1、Unit 4 Astronomy：the science of the starsUnit 4 Astronomy：the science of the stars人类对太空的探索从未停止过。你知道第一个遨游太空的人和第一个登陆月球的人都是谁吗？让我们一起来了解一下吧！Unit 4 Astronomy：the science of the starsWho Was the First Person in Space?Growing up in todays world,it can be hard to imagine a time when outer space was a true my
2、stery.You already know men have walked on the Moon.The International Space Station orbits(绕 轨 道 飞 行)Earth and sends back all sorts of information.Unit 4 Astronomy：the science of the starsWay back in the day,though,outer space was an unexplored frontier(领域).The people of Earth could only look up at t
3、he sky and wonder about what was up there.All that changed on April 12,1961.That day,Russian cosmonaut(宇航员)Yuri Gagarin became the first human being in space.In the Russian Vostok 1 spacecraft,he made his historic 108-minute orbit around Eartha place no man had gone before.Unit 4 Astronomy：the scien
4、ce of the starsGagarins achievement set off a competition between the United States and the Soviet Union known as the“space race”.For example,Alan Shepard became the first American in space less than a month after Gagarin.On July 21,1969,American Neil Armstrong became the first man to walk on the Mo
5、on as part of the Apollo 11 mission(任务)Unit 4 Astronomy：the science of the starsGagarin and Armstrongs groundbreaking space travels paved the way for what was to come.From space shuttle flights to manned space stations orbiting Earth,we now know much more about the world beyond Earths atmosphere tha
6、n would have ever been possible without these pioneers!Unit 4 Astronomy：the science of the starsToday,scientists are more willing to use modern technology to explore the outer reaches of space.Would you like to be on the cutting edge(前沿)of future astronomical discoveries?If so,you might want to work
7、 in a field such as science,technology,engineering or mathematics.You never know when your name might be attached to the next spacecraft that explores beyond Mars into the outer reaches of our solar system!Unit 4 Astronomy：the science of the starsSection Warming Up&ReadingComprehending栏目导引教材助读解疑清障知能
8、演练轻松闯关自学导引语篇理解Unit 4 Astronomy：the science of the stars重点单词写作词汇1._ n.系统；体系；制度 2._ n.学说；理论 3._ n.大气层；气氛4._ adj.基本的；基础的 5._ vi.&vt.乘；增加 systemtheoryatmospherefundamentalmultiply栏目导引教材助读解疑清障知能演练轻松闯关自学导引语篇理解Unit 4 Astronomy：the science of the stars拓展词汇6._ adj.有害的harm n伤害；危害 vt.对有害 7._ adj.猛烈的；激烈的；强暴的vio
9、lence n暴力；(感情)强烈violently adv.猛烈地；凶狠地 8._ n谜；难题 vt.&vi.(使)迷惑；(使)为难puzzled adj.迷惑不解的puzzling adj.令人迷惑的9._ prep.与不同；不像like(反义词)prep.像dislike v&n不喜欢(的东西)10._ n球体；地球仪；地球global adj.全球性的；全世界的 11._ vi.存在；生存existence n存在；生存 12._ n宗教；宗教信仰religious adj.宗教的 harmfulviolentpuzzleunlikeglobeexistreligion栏目导引教材助读解
10、疑清障知能演练轻松闯关自学导引语篇理解Unit 4 Astronomy：the science of the stars阅读词汇13.astronomy n._ 14.astronomer n._ 15.billion pron.&n&adj._16.carbon n._ 17.dioxide n._ 18.chain n._ 天文学天文学家英万亿；美十亿碳二氧化物链子；连锁；锁链栏目导引教材助读解疑清障知能演练轻松闯关自学导引语篇理解Unit 4 Astronomy：the science of the stars重点短语1._及时；终于 2._下蛋 3._轮到某人4._产生；分娩 5._阻
11、止；制止 6._冷却下来；变凉 in timelay eggsin ones turngive birth toprevent.fromcool down栏目导引教材助读解疑清障知能演练轻松闯关自学导引语篇理解Unit 4 Astronomy：the science of the stars重点句型1.“be不定式”结构：What it _(会变成)was uncertain until between 4.5 and 3.8 billion years ago when the dust settled into a solid globe.2.make宾语宾补：This produced
12、a chain reaction,which _(使生命发展成为可能).3.whether 引导主语从句：So _(生命能否继续在地球上存在)for millions of years to come will depend on whether this problem can be solved.was to becomemade it possible for life to developwhether life will continue on the earth栏目导引教材助读解疑清障知能演练轻松闯关自学导引语篇理解Unit 4 Astronomy：the science of t
13、he stars Fast-reading Skim the text and do the following exercises.1Match the main idea of each paragraph.Para.1 AThe formation of the earth.Para.2 BA widely accepted theory about the formation of the universe.栏目导引教材助读解疑清障知能演练轻松闯关自学导引语篇理解Unit 4 Astronomy：the science of the starsPara.3 CThe developme
14、nt of plants and animals on the earth.Para.4 DThe arrival of humans and their impact on the earth.Para.5 EThe importance of water for life.答案：BAECD栏目导引教材助读解疑清障知能演练轻松闯关自学导引语篇理解Unit 4 Astronomy：the science of the stars2What does the passage tell us?AThe importance of water.BHow the life began on the e
15、arth.CHow human beings appeared.DHow plants appeared.答案：B栏目导引教材助读解疑清障知能演练轻松闯关自学导引语篇理解Unit 4 Astronomy：the science of the stars Careful-reading Read the text carefully and then choose the best answer.1Why was life able to develop on the earth but not on other planets?AThe earth had a solid shape.BThe
16、 earth did not have harmful gases in its atmosphere.CThe water stayed on the earth but not on other planets.DThe earth was neither too hot nor too cold.栏目导引教材助读解疑清障知能演练轻松闯关自学导引语篇理解Unit 4 Astronomy：the science of the stars2Why was it necessary for plants to grow before animals?AAnimals needed plants
17、to protect them from the sun.BPlants provided oxygen for animals to breathe.CAnimals could hide from hunters in the forest.DIt was easier for plants to grow.栏目导引教材助读解疑清障知能演练轻松闯关自学导引语篇理解Unit 4 Astronomy：the science of the stars3Why did dinosaurs disappear 65 million years ago?ABecause the earth was t
18、oo hot for them to live on.BBecause there was no food for them to eat.CBecause the earth exploded at that time.DIt still remains a mystery for us.栏目导引教材助读解疑清障知能演练轻松闯关自学导引语篇理解Unit 4 Astronomy：the science of the stars4What problem is caused by human beings?AThey exist everywhere on the earth.BThey cau
19、se global warming.CThey find new methods of growing crops.DThey enjoy hunting and fishing.答案：14.CBDB栏目导引教材助读解疑清障知能演练轻松闯关自学导引语篇理解Unit 4 Astronomy：the science of the stars Study-reading Analyze the following difficult sentences in the passage.1However,according to a widely accepted theory,the universe
20、 began with a“Big Bang”that threw matter in all directions.栏目导引教材助读解疑清障知能演练轻松闯关自学导引语篇理解Unit 4 Astronomy：the science of the stars本句是一个复合句。according to.作状语，主语是 the universe,began 是谓语。“Big Bang”是先行词，在从句中作主语，that 引导的句子是定语从句。翻译 然而，一种普遍为人们所接受的理论是：宇宙起源于一次大爆炸，这次大爆炸将物质投射到四面八方。栏目导引教材助读解疑清障知能演练轻松闯关自学导引语篇理解Unit
21、 4 Astronomy：the science of the stars2What many scientists believe is that the continued presence of water allowed the earth to dissolve harmful gases and acids into the oceans and seas.本句是一个复合句。What many scientists believe 是主语从句，is 是系动词，that 引导的是表语从句。翻译 很多科学家相信，由于地球上长期有水存在，使地球得以把有害气体和酸性物质溶解在海洋里。栏目导
22、引教材助读解疑清障知能演练轻松闯关自学导引语篇理解Unit 4 Astronomy：the science of the stars3They multiplied and filled the oceans and seas with oxygen,which encouraged the later development of early shellfish and all sorts of fish.本句是一个复合句。They multiplied.with oxygen 是主句，which 引导的是非限制性定语从句，which 代指前面整句话。翻译 它们迅速增加并使得海洋充满了氧气，
23、这促进了后来早期的贝类及各种鱼类的发展。栏目导引教材助读解疑清障知能演练轻松闯关自学导引语篇理解Unit 4 Astronomy：the science of the stars4So whether life will continue on the earth for millions of years to come will depend on whether this problem can be solved.本句是一个复合句。whether life.to come 是主语从句，will depend on 是句子的谓语，介词 on 后是 whether 引导的宾语从句。翻译 所
24、以，在未来的数百万年中，生命能否在地球上延续取决于这个问题能否得到解决。栏目导引教材助读解疑清障知能演练轻松闯关自学导引语篇理解Unit 4 Astronomy：the science of the starsaccording to 根据，to 为介词，后可跟名词、代词等。according to 后不接 view(看法)和 opinion(意见)之类的词。如果要表达类似的意思，可用 in ones view,in ones opinion 等。accepted adj.普遍接受的theoryIrIn.学说；理论in theory 在理论上begin with 从开始，以为起点栏目导引教材助
25、读解疑清障知能演练轻松闯关自学导引语篇理解Unit 4 Astronomy：the science of the starsin all directions(in every direction)朝四面八方from all directionsfrom every direction 从四面八方来atomtmn.原子billionbIlInpron.&n.&adj.十亿globelbn.球体；地球仪；地球globallbladj.全球性的；全世界的violentvaIlntadj.猛烈的，激烈的；强暴的explodeIkspldv.(使)爆炸in time 终于；及时；经过一段时间之后栏目导
26、引教材助读解疑清障知能演练轻松闯关自学导引语篇理解Unit 4 Astronomy：the science of the starscarbon dioxide 二氧化碳carbonkbnn.碳dioxidedaIksaIdn.二氧化物nitrogennaItrdnn.氮vapourveIpn.蒸气；水蒸气atmospheretmsfIn.大气层；气氛cool down 变凉，冷却下来unlikenlaIkprep.与不同；不像栏目导引教材助读解疑清障知能演练轻松闯关自学导引语篇理解Unit 4 Astronomy：the science of the stars反义词：like prep.相
27、似，像fundamentalfndmentladj.基本的；基础的be fundamental to 是的基础continued adj.连续不断的；继续不变的presencepreznsn.存在；出席；到场 dissolvedIzlvvt.&vi.溶解；解散harmfulhmfladj.有害的be harmful to 对有害(do harm to)acidsIdn.酸栏目导引教材助读解疑清障知能演练轻松闯关自学导引语篇理解Unit 4 Astronomy：the science of the starsa chain reaction 连锁反应chainteInn.连锁；链子；锁链reac
28、tionrIknn.反应；回应multiplymltIplaIvi.&vt.增加；乘oxygenksIdnn.氧encourage vt.促进；助长；刺激；鼓励，激励shellfishelfIn.水生有壳动物amphibianmfIbInn.两栖动物栏目导引教材助读解疑清障知能演练轻松闯关自学导引语篇理解Unit 4 Astronomy：the science of the starsreptilereptaIln.爬行动物；爬虫lay eggs 下蛋 dinosaurdaInsn.恐龙 existIzIstvi.存在；生存existenceIzIstnsn.存在 age n时代 mammal
29、mmln.哺乳动物give birth to 产生；分娩栏目导引教材助读解疑清障知能演练轻松闯关自学导引语篇理解Unit 4 Astronomy：the science of the starsthussadv.因此；于是 in ones turn 轮到某人 prevent.from 阻止；制止as a result of 由于，因为 depend on 取决于栏目导引教材助读解疑清障知能演练轻松闯关自学导引语篇理解Unit 4 Astronomy：the science of the stars【核心素养链接】Big Bang 宇宙大爆炸。宇宙大爆炸理论是现代宇宙学中最有影响的一种学说。它的
30、主要观点是认为宇宙曾有一段从热到冷的演化史。在这个时期里，宇宙体系在不断地膨胀，使物质密度从密到稀演化，如同一次规模巨大的爆炸。该理论的创始人之一是伽莫夫。他认为：我们所观测到的宇宙始于 150 亿年前的一次大爆炸。爆炸之初，物质只能以中子、栏目导引教材助读解疑清障知能演练轻松闯关自学导引语篇理解Unit 4 Astronomy：the science of the stars原子、电子、光子和中微子等基本粒子形态存在。宇宙爆炸之后的不断膨胀，导致温度和密度很快下降。随着温度降低、冷却，逐步形成原子、原子核、分子，并复合成为通常的气体。气体逐渐凝聚成星云，星云进一步形成各种各样的恒星和星系，最
31、终形成我们如今所看到的宇宙。栏目导引教材助读解疑清障知能演练轻松闯关自学导引语篇理解Unit 4 Astronomy：the science of the starsHOW LIFE BEGAN ON THE EARTHNo one knows exactly how the earth began,as it happened so long ago.However,according to a widely accepted theory，the universe began with a“Big Bang”that threw matter in all directions.After
32、 that,atoms began to form and combine to create stars and other bodies.栏目导引教材助读解疑清障知能演练轻松闯关自学导引语篇理解Unit 4 Astronomy：the science of the stars在本句中，how the earth began 是由 how 引导的宾语从句，作 knows 的宾语；as it happened so long ago 是由 as 引导的原因状语从句。that threw matter.directions 是 that 引导的定语从句，修饰先行词 a“Big Bang”。栏目导
33、引教材助读解疑清障知能演练轻松闯关自学导引语篇理解Unit 4 Astronomy：the science of the starsFor several billion years after the“Big Bang”，the earth was still just a cloud of dust.What it was to become was uncertain until between 4.5 and 3.8 billion years ago when the dust settled into a solid globe.The earth became so violen
34、t that it was not clear whether the shape would last or not.It exploded loudly with fire and rock.They were in time to produce carbon dioxide，nitrogen，water vapourand other gases,which were to make the earths atmosphere.What is even more important is that as the earth cooled down，water began to appe
35、ar on its surface.栏目导引教材助读解疑清障知能演练轻松闯关自学导引语篇理解Unit 4 Astronomy：the science of the stars本句为主从复合句。What 引导主语从句，且在从句中作become 的表语。when 引导定语从句，修饰 between 4.5 and 3.8 billion years ago。本句含有“so.that.”结构，意为“如此以至于”。在 it was not clear whether.or not 中，it 为形式主语，whether.or not 为真正的主语。栏目导引教材助读解疑清障知能演练轻松闯关自学导引语篇理解
36、Unit 4 Astronomy：the science of the stars此处为 which 引导的非限制性定语从句，修饰前面的 carbon dioxide.other gases。本句为主从复合句。What 引导主语从句，并在从句中作主语；that 引导表语从句，在该表语从句中，as 引导时间状语从句。栏目导引教材助读解疑清障知能演练轻松闯关自学导引语篇理解Unit 4 Astronomy：the science of the starsWater had also appeared on other planets like Mars but,unlike the earth,i
37、t had disappeared later.It was not immediately obvious that water was to be fundamental to the development of life.What many scientists believe is that the continued presence of water allowed the earth to dissolve harmful gases and acids into the oceans and seas.This produced a chain reaction,which
38、made it possible for life to develop栏目导引教材助读解疑清障知能演练轻松闯关自学导引语篇理解Unit 4 Astronomy：the science of the stars在 It was not immediately obvious that.of life 中，It 为形式主语，that 引导的从句为真正的主语。本句为主从复合句。What 引导主语从句，并在从句中作believe 的宾语；that 引导表语从句。which made it possible.to develop 是 which 引导的非限制性定语从句，修饰先行词 a chain re
39、action。made it possible.to develop 中，it 为形式宾语，真正的宾语为 to develop,life为不定式的逻辑主语，由介词 for 引出。栏目导引教材助读解疑清障知能演练轻松闯关自学导引语篇理解Unit 4 Astronomy：the science of the starsMany millions of years later,the first extremely small plants began to appear on the surface of the water.They multiplied and filled the ocean
40、s and seas with oxygen,which encouraged the later development of early shellfishand all sorts of fish.Next,green plants began to grow on land.They were followed in time by land animals.Some were insects.Others,called amphibians,were able to live on land as well as in the water.Later when the plants
41、grew into forests,reptiles appeared for the first time.They produced young 栏目导引教材助读解疑清障知能演练轻松闯关自学导引语篇理解Unit 4 Astronomy：the science of the starsgenerally by laying eggs.After that,some huge animals,called dinosaurs,developed.They laid eggs too and existedon the earth for more than 140 million years.
42、However,65 million years ago the age of the dinosaurs ended.Why they suddenly disappearedstill remains a mystery.This disappearance made possible the rise of mammals on the earth.These animals were different from all life forms in the past,because they gave birth to young baby animals and produced m
43、ilk to feed them.栏目导引教材助读解疑清障知能演练轻松闯关自学导引语篇理解Unit 4 Astronomy：the science of the starswhich 在此引导非限制性定语从句，指代前面的整个主句。过去分词短语 called amphibians 作后置定语，相当于定语从句 which were called amphibians。Why they suddenly disappeared 是 Why 引导的主语从句。made possible the rise of mammals on the earth 为“make宾语宾补”结构，此处宾语为 the ri
44、se of mammals on the earth，宾补为 possible。栏目导引教材助读解疑清障知能演练轻松闯关自学导引语篇理解Unit 4 Astronomy：the science of the starsFinally about 2.6 million years ago some small clever animals,now with hands and feet,appeared and spread all over the earth.Thus they have,in their turn,become the most important animals on
45、the planet.But they are not looking after the earth very well.They are putting too much carbon dioxide into the atmosphere,which prevents heat from escaping from the earth into space.As a result ofthis,many scientists believe the earth may become too hot to live on.So whether life will continue on t
46、he earth for millions of years to come will depend on whether this problem can be solved.栏目导引教材助读解疑清障知能演练轻松闯关自学导引语篇理解Unit 4 Astronomy：the science of the stars此处为 which 引导的非限制性定语从句，修饰前面的整个句子。此处包含“too.to.”结构，live on 中的 on 不能省略，因为它与 earth 之间有逻辑上的介宾关系。本句为主从复合句。第一个 whether 引导主语从句，第二个 whether 引导宾语从句。在主语从句
47、中，动词不定式 to come作后置定语，修饰 millions of years。栏目导引教材助读解疑清障知能演练轻松闯关自学导引语篇理解Unit 4 Astronomy：the science of the stars地球上生命的起源没有人确切地知道地球是怎样开始形成的，因为那是很久以前的事了。然而，一种普遍为人们所接受的理论是：宇宙起源于一次大爆炸，这次大爆炸将物质投射到四面八方。然后，原子开始形成并结合成恒星和其他天体。栏目导引教材助读解疑清障知能演练轻松闯关自学导引语篇理解Unit 4 Astronomy：the science of the stars大爆炸后的数十亿年中，地球仍然
48、是一团尘埃。它将变成什么还不确定。直到 45 亿38 亿年前，这团尘埃稳定下来变成了固态的球体。(此后)地球(活动)变得如此剧烈以至于(人们)不知道这个(固体)形状能否继续存在下去。它猛烈的爆炸喷出了烈火与岩石，最终产生了二氧化碳、氮气、水蒸气和其他多种气体，从而形成了地球的大气层。甚至更重要的是，随着地球的冷却，地球表面开始出现水。栏目导引教材助读解疑清障知能演练轻松闯关自学导引语篇理解Unit 4 Astronomy：the science of the stars在像火星这样的其他行星上也出现过水，但和地球不同的是，这些水后来都消失了。水对于生命的发展会起关键作用，这一点在当时并不明显。
49、很多科学家相信，由于地球上长期有水存在，使地球得以把有害气体和酸性物质溶解在海洋里。这就产生了一个连锁反应，使生命的发展成为可能。栏目导引教材助读解疑清障知能演练轻松闯关自学导引语篇理解Unit 4 Astronomy：the science of the stars数百万年后，第一批极小的植物开始出现在水面上。它们迅速增加并使得海洋充满了氧气，这促进了后来早期的贝类及各种鱼类的发展。接着，绿色植物开始在陆地上生长。过了一段时间之后陆地上出现了动物。其中一些是昆虫，另外一些被称为两栖动物，这些两栖动物既能在水中生存，又能在陆地上生存。在植物长成森林之后，爬行动物首次出现了。它们一般是通过孵蛋而
50、繁衍后代的。在那之后一些叫作栏目导引教材助读解疑清障知能演练轻松闯关自学导引语篇理解Unit 4 Astronomy：the science of the stars恐龙的巨型动物发展起来了。它们也产卵，在地球上生存了 1亿 4 千多万年。然而，在 6 500 万年前，恐龙时代结束了。它们为什么突然消失仍然是个谜。它们的消失使得地球上哺乳动物的产生成为可能。这些动物不同于以前所有的生命形式，因为它们能产下幼崽并产奶喂养幼崽。栏目导引教材助读解疑清障知能演练轻松闯关自学导引语篇理解Unit 4 Astronomy：the science of the stars最后，大约 260 万年前，一些聪
51、明的小型动物出现了，如今这些动物有着手和脚，散布在地球的各个地方。于是，他们接着成了这个星球上最重要的动物。但是他们没有很好地守护地球。他们把过多的二氧化碳排放到大气层中，这使得地球上的热不能释放到太空中去。因为这个原因，许多科学家认为地球可能会变得太热而不适合生物的生存。所以，在未来的数百万年中，生命能否在地球上延续取决于这个问题能否得到解决。栏目导引教材助读解疑清障知能演练轻松闯关自学导引语篇理解Unit 4 Astronomy：the science of the stars栏目导引教材助读解疑清障知能演练轻松闯关自学导引语篇理解Unit 4 Astronomy：the science of the stars按ESC键退出全屏播放本部分内容讲解结束
