!6.electrical 关于电方面的,被修饰的名词本身不带电electric 导电的,电动的,发电的,被修饰的名词本身带电借喻”像电一样的 令人骤然激动的”He is an electrical engineer.I bought an electric rice cooker last month.The atmosphere in the theatre was electric.7.so long as/as long asa
51、s long as 只要，如果As long as there is life,there is hope.留得生命在,不怕没希望.You can go out,as/so long as you promise to be back before 11 oclock.你可以出去,只要你答应在11点以前回来.Ill accept any job as/so long as I dont have to get up early.只要不必早起,任何工作我都可以接受.I will stay as long as I can.8.make a difference1)有很大差别,有很大不同2)有很大
52、的关系/影响 常跟to锻炼对你的健康产生很大的影响。Exercise can make a great difference to your health.那对我没有影响。That makes no difference to me.make no difference to对没有关系9.casual adj.随便的,漫不经心的,偶然的，休闲的,便装的His casual manner annoyed me.他无所谓的态度令我恼火Dont be casual about this.不要对此漠不关心10.contribution n./contribute v.All contributions
53、,however small,will be greatly appreciated.He has an important contribution to the companys success.contribute to1)为.作贡献we should contribute more to our beautiful country.我们应该为我们美丽的祖国做出更多的贡献。2)捐助;帮助How much did you contribute to the relief fund?你为那笔救济金捐了多少?3)促成,导致Does smoking contribute to lung canc
54、er?吸烟会导致肺癌吗?4)为.写稿She has been contributing to the paper for 5 years.五年以来,她一直在为那家报纸撰搞。Suggested answers to Exercise 1 on page 63:1.I think our conference was very successful on the whole.Pro Browns presentation was warmly received.2.There is a wide range of energy sources,coal,oil,natural gases,wate
55、r power,nuclear power and so on.3.Now that(Since)your bike was broken,you can use mine so long as you take care of it.4.Sue often buys food at the near store and hits it in the microwave for lunch.Then she drinks a can of cola to refresh herself and goes back to the office.5.Id like to thank Mr.Smit
56、h on behalf of the school for his work as a scholar,an engineer and an educator.6.She is opposed to war,cruelty to animals,racism and so on with a commitment to help all living things.7.His programme has been passed smoothly because most of the representatives in the conference subscribed to it.8.In
57、 recent years,the winter temperature in this region tends to go up,and one of the main reasons which have resulted in this consequence is the air pollution.9.His main contribution to our country is that he suggested on controlling the population growth.10.The chairman of the conference stated that a
58、lthough the people at present are in disagreement on some issues,they are in agreement with each other on environmental protection.11.The existence of life in outer space is still a mystery.12.Experts said that the global temperature would show a tendency to increase.Answer key for exercise 1 on page 56:mild,circumstance,flood,catastrophe,steadily,casual,average,widespread,electrical,motor,advocated,put up with,kept on
