1、 Unit1 Women of achievement【重点词汇、短语】1.human beings 人类 2.campaign 运动，战役 3.behave 行为 4.shade 阴凉处 5.move off 离开，启程 6.observe 观察 7.respect 尊重 8.argue 讨论，辩论 9.lead a.life 过着的生活 10.crowd in 涌入脑海 11.support 支持 12.look down upon/on 看不起 13.refer to 查阅，参考，涉及 14.by chance 碰巧 e across 偶遇 16.intend 计划，打算 17.deli
2、ver 提送，生（小孩），接生，发表（演说）18.carry on 继续，坚持【重点句型】1.She also discovered how chimps communicate with each other and her study of their body language helped her work out their social system.她还发现了黑猩猩之间是如何交流的，而她对黑猩猩身势语的研究帮助她弄清楚了黑猩猩的社会体系。work out 解决、解答、计算出；产生结果、发展；锻炼；作出、制订出 2.She is leading a busy life but sh
3、e says 她过着忙碌的生活，但是她说 lead a life=live a life 过的生活 3.Many people look down upon poor people.很多人瞧不起穷人。look down upon/on 蔑视；轻视；瞧不起 You mustnt look down upon/on the disabled.你绝不能瞧不起残疾人。4.If the word group refers to different members,use a plural verb.如果 group（作主语）指的是各个成员，谓语动词用复数。refer to 指的是：提及；谈到；提到；查阅
4、、参考 5.By chance I came across an article about a doctor called Lin Qiaozhi,a specialist in womens diseases.很偶然地，我看到了一篇关于林巧稚大夫的文章，她是一名妇科专家。by chance=by accident 偶然地，意外地 6.Why not study at medical college like Lin Qiaozhi and carry on her good work?为什么不像林巧稚那样去读医学院，继续她的伟大事业呢？carry on 继续；坚持 【语法总结】主谓一致 一
5、.语法一致原则 即在语法形式上取得一致，谓语动词的单复数形式由主语的单复数形式决定。1.单数名词、不可数名词、单个动词不定式短语、动名词短语以及句子作主语时，谓语动词要用单数形式。To see is to believe.眼见为实。Reading aloud is very important in learning English.学习英语时大声朗读非常重要。When they could finish the task is not known yet.他们何时能完成任务还未知。Whoever wants to join in the competition is asked to sig
6、n his/her name here.要参加比赛的人请在这里签名。注意：what 引导的主语从句充当主语时，有时要以 what 所指代的词的意义来决定谓语动词的数。What he said is true.他所说的是真的。What we need are more volunteers.我们所需要的是更多的志愿者。2.由连接词 and 或 both and 连接的名词、动词不定式短语、动名词短语以及句子作主语时，谓语动词要用复数形式。What he said and what he did have greatly encouraged the other students.他说的话及行为极
7、大地鼓舞了其他学生。Both his father and his mother are advanced workers.他的爸爸和妈妈都是先进工作者。注意：有时，一些用 and 连接的主语表达的却是单数的概念，这时谓语动词也应用单数形式。（1）用 and 连接的名词表示同一人、同一物或同一概念作主语时 Bread and butter is nutritious for patients.黄油面包对病人很有营养。Early to bed and early to rise makes a man healthy,wealthy and wise.早睡早起使人健康、富有和聪明。The sec
8、retary and manager was speaking at the meeting.那位书记兼经理在会上讲话。（2）“each/every/no/many a +单数名词+and+each/every/no/many a +单数名词”作主语时 Every hour and every minute is precious.每一小时，每一分钟，都很宝贵。No man and no woman is not allowed to enter the hall.每个人都不允许进入大厅。3.“名词+as well as,rather than,like,but,expect,besides,
9、with,together with,along with,including,in addition to+名词”结构作主语时，谓语动词同第一个名词的数保持一致。Tom as well as two of his friends was invited to the party.汤姆以及他的两个朋友一起被邀请参加宴会了。Nobody but one teacher and three students was in the lab.实验室只有一个老师和三个学生。4.“more than one 或 many a+单数名词”作主语时，尽管其意义为复数，但谓语动词还是用单数形式。More tha
10、n one student is against the decision.不止一个学生反对这个决定。Many a page in this book is missing.这本书缺了许多页。5.不定代词 either,neither,each,every 或 no+单数名词和由 some,any,no,every 与thing,body,one 构成的复合不定代词作主语时，谓语动词用单数形式。Nothing in the world moves faster than light.世上没有什么东西比光传播得更快。Each one of us has his own duty.我们每个人都有自
11、己的职责。注意：若 none of 后面的名词是不可数名词，它的谓语动词就要用单数形式；若它后面的名词是复数，它的谓语动词用单数形式或复数形式都可以。None of the money has been spent on repairs.这笔钱没有花费在维修方面。None of the passengers were/was aware of the danger.乘客中没有一个意识到危险的存在。6.由“a lot of,lots of,plenty of,the rest of,the majority of+名词”构成的短语以及由“分数或百分数+名词”构成的短语作主语时，其谓语动词的数要根
12、据短语中后面名词的数而定。The majority of doctors believe smoking is harmful to health.大多数医生都认为吸烟有害健康。The majority of the damage is easy to repair.这次的损害大部分都容易补救。The rest of the books were returned to the library.其余的书都归还给图书馆了。The rest of the money was given to the villagers.其余的钱都给了村民。7.“a large amount of+不可数名词”结构
13、作主语时，谓语动词用单数形式；“large amounts of+不可数名词”结构作主语时，谓语动词用复数形式。A large amount of damage was done in a short time.在短时间内就造成了巨大的损失。8.在定语从句中，关系代词 that,who,which 等作主语时，其谓语动词的数应与句中先行词的数一致。I,who am your teacher,will do my best to help you.我是你的老师，我会尽全力帮助你的。Those who have finished the work can go home first.那些已完成工作
14、的人可以先回家。注意：“one of+复数名词+who/which/that”引导的定语从句中，若关系代词在定语从句中充当主语，谓语动词常用复数形式。若 one 前有 the(only/very/right)修饰时，从句中的谓语动词用单数形式。He was one of the students who were given a prize.他是那些获奖的学生之一。I was the only one in my office who was invited.我是办公室里唯一受到邀请的人。9.由两部分组成的表示衣物或工具的名词作主语时，如：glasses，spectacles，shoes，bo
15、ots，trousers/pants，compasses，chopsticks，scissors，socks 等，谓语动词通常用复数，但这类词如用 a pair of 修饰时，谓语动词用单数。My glasses were broken while playing football yesterday.昨天踢足球时我的眼镜被打碎了。A pair of shoes is lying under the bed.床底下有一双鞋。Here are some new pairs of shoes.这里有几双新鞋。10.由“kind/form/type/sort/species/series+of+名词
16、”作主语时，谓语动词的单复数形式取决于这些词的单复数而不是它们后面所跟的名词。All kinds of difficulties have to be overcome.必须克服各种各样的困难。This kind/sort of questions is very difficult.这种问题很难。（但 Questions of this kind/sort are very difficult.谓语动词要用复数形式。）二.意义一致原则 即谓语动词的单复数形式由主语的意义而不是形式所决定。当主语形式为单数，但意义为复数时，谓语动词要用复数形式；但主语形式为复数，而意义却为单数时，谓语动词用单数
17、形式。1.有些名词如 people,cattle，police，trousers 等没有单数形式，作主语时，谓语动词只能用复数。The police were sent to the spot to keep order immediately.警察立即被派往现场维持秩序。Cattle were allowed to graze in this area.允许牲畜在这个地区吃草。2.英语中一些单复数同形的名词作主语时，应根据其表达的意义来决定谓语动词的单复数形式，这类名词常见的有 sheep，deer，fish，means，species，Chinese，Japanese，series 等。E
18、very possible means has been used to prevent the air pollution.为了防止大气污染，每一种方法都试过了。All possible means have been tried to keep animals and plants from becoming endangered.为了使动植物的生命不受到威胁，所有的方法都试过了。3.有些集合名词，如 public，family,enemy,audience，government，group，committee，team，media，staff，crew 等作主语时，谓语动词的数要根据其包
19、含的意义而定。如果该名词表示一个整体，其谓语动词用单数形式；但如果这些集体名词表示集体中的若干个体时，谓语动词用复数形式。A team which is full of enthusiasm is more likely to win.情绪高昂的球队比较可能获胜。The team are practicing hard on the playground.队员们正在操场刻苦地训练。The government has taken possible action.政府已经采取了可能的措施。The government are discussing the proposal.政府正在讨论这项提案。
20、4.“the+形容词或过去分词”表示一类人时，谓语动词用复数形式；如“the+形容词”指一个人或表示一种抽象概念或品质时，谓语动词用单数形式。The wounded were saved by the villagers at last.最后，伤员们被村民们救起。The wounded in the accident was a policeman.这次事故的受伤者是一名警察。The beautiful is not always useful.好看的并不总是有用的。5.有些以 s 结尾表示学科名称的词，如 physics,mathematics,economics,politics 等，以及
21、用作书名、地名、国名、地区名的复数名词作主语时，谓语动词用单数形式。Politics is a complicated subject.政治是一门复杂的学科。The New York Times is one of the most influential newspapers in the world.纽约时报是世界上最具影响力的报纸之一。6.表示距离、长度、价值、金额、重量等的复数名词作主语时，如作为一个整体来看待的话，谓语动词通常用单数。Twenty kilometers is a quite long distance.二十公里是一段相当长的距离。Fifty dollars was a
22、 large sum for me at that time.那时五十美金对我来说是一大笔钱。7.“a number of复数名词”作主语时，谓语动词用复数形式；“the number of复数名词”作主语时，谓语动词用单数形式。A large number of people have applied for the job.很多人申请了这项工作。The number of people learning English inChinais increasing rapidly at present.目前中国学习英语的人数正在增加。8.such 作主语时要根据其所指的内容决定谓语动词的单复数
23、形式。Such is our plan.这就是我们的计划。Such are his words.这些就是他所说的话。三.就近一致原则 即谓语动词的人称和数须与邻近的主语保持一致。1.在 there be 结构、here 以及表示地点的介词词组位于句首引起的倒装句中，谓语动词的人称和数应与最近的一个主语保持一致。There are two chairs and a desk in the office.办公室中有两把椅子和一张桌子。Here are my replies to your questions.这些是我对你的问题的回答。2.当 eitheror；neithernor；not only
24、but also；notbut；or；nor 等并列连词连接两个主语时，谓语动词的人称和数应与邻近的主语保持一致。Either he or you are to blame for it.不是他就是你必须为此事负责。Not you but I am responsible for the delay.不是你而应是我应对这次的延误负责。Unit 2 Working the land【重点词汇、短语】1.struggle 斗争 2.expand 使变大，伸展 3.thanks to 幸亏，由于 4.rid 摆脱 5.ridof 摆脱，除去 6.be satisfied with 对感到满意 7.w
25、ould rather 宁愿 8.therefore 因此 9.export 出口 10.regret 后悔，遗憾 11.build up 逐渐增加，建立，开发 12.lead to 导致 13.focus on 集中与 14.reduce 减少 15.keep.free from/of 使免受影响 ment 评论，议论【重点句型】1.Have you ever grown any plants?If so,what did you do to grow them?If not,what kind of plant would you like to try growing?你种过植物吗？如果
26、种过的话，你是怎么种植的？如果没有种过的话，你想要尝试种植什么植物？If so 为省略句式，意为“如果是这样的话”，if 用作连词，so 用来代替上文的内容，以避免重复。If not 意为“如果不是这样的话，否则，要不然”，意义与 If so 相反。2.In 1974,he became the first agricultural pioneer in the world to grow rice that has a high output.1974 年，他成了世界上第一位种植高产水稻的农业先锋。不定式放在表示次序的词如 the first,the last 以及 the only,the
27、 very,the right,the best等词后面作定语,且与所修饰的名词之间构成逻辑上的主谓关系。3.Using his hybrid rice,framers are producing harvest twice as large as before.用他的杂交水稻，农民种出的粮食是以前的两倍。“times as+形容词/副词的原级+as”为常见的倍数表达法，意为“是的几倍”。This room is three times as big as that one.这个房间是那个房间的三倍大。知识拓展 英语中常见的倍数表达法还有：This room is twice bigger t
28、han that one.=This room is three times the size of that one.这个房间是那个房间的三倍大。The output of TV sets in our factory is 15 times that of ten years ago.=The output is 15 times what it was ten years ago.我们厂电视机的产量是 10 年前的 15 倍。【语法总结】主谓一致 动名词 动词的 ing 形式如果是名词，这种形式叫做动名词。动名词具有名词的性质，因此在句中可以作主语、表语、宾语、定语等。一.动名词的四种形
29、式及其意义 基本形式：doing（表示主动）被动式：being done（表示被动）完成式：having done（表示主动和完成）完成被动式：having been done（表示被动和完成）例如：Travelling in space by ordinary people will be common in the future.在未来，普通人在太空旅行将会是普遍的事情。Freddy and his band could go nowhere without being followed by their fans.Freddy 和他的乐队到哪里都被他们的粉丝跟着。I have no id
30、ea of his having done such a thing against you.我不知道他做过这样一件违背你的事情。Many customers complain of having been given short weight at that shop.很多顾客抱怨在那家商店被缺斤少两过。二.动名词的语法功能 动名词在句中可以做主语、宾语、表语和定语等。Learning English is very difficult.（作主语）学英语非常困难。I enjoy dancing.（作动词宾语）我喜欢跳舞。I have got used to living in the cou
31、ntry.（作介词宾语）我已经习惯了住农村。His job is driving a bus.（作表语）他的工作是开车。The washing mashine woks well.（作定语）这台洗衣机非常好用。三.注意事项 1.只接动名词（不能接不定式）作宾语的 28 个常用动词 practice、consider、enjoy、finish、give up、imagine、keep、put off、risk、suggest、admit、advise、allow、appreciate、avoid、delay、deny、discuss、dislike、escape、excuse、fancy、for
32、bid、mention、mind、miss、permit、prohibit 2.既可接不定式也可接动名词，但含义完全不同的 8 个动词 remember to do sth.记住要做某事（未做）remember doing sth.记得做过某事（已做）forget to do sth.忘记去做某事（未做）forget doing sth.忘记做过某事（已做）regret to do sth.遗憾要做某事（未做）regret doing sth.后悔/抱歉做过某事（已做）try to do sth.努力做某事 try doing sth.尝试做某事 mean to do sth.计划做某事 me
33、an doing sth.意味着做某事 cant help to do sth.不能帮助做某事 cant help doing sth.情不自禁做某事 go on to do sth.继续做另一件事 go on doing sth.继续做同一件事 stop to do sth.停下来去做另一件事 stop doing sth.停下正在做的事情 3.it 做形式主语，动名词做真正主语位于句末的重要句型 It is no use/not any use/hardly any use/useless doing It is no good/not much good doing It is no w
34、orthwhile doing It is a waste of time doing Unit 3 A taste of English humor【重点词汇、短语】1.up to now 直到现在 2.content 满足的，满意的 3.feel/be content with 对满足 4.badly off 穷的，缺少的 5.entertain 使欢乐，款待 6.overcome 战胜，克服 7.pick out 挑出，辨别出 8.cut off 切断，断绝 9.convince 使信服 10.direct 导演，指挥；直接的 11.star in 担任主角 12.slide 使滑动 1
35、3.whisper 耳语，低语 14.react 做出反应，回应【重点句型】1.Not that Charlies own life was easy!倒不是说查理自己的生活是轻松的。not that“并非，倒不是说”，用于句首或短语之前，表否定含义。2.You may find it astonishing that Charlie was taught to sing as soon as he could speak and dance as soon as he could walk.你会觉得震惊，卓别林则会讲话的时候就被教唱歌，刚会走路的时候就学跳舞。此句中 it 作形式宾语，tha
36、t 从句是真正的主语；astonishing 是动词-ing 形式作宾语补足语，与宾语构成主谓关系。3.Unfortunately his father died,leaving the family even worse off 不幸地是他的父亲去世了，整个家庭的状况更糟了 本句中 leaving the family even worse off为现在分词短语作结果状语，表示顺其自然的结果。【语法总结】现在分词 一.现在分词的四种形式及其意义 基本形式：doing（表示主动和进行）被动式：being done（表示被动和进行）完成式：having done（表示主动和完成）完成被动式：ha
37、ving been done（表示被动和完成）He sat there，reading a newspaper.他坐在那里，读着一张报纸。The area being studied may be rich in coal.这个正在被研究的地方可能富含煤。Having finished my homework，I began to watch TV.完成作业后，我开始看电视。Having been told many times，she still cant remember it.已经被告诉了很多次，她仍然记不住。二.现在分词的语法功能 现在分词在句中可以做表语、定语、状语和补语等。The
38、story is interesting.这个故事有趣。He sat there，reading a newspaper.（作状语）他坐在那里，读着一张报纸。The area being studied may be rich in coal.（作定语）这个正在被研究的地方可能富含煤。He saw the thief stealing some money from the bank.（作宾补）他看到小偷正在从银行偷钱。Unit4 Body language【重点词汇、短语】1.represent 代表，象征 2.approach 接近，靠近 3.defend 保护，保卫 4.defend a
39、gainst 保卫以免受 5.likely 可能的 6.be likely to 很可能 7.in general 总的来说，通常 8.ease 安逸，减轻 9.at ease 舒适，自由自在 10.lose face 丢脸 11.turn ones back to 背对，背弃【重点句型】1.The first person to arrive was Tony Garcia from Colombia,closely followed by Julia Smith from Britain.第一个到达的是来自哥伦比亚的托尼家西亚，随后紧跟着的是来自英国的茱莉亚史密斯。句中 closely f
40、ollowed by是过去分词短语作伴随状语，一般现在分词作伴随状语的时候较多，但如果伴随的动作与所修饰的名词构成被动关系，则用过去分词。2.Not all cultures greet each other the same way,nor are they comfortable in the same way with touching or distance between people.各种文化背景下的人们互致问候的方式不尽相同，身体接触的程度和相互间距离也并不一样。本句中 not all“并不是所有的”，是部分否定，在英语中有一些用来表示“全体”或“完全”意义的总括词，如 all,
41、both,every,everything,entirely,completely 等，与 not 连用时，无论 not 在它们前面还是后面，都构成部分否定，意为“并非所有都”，“并非每一都”。3.These actions are not good or bad,but are simply ways in which cultures have developed.这些行为都无所谓好坏，只不过是文化发展的不同方式而已。句中 ways 后面跟的是 in which 引导的定语从句。当先行词是 way 时，后面的定语从句如果缺少方式状语，引导定语从句的引导词有三种方式：in which,tha
42、t 或不用任何引导词。【语法总结】动词 ing 形式（详见第三和第四单元语法总结）Unit5 Theme parks【重点词汇、短语】1.be famous for 以闻名 2.swing 秋千，摇摆 3.no wonder 难怪，不足为奇 4.preserve 保存，保留，保护区 5.be modeled after 仿造 6.advance 前进，促进 7.in advance 提前 8.get close to 接近 e to life 活跃起来【重点句型】1.Some parks are famous for having the biggest or longest roller c
43、oasters,others for showing the famous sights and sounds of a culture.有些主题公园拥有最大或最长的过山车而出名，另外一些则以拥有名胜或特色文化而闻名。此句中含 some.others“有些有些”句型，同时用了承上省略的语法方式。2.It will bring you into a magical world and make your dreams come true,whether you are traveling through space,visiting a pirate ship or meeting your f
44、avorite fairy tale or Disney cartoon character.无论你是在太空遨游，参观海盗船，还是邂逅你喜欢的童话故事或者迪斯尼卡通里的人物，迪斯尼都会把你带到魔幻的世界，使你的梦想变为现实。句中 whetheror的含义是“无论是还是；不管是还是”，引导让步状语从句。3.Visit the candy shop to try the same kind of candy that American southerners made 150 years ago.你可以光顾糖果店，在那里品尝到和 150 年前美国南方人制作得一模一样的糖果。句中 the same
45、that 意为“和一样的”，表示前后的事物为同一事物。辨析：the samethat/the sameas the same as 用来表示前后两者的相同或相似，而非同一物品；而 the samethat 表示前后的事物为同一事物。I want to buy the same dress as you have.我想买一条和你的一样的裙子。I want to read the same book that you read.我想看你看过的书。【语法总结】构词法 一.转化法（conversion）在英语中，一个单词由一种词性转化为另一种或几种词性而词形不变的方法叫做转化法。1.动词转化为名词 L
46、et me have a try.让我试试。They are only allowed to sell soft drinks at school.在学校里只准许他们出售不含酒精的饮料。2.名词转化为动词 He shouldered his way through the crowd.他用肩膀推开人群前进。The smell from the kitchen made his mouth water.从厨房传来的气味使他流口水。3.形容词转化为动词 We will try our best to better our living conditions.我们要尽力改善我们的生活状况。They
47、tried to perfect the working conditions.他们努力改善工作条件。4.形容词转化为名词 He didnt know the difference between right and wrong.他不辨是非。The old in our village are living a happy life.我们村的老年人过着幸福的生活。5.形容词转化为副词 How long have you lived there?你在那儿住多久了？6.个别词在一定场合中可转化为名词 Warm clothes are a must in the mountains.穿暖和的衣服到山
48、区去是必须的。Life is full of ups and downs.人生有得意时也有失意时。His argument contains too many ifs and buts.他的辩论中含有太多的“如果”和“但是”。二.合成法（composition）由两个或两个以上的单词连在一起合成一个新词，这种构词法叫做合成法，合成的词叫做合成词（compounds）。合成词的写法由习惯决定，可以写在一起，也可以用连词符号连接。1.合成名词 名词/代词+名词 newspaper blood-test she-wolf 动词+名词 typewriter pickpocket daybreak 形容
49、词+名词 greenhouse highway 副词+名词 overcoat outside 名词+v.-ing/v.-ing+名词 handwriting reading-room freezing-point 动词+副词/副词+动词 breakthrough get-together outbreak outcome 名词+介词+名词 sister-in-law editor-in-chief 2.合成形容词 名词+形容词/形容词+名词 world-famous duty-free large-scale long-term 副词+形容词 over-anxious evergreen 名词
50、+过去分词 man-made sun-burnt 名词+现在分词 peace-loving English-speaking 形容词+现在分词 good-looking easy-going 副词+过去分词 well-informed widespread 副词+现在分词 hardworking far-reaching 形容词+名词+ed warm-hearted absent-minded 数词+名词+ed three-legged ten-storied 数词+名词 one-way fivestar 数词+名词+形容词 ten-year-old 800-meter-long 名词+to+
51、名词 face to-face door-to-door 3.合成动词 名词+动词 baby-sit sleepwalk 副词+动词 outnumber underestimate overwork 形容词+动词 whitewash 4.合成副词 形容词名词 meanwhile anyway 形容词副词 everywhere anyhow 副词副词 however 介词名词 beforehand overhead 介词副词 forever 5.合成代词 代词宾格self/selves herself themselves 物主代词self/selves myself yourselves 形容
52、词名词 anything nothing 6.合成介词 副词名词 inside outside 介词副词 without within 副词介词 into 三.派生法 由一个词加上前缀或后缀构成一个与原单词意义相近或截然相反的新词叫做派生法。1.前缀 除少数前缀外，前缀一般改变单词的意义，但不改变单词的词性。（1）表示否定意义的前缀 un-unhappy unfinished undress dis-disagree disbelieve inil-(在字母 l 前)，im-(在字母 m,b,p 前)，ir(在字母 r 前)-inaccurate illegal impolite imbala
53、nce irregular mis-misbehave mislead mistake non-nonstop nonsmoker（2）表示其他意义的前缀 en-“使”enrich enlarge encourage inter-“相互”international intercontinental re-“再，又，重”rethink retell recycle tele-“远程的”telescope telephone telegraph auto-“自动的”automatic automobile co-“共同”coworker cooperate coexist anti-“反对，抵抗”
54、antiwar antifreeze antinuclear multi-“多”multistory multicultural multicolor bi-“双，二”bicycle bilingual bilateral micro-“极小的，微小的”microwave microcomputer over-“太多，过分”overwork overdo overestimate self-“自己，本身”self-centered self-confident self-control under-“在下面，下的，不足的”underline,underground,underestimate,
55、underrate 2.后缀（1）形容词后缀-able“可的，具有的”acceptable drinkable knowledgeable reasonable -al“与有关的”physical,magical,political-an“属于某地方的人”American African -ern“方向”southern,northern,eastern-ful/less“（没）有的”helpful,useful,homeless,hopeless-ish“如的；有特征的”foolish childish selfish-ive“有倾向的”active attractive expensive
56、-en“由制成的”golden wooden woolen-ous“有（性质）的”famous,dangerous,poisonous-ly“有性质的”friendly yearly daily-y“构成形容词”noisy dusty cloudy（2）名词后缀-er/or“表人或用具”farmer,baker,visitor,professor,cooker,container-ese“某国（人）的”Chinese,Japanese-ian“某国、某地人；精通的人”musician,Asian,Russian,technician-ist“某种主义或职业者”physicist,scienti
57、st,communist，socialist-ess“表女性，雌性”hostess,actress,princess-ment“行为或其状态”government,movement,achievement-ness“性质，状态”illness,sadness,carelessness -tion“动作，过程，结果”invention,organization,translation-ance/ence“抽象；行为、性质、状态”importance,appearance,absence,existence-th“性质、情况”depth,warmth,truth -ful“（满的）量”handfu
58、l,spoonful,mouthful-(a)bility“抽象、性质、状态”possibility,disability,reliability-al“过程、状态”survival,arrival,approval-y“性质、情况”modesty,delivery,honesty-dom“处于状态；性质”freedom,boredom-age“状态，行为，身份及其结果”courage,storage,marriage（3）动词后缀-fy/ify“使得；变得”simplify,beautify,purify-en“使成为；变得”shorten,deepen,sadden-ize“使成为”apologize,realize,specialize（4）副词后缀-ly“方式，程度”freely,truly,angrily ward(s)“向”towards,forward,upwards（5）数词后缀-teen“十几”fourteen,eighteen,thirteen-ty“整十位数”forty,fifty,sixty-th“序数词”twelfth,twentieth
