1、模式4| 词义猜测题(对应学生用书第52页)单词、短语的含义单词表示的对象句子的含义代词的指代对象根据上下文猜测单词或短语的含义。猜测单词(一般是名词)代表什么范畴的东西。根据上下文猜测某个句子的含义。根据上下文猜测代词it，they，that，these，those代指的人或物。解题技巧1.利用针对性的解释，如定义、同位语、定语从句、重述等。2.利用标点符号，如破折号、冒号、分号、引号后面的内容或括号中的内容。3.利用文中列举的例子或给出的同义词、反义词等。4.根据内文逻辑关系，如并列、对比、因果关系等。5.根据构词法，如前缀、后缀、复合词等。 典例1 (2017江苏高考卷，B节选)Befo
2、re birth，babies can tell the difference between loud sounds and voices.They can even distinguish their mothers voice from that of a female stranger.But when it comes to embryonic learning(胎教)，birds could rule_the_roostAs recently reported in The Auk：Ornithological Advances，some mother birds may teac
3、h their young to sing even before they hatch(孵化)Newborn chicks can then imitate their moms call within a few days of entering the world.58The underlined phrase in Paragraph 1 means “_”Abe the worstBbe the bestCbe just as badDbe just as good58.B考查词义猜测。首先根据画线的单词定位到相应的段落。本段一开始就提到婴儿在辨别声音方面表现得非常出色，然后用了一个
4、转折连词but，说明在胎教方面虽然人类做得不错，但是鸟儿还是更胜一筹。典例2(2015江苏高考，D节选)Freedom and ResponsibilityFreedoms challenge in the Digital Age is a serious topic.We are facing today a strange new world and we are all wondering what we are going to do with it.Some 2，500 years ago Greece discovered freedom.Before that there was
5、 no freedom.There were great civilizations，splendid empires，but no freedom anywhere.Egypt and Babylon were both tyrannies，one very powerful man ruling over helpless masses.In Greece，in Athens (雅典)，a little city in a little country，there were no helpless masses.And Athenians willingly obeyed the writ
6、ten laws which they themselves passed，and the unwritten，which must be obeyed if free men live together.They must show each other kindness and pity and the many qualities without which life would be very painful unless one chose to live alone in the desert.The Athenians never thought that a man was f
7、ree if he could do what he wanted.A man was free if he was selfcontrolled.To make yourself obey what you approved was freedom.They were saved from looking at their lives as their own private affair.Each one felt responsible for the welfare of Athens，not because it was forced on him from the outside，
8、but because the city was his pride and his safety.The essential belief of the first free government in the world was liberty for all men who could control themselves and would take responsibility for the state.But discovering freedom is not like discovering computers.It cannot be discovered once for
9、 all.If people do not prize it，and work for it，it will go.Constant watch is its price.Athens changed.It was a change that took place without being noticed though it was of the extreme importance，a spiritual change which affected the whole state.It had been the Athenians pride and joy to give to thei
10、r city.That they could get material benefits from her never entered their minds.There had to be a complete change of attitude before they could look at the city as an employer who paid her citizens for doing her work.Now instead of men giving to the state，the state was to give to them.What the peopl
11、e wanted was a government which would provide a comfortable life for them; and with this as the primary object，ideas of freedom and selfreliance and responsibility were neglected to the point of disappearing.Athens was more and more looked on as a cooperative business possessed of great wealth in wh
12、ich all citizens had a right to share.Athens reached the point when the freedom she really wanted was freedom from responsibility.There could be only one result.If men insisted on being free from the burden of selfdependence and responsibility for the common good，they would cease to be free.Responsi
13、bility is the price every man must pay for freedom.It is to be had on no other terms.Athens，the Athens of Ancient Greece，refused responsibility; she reached the end of freedom and was never to have it again.65What does the underlined word “tyrannies” in Paragraph 2 refer to?ACountries where their pe
14、ople need help.BPowerful states with higher civilization.CSplendid empires where people enjoy freedom.DGovernments ruled with absolute power.68What does the sentence “There could be only one result.” in Paragraph 5 mean?AAthens would continue to be free.BAthens would cease to have freedom.CFreedom w
15、ould come from responsibility.DFreedom would stop Athens from selfdependence.65.D考查词义猜测。首先根据划线的单词在文中的位置，定位到第二段最后一句：“Egypt and Babylon were both tyrannies，one very powerful man ruling over helpless masses.”。 我们会发现tyrannies有一个同位语，one very powerful man ruling over helpless masses，再分析各选项含义可知D项“用绝对权力来统治的
16、政府”与此意思相近。68B考查词义猜测。首先根据题干定位到文章的第五段。此句是论点，接下来是论证，最后是总结。论证部分运用if从句进行假设，最后总结出she reached the end of freedom and was never to have it again，所以只有B项的内容符合，选项中的cease to have freedom相当于be never to have it。带为词义猜测题A(2017南京、盐城高三一模)A little social support from your best buds goes a long way，whether youre a huma
17、n or a chimpanzee(黑猩猩)A new study that followed a chimpanzee community in the forests of Uganda has found that quality time with close companions significantly decreased stress hormone levels in the primateswhether they were resting，grooming or facing off against rival groups.The findings，described
18、this week in the journal Nature Communications，shed light on the physiological effects of close companionship on chimpanzeesand could have implications for human health too.Researchers have long known that stress can worsen health and raise the risk of early death in humans as well as other social m
19、ammals.“It can have effects on immune function，cardio function，fertility，cognition，and even your mood，” said study coauthor Kevin Langergraber，a primatologist at Arizona State University.Maintaining close social bonds can help these animals(humans included)reduce some of that stress，potentially mini
20、mizing some health risks.But scientists have yet to pin down the exact physiological mechanisms at work.“Social bonds make you survive and produce betterbut how do they do that？” Langergraber said.To find out，the international team of researchers studied members of the Sonso chimpanzee community in
21、Ugandas Budongo Forest，a group consisting of 15 males，35 females and 28 juveniles and infants during the study period from February 2008 to July 2010.Like humans，chimpanzees tend to have bestiesbond partners with whom they appear to feel close.The researchers wanted to see whether interactions with
22、these bond partners led to lower stress levels during particularly stressful situations，such as when fighting rival groups，or whether time spent with friends helped lower stress levels more generally，throughout the day.The scientists observed the chimps perform three types of activities：resting，groo
23、ming or quarrelling with other groups of chimps.The researchers kept track of whether the chimps were doing any of these three things with their bond partners or with other chimps in their group.A team of up to six observers watched the chimps and followed them around to collect urine(尿液)samples.The
24、 samples，collected from nine adult male and eight adult female chimps，were tested to see how much of the stress hormone cortisol they contained.The scientists found that chimpanzees levels of urinary cortisol were 23% lower，on average，during the activities when they were with their bond partner.This
25、 was especially true for stressful activities，such as the intergroup rivalries，where any chimp on the front line might face physical harm or even death.The findings in chimpanzees，some of our closest living relatives，could shed light on the role such close social relationships play in human health t
26、oo，he said.Such friendships may be just as important during good times as badthough more research needs to be done before any conclusions can be drawn.“This has interest for a lot of people in a medical context as well，” Langergraber said.【语篇解读】本文是说明文。一项研究探究了友谊对人乃至大猩猩的重要性。1The scientists carried out
27、 research into a chimpanzee community in Uganda_Ato seek evidence of benefits of social bonds from physiological anglesBto uncover whether social bonds make humans surviveCto study how chimps perform three types of activitiesDto train chimps to maintain close social bonds with each otherA考查推理判断。根据第五
28、段“Maintaining close social bonds can help these animals(humans included)reduce some of that stress，potentially minimizing some health risks.But scientists have yet to pin down the exact physiological mechanisms at work”，第六段中的“Social bonds make you survive and produce betterbut how do they do that”和第
29、七段“To find out，the international team of researchers studied.July 2010”可推断，科学家们对黑猩猩群落进行研究是为了从生理角度寻求能证明社会关系的益处的证据。故选A项。2.What does the underlined word “they” in Paragraph 10 refer to?AObservers.BChimpanzees.CUrine samples.DBond partners.C考查词义猜测。根据画线词所在段的“A team of up to six observers watched the chim
30、ps and followed them around to collect urine(尿液)samples”和“The samples，collected from nine adult male and eight adult female chimps .”可知，这些尿液被观察员用来检验以了解尿液中含有多少压力荷尔蒙皮质醇。故此处they指的是尿液样本。故选C项。3The chimps levels of urinary cortisol decrease most when_Athey are with other chimps in their groupBthey face th
31、e intergroup rivalries with friendsCthey perform three different types of activitiesDthey spend time with friends throughout the dayB考查推理判断。根据第十一段“The scientists found that chimpanzees levels of urinary cortisol were 23% lower，on average .such as the intergroup rivalries，where any chimp on the front
32、 line might face physical harm or even death”可推断，当黑猩猩和朋友一起面对群体间的较量时，它们的尿皮质醇水平下降最多。故选B项。4Whats the authors purpose in writing the passage?ATo point out stress is harmful to all social mammals.BTo illustrate how chimps control their stress level.CTo urge scientists to do more research into chimpanzees
33、.DTo inform us friendships benefit both chimps and humans.D考查作者意图。通读全文可知，本文主要介绍了一项探究友谊对人乃至大猩猩的重要性的研究的结果。故作者写这篇文章的目的是告诉我们友谊对黑猩猩和人都有利。故选D项。B【导学号：25874029】(2017常州高三一模)Celine is a housewife and lives in a rural district in SubSaharan Africa.Six years ago，she participated in the clinical trial for HIV wh
34、ich was running in her health district.When I first met Celine，a little over a year ago，she had gone for 18 months without any antiretroviral(抗后病毒的)treatment，and she was very ill.She told me that she stopped coming to the clinic when the trial ended because she had no money for the bus fare and was
35、too ill to walk the 35kilometer distance.During the clinical trial，shed been given all her antiretroviral drugs，and her transportation costs had been covered by the research funds.All of these ended once the trial was completed，leaving Celine with no choices.She was unable to tell me the names of th
36、e drugs shed received during the trial，or even what the trial had been about.Yet what puzzled me most was Celine had given her informed consent(同意)to be a part of this trial，yet she clearly did not understand the implications of being a participant or what would happen to her once the trial had been
37、 completed.I do not stand here today to suggest in any way that conducting HIV clinical trials in developing countries are bad.On the contrary，they are extremely useful tools，and are much needed to address the burden of disease in developing countries.However，without an effective system for reviewin
38、g the ethical suitability of them，these clinical trials may be of great problem.In order for a clinical trial to produce valid and widely applicable results，they need to be conducted with large numbers of study participants and preferably on a population with a high rate of new HIV infections.SubSah
39、aran Africa largely fits this description，with 22 million people living with HIV，an estimated 70 percent of the 30 million people who are infected worldwide.Also，research within the continent is a lot easier to conduct due to widespread poverty and inadequate health care systems.A clinical trial tha
40、t is considered to be potentially beneficial to the population is more likely to be authorized，and in the absence of good health care systems，almost any offer of medical assistance is accepted as better than nothing.The high occurrence of HIV drives researchers to conduct research scientifically acc
41、eptable but on many levels ethically questionable.To ensure that，in our search for the cure，we do not take an unfair advantage of those who are already most affected becomes the most urgent as a matter of fact.【语篇解读】本文是一篇议论文。作者通过对一名HIV临床试验的参与者席琳的经历展开论述，探讨了在发展中国家展开HIV临床试验同样需要关注道德层面的问题。5From the first
42、 paragraph，we know that Celine participated in the clinical trial_Aagainst her willBat her personal expense for itCdue to her povertyDwithout a basic knowledge of itD考查推理判断。根据文章第一段最后一句“Yet what puzzled me most was Celine had given her informed consent(同意)to be a part of this trial，yet she clearly di
43、d not understand the implications of being a participant or what would happen to her once the trial had been completed.”可知，令作者困惑的是，席琳之前已经递交了参与这项临床试验的知情同意书，然而她却并不很了解成为一名试验参与者有可能的结果或者一旦试验结束后她会发生些什么。6Developing countries are so attractive to HIV clinical trials due to_reasons.ApoliticalBeducationalCaca
44、demicDcharitableC考查推理判断。根据文章第三段第一句“In order for a clinical trial to produce valid and widely applicable results，they need to be conducted with large numbers of study participants and preferably on a population with a high rate of new HIV infections.”可知，HIV临床试验青睐发展中国家的原因是为了得到有效的并且可以被广泛应用的试验结果，所以是出于学术
45、方面的原因。political“政治的”；educational“教育的，有教育意义的”；academic“学术的”；charitable“慈善事业的”。7.What does the underlined word “ethical” most probably mean?ApsychologicalBmoralCphysicalDsocialB考查词义猜测。根据文章最后一段第一句“The high occurrence of HIV drives researchers to conduct research scientifically acceptable but on many le
46、vels ethically questionable.”可知，在许多层面上，HIV临床试验的研究在道德上是有问题的，故可推知我们需要一个有效的制度来检查这些临床试验的道德适用性，否则这些临床试验就会成为大问题。8What might the following paragraph(s)after the last most probably talk about?AThe solutions to guarantee the ethic of HIV clinical trials in developing countries.BThe steps of conducting resear
47、ch to find the cure for AIDS in developing countries.CThe efforts that should be made by the developing countries for ethical suitability.DThe measures to protect people in developing countries from being affected by AIDS.A考查推理判断。最后一段介绍说在许多层面上，HIV临床试验在道德上是有问题的，为了确保在研究HIV治愈方法的过程中，我们不会不公正地利用那些病患这件事已经成为了急需解决的问题，故文章接下来会就如何确保在发展中国家进行的HIV临床试验的道德性展开论述。
