1、重难语法课(4)虚拟语气 语境中体悟用法朗读下面短文，体会、领悟虚拟语气的形式与用法。My deskmate, Mary, treats me as if she were my sister. She is nice but fat. If she were not so fat, she would look like a super model. Last year, a doctor advised that she (should) eat more vegetables and fruits. He also made a suggestion that she (should)
2、work out regularly. Besides, he insisted that she (should) walk to school. If she had followed the doctors advice, she would not be so fat now. In other words, if the doctor had persuaded her to do so, she would not have become overweight.This morning, Marys mother bought her a new dress. It was rea
3、lly nice. But after she tried it on, she couldnt help shouting, “If only I were a little thinner! How I wish I hadnt eaten so much junk food before！” Were I Mary, I would make a weight loss plan. If I became overweight in the future, I would do sports every day. Now it is high time that she changed
4、her lifestyle. Without a healthy lifestyle, she wouldnt be able to lose weight. I would rather she went swimming with me, but she insists that water sports are not suitable for her. So it is necessary that she (should) walk to school. 用法体悟as if引导的状语从句中，与现在事实相反时，从句的谓语动词用一般过去时。表示与现在事实相反的假设，if从句的谓语动词用一
5、般过去时(be一般用were)，主句的谓语用would/should/could/might动词原形。在advise, insist(坚决主张)等动词后的宾语从句中，谓语动词用“should动词原形”，其中的should可以省略。在suggestion后的同位语从句中，谓语动词用“should动词原形”，其中的should可以省略。为错综条件句，本句的虚拟条件句与过去事实相反，主句与现在事实相反。表示与过去事实相反的假设，if从句的谓语用“had过去分词”，主句用“would/should/could/mighthave过去分词”。在表示愿望的动词wish后的宾语从句和If only(但愿)引
6、出的句子中，需用虚拟语气。表示与现在事实相反，从句或if only后的句子的谓语动词用一般过去时；与过去事实相反，用过去完成时。如果if从句中含有were, had或should，可将if省略，然后将were, had或should提至主语前。即从句用部分倒装。表示与将来事实相反的假设，if从句的谓语形式用一般过去时，或用“were to/should动词原形”，主句用“would/should/could/might动词原形”。在It is (high) time that后的从句中，谓语动词用“should(不能省略)动词原形”或一般过去时。本句为without引起的含蓄条件句，可转换为i
7、f从句。would (had) rather后的宾语从句中用一般过去时表示与现在或将来相反，用过去完成时表示与过去事实相反。insist表示“坚持认为，坚持说”时，后面从句不用虚拟语气。在it is necessary that引导的主语从句中，主语从句中的谓语动词用“(should)动词原形”。 系统中整合规则 (一)虚拟条件句的基本用法1if虚拟条件句(1)基本构成时间if从句谓语动词形式主句谓语动词形式对现在的虚拟过去式(be的过去式用were)should/would/could/might动词原形对过去的虚拟had过去分词should/would/could/mighthave过去分
8、词对将来的虚拟should动词原形should/would/could/might动词原形过去式(be的过去式用were)were to动词原形(2)错综时间虚拟条件句当从句、主句所表示的行为发生的时间不一致时，动词的形式要根据它所在的时间作出相应的调整。If you hadnt left home without a word, your parents wouldnt be so worried now.要不是你一言不语地离开家，你父母现在就不会那么担心了。(从句与过去事实相反，主句与现在事实相反)(3)省略if的倒装句if虚拟条件状语从句中出现were, had, should时，可省略
9、if，把were, had, should提到句首，变为倒装句式。Had he caught the morning train, he would not have been late for the meeting.要是他赶上了早晨的火车，他就不会开会迟到了。2含蓄条件句(1)有时假设的情况不用条件句表达，而是用but for, without等介词(短语)或上下文来表示。We wouldnt have finished the project on time without your timely help.如果没有你的及时帮助，我们就不能按时完成那项工程了。(2)用连词otherwis
10、e, or等暗示后文与前面的情况相反，从而引出后文的虚拟语气。I was ill that day. Otherwise, I would have taken part in the sports meeting.我那天病了，否则，我就参加运动会了。(3)虚拟条件通过but暗示出来，模式为“虚拟情况but真实情况”。I would have delivered a speech, but I had a cold that day.我本来可以演讲的，但是那天我感冒了。 (二)虚拟语气在名词性从句中的用法1主语从句中的虚拟语气(1)某些It is/was形容词/过去分词/名词that引导的主语
11、从句中，主语从句要用虚拟语气，即“should动词原形”，should可省略。Its vital that we (should) take our safety driving seriously.重要的是我们应该认真对待我们的安全驾驶。(2)用于本句型常见的形容词、过去分词、名词形容词necessary, important, best, right, impossible, desirable, advisable, essential, urgent, strange等。过去分词通常表示提议、要求、命令等，如suggested, required, requested, demande
12、d, urged, decided, proposed, ordered, desired, advised等。名词pity, regret, desire, rule, shame, honour, surprise等。2宾语从句中的虚拟语气(1)宾语从句在表示“提议”“要求”“命令”“意志”等动词后，其谓语动词用“(should)动词原形”表示虚拟。常见的此类动词有insist (坚持要求，坚决主张), order, command, advice, suggest (建议), propose, recommend, ask, demand, require, request, urge,
13、 arrange, desire, intend, direct等。He suggested that we (should) start off early the next day.他建议我们第二天早点出发。名师指津当suggest表示“暗示，表明”之意，insist表示“坚持说，坚持认为”之意时，suggest/insist后的宾语从句不使用虚拟语气，而使用陈述语气。The smile on his face suggested that he was satisfied with our work.他脸上的微笑表明他对我们的工作很满意。The man insisted that he
14、had never stolen the money.那个人坚持说他从没有偷过那笔钱。(2)wish后接that引导的宾语从句用虚拟语气，其谓语动词的形式为：时间从句谓语动词形式对现在的虚拟过去式(be的过去式用were)对过去的虚拟had过去分词对将来的虚拟would/could/might动词原形I wish (that) I were ten years younger.但愿我能年轻十岁。I wish (that) I had met that film star yesterday.我多希望昨天见到了那个电影明星。(3)would rather后接宾语从句用虚拟语气，其谓语动词的形式为
15、：时间从句谓语动词形式对现在的虚拟过去式(be的过去式用were)对将来的虚拟对过去的虚拟had过去分词Id rather he had gone to the seaside with me the day before yesterday.我希望他前天和我去海边了。3表语从句中的虚拟语气(1)句子主语是表示“愿望”“劝告”“建议”“主张”“命令”“决定”等行为动词派生出来的同根名词时，其表语从句常用虚拟语气“(should)动词原形”结构。这类名词有suggestion, proposal, request, advice, decision, requirement等。Our only
16、request is that this (should) be settled as soon as possible.我们唯一的要求是这事应该尽可能快地解决。(2)虚拟语气可用于as if, as though引导的表语从句和方式状语从句：时间从句谓语动词形式对现在的虚拟过去式(be的过去式用were)对过去的虚拟had过去分词对将来的虚拟would/could/might动词原形She looks as if nothing had happened to her.她看起来好像什么事都没有发生似的。He opened his mouth as if he would say someth
17、ing.他张开嘴好像要说什么。名师指津如果从句中描述的事情可能会发生，那么从句中的谓语动词可用陈述语气。It sounds as if it is raining.听起来像是在下雨。4同位语从句中的虚拟语气当表示建议、提议、命令、要求等的名词作主语或宾语时，其同位语从句中的谓语动词用“should动词原形”，should可以省略。常见的这类名词有：advice建议 decision决定demand要求desire渴望 idea想法 motion提议order命令 plan计划 proposal提议request要求 suggestion建议We agreed to the order that
18、 the task (should) be completed at 5 oclock.我们都同意这个命令：五点完成这项任务。5两个特定句式中的虚拟语气(1)if only引导的条件句及感叹句对过去的虚拟对现在的虚拟对将来的虚拟had过去分词过去式(be的过去式用were)would/could/should/might动词原形 (2)It is (high/about/very) time (that) .从句中谓语动词用过去式或“should动词原形”。If only I had seen the film.要是我看过那部电影就好了。It is high time that we shou
19、ld start/started out.我们该出发了。 集训中明晰考点 考点1虚拟语气在条件状语从句中的应用1(2020江苏高考改编)If I hadnt been faced with so many barriers, I (be) where I am.解析：wouldnt be句意：我如果没有面对那么多的障碍，就不会有今天的我(我现在就不会在这个位置上)。根据if条件句中的hadnt been faced with .可知，从句与过去事实相反，由此判断出本句是虚拟语气。再由主句中的I am可知，主句与现在事实相反，故用would do。2(2019江苏高考改编)What a pity
20、! You missed the sightseeing, or we (have) a good time together.解析：would have had句意：真遗憾！你错过了这次观光，否则，我们就可以在一起度过一段愉快的时光了。根据上文可知，是对过去事情的虚拟，与过去事实相反的假设，故填would have had。3(2019天津高考改编)The workers were not better organized, otherwise they (accomplish) the task in half the time.解析：would have accomplished句意：工
21、人们没有被更好地组织起来，否则他们就会在一半的时间内完成任务了。根据语境和句意可知，otherwise后面是虚拟语气，是对过去发生的事情的虚拟，故填would have accomplished。4(2018北京高考改编)They might have found a better hotel if they (drive) a few more kilometers.解析：had driven句意：如果他们开车再多走几千米的话，他们或许就会找到一家更好的旅馆。主从句皆为对过去的虚拟，从句中应使用过去完成时表示对过去的虚拟。 考点2虚拟语气在名词性从句中的应用1(2018江苏高考改编)Its
22、strange that he (take) the books without the owners permission.解析：should have taken句意：真奇怪，他居然没有得到主人的允许就把那些书拿走了。在it is strange that .句式中，that 引导的从句要用“should动词原形”作谓语。再根据语境可知，应用完成时。2(2018江苏高考改编)There is a good social life in the village, and I wish I (have) a second chance to become more involved.解析：ha
23、d句意：在这个村子里有很好的社交生活，并且我希望我能再有一次机会更多地参与其中。动词wish后面的宾语从句要用虚拟语气。根据句意可知，此处表示与现在的情况相反，故用动词的过去式。3(2016全国卷改编)Some classmates suggest we (go) to places of interest nearby.解析：(should) gosuggest表示“建议”，后面接宾语从句时，从句中谓语用should动词原形，should可省略。4(2021大庆模拟)Eye doctors recommend that a childs first eye exam (be) at the
24、age of six months old.解析：(should) be句意：眼科医生建议孩子应在六个月大时进行第一次眼睛检查。recommend表示“建议；主张”后接宾语从句时，要用(should) do的虚拟语气。5(2021天津模拟)I wish I (not tell) her the news and then she wouldnt be worried now.解析：hadnt told句意：但愿我没有告诉她这个消息，那么她现在就不会担忧了。wish引导的宾语从句往往用虚拟语气。根据本题语境，表示与过去事实相反的愿望应用过去完成时。 考点3虚拟语气在其他句型中的应用1(2021哈
25、尔滨模拟)Jack is a great talker.It high time that he (do) something instead of just talking.解析：did/should do句意：杰克是个夸夸其谈的人。该是他做点什么而不是光说的时候了。it is high time that后加从句，从句谓语动词用should动词原形或者过去式。2(2021海淀模拟)He messed the project up, but he behaved as if nothing (happen)解析：had happened句意：他把这个项目搞糟了，但他表现的好像什么也没发生一样
26、。该句表示对过去的虚拟，根据as if的虚拟规则，该处应用过去完成时态。3(2021扬州模拟)It was Jack who cheated in the exam.Why are you talking to me as if I (do) it? 解析：had done句意：是杰克在考试中作弊。你为什么跟我说话，好像是我干的？该句表示对过去的虚拟，根据as if的虚拟规则，该处应用过去完成时态。4(2021广东模拟)Look at the trouble you are in! If only you (follow) your parents advice.解析：had followed
27、句意：看看你现在所处的困境！你要是听从你父母的建议就好了。此处表示与过去事实相反的假设，要用过去完成时。 自测中查漏补缺.用所给词的适当形式填空1It is required by law that a driving test (should) be taken(take) before a man gets a license.2I believe he must have had an accident; otherwise he would have arrived (arrive) on time.3The national smog serves as a constant rem
28、inder，indicating that its high time we reflected/should reflect (reflect) on ourselves.4How I wish I had passed (pass) the geography exam!So youre sorry that you didnt work hard.5It would be (be) cool if I won this contest.I dont think Im good enough, though.Give it a shot.You never know.6The Antarc
29、tica is so mystically described by some people.If only I had been (be) there before.7Its a shame that you missed the lecture on the British culture given by Thompson.I would/should have attended (attend) it, but I was busy preparing for the coming exam.8Did you make it at last?Yes.But for your help，
30、it would/could have caused (cause) a serious loss.9Most citizens strongly insisted that those who attacked the police with violence (should)be put (put) into prison.10I wish I had shared (share) the car journey home with my friends.Now they are watching the football match at home.语法填空(2021安徽名校联考)Hav
31、e you ever wondered where Lego (乐高) came from? Like many great inventions, the story is not only one of a great idea, 1 one of tons of hard work and perseverance (毅力)The story started in Denmark. Ole Christiansen was a carpenter 2 was struggling with his small business. His wife died 3 (short) after
32、 his fourth son was born. He had to work hard to support his family alone. He started making wooden toys, but they didnt sell well. He thought his toys needed a name, and he chose 4 name “Lego”Unfortunately, several years later, his workshop 5 (burn) to the ground. Soon, he started to make a few pla
33、stic toys. He got the idea of creating a “system” of toys that would build up kids 6 (imagine) and creativity. He decided to stop 7 (make) wooden toys and focus only on the connected plastic toys. Then he started to build more and more kinds of 8 (model). Each one had to be of the 9 (high) quality,
34、which can be reflected in Legos motto “Only the best is good enough.”Thanks to his perseverance, kids can enjoy Lego toys, movies, amusement parks and clothing. But none of this would have existed at that time if he 10 (give) up when times were hard.语篇解读：本文是一篇记叙文。叙述了丹麦的一个木匠Ole Christiansen创造乐高玩具的经过。
35、1but考查连词。短语not only . but(also) .“不仅而且”，故填but。2who/that考查定语从句。此处为定语从句，修饰先行词carpenter，指人，且关系词在从句中作主语，故填who/that。3shortly考查副词。shortly after表示“不久之后”，故应填副词shortly。4the考查冠词。name为可数名词，此处表示特指，故用定冠词the。5was burned/burnt考查动词的时态和语态。根据several years later可知，此处描述过去发生的事情，应用一般过去时，且主语workshop与burn之间构成被动关系，故填was bur
36、ned/burnt。6imagination(s)考查名词。空处和creativity并列，故填名词，imagination作“想象力”讲时，既可作可数名词，也可作不可数名词，故填imagination(s)。7making考查固定搭配。根据语境可知，此处应用stop doing sth.表示“停止正在做的事”，故填making。8models考查名词复数。model为可数名词，且根据空前的more and more kinds of可知，应填名词的复数形式models。9highest考查形容词最高级。根据句意以及空前的the可知应填形容词最高级highest。10had given考查虚拟
37、语气。此处表示与过去事实相反的情况。故填had given。.短文改错Dear Tom，Im glad to hear that you are considering make up with Peter. If I am you, I would consider a bike as a birthday present for him.As far as I know, Peter is always in poor health, so he should take more exercises by riding a bike to have his body build up. I
38、n the meanwhile, you can often go out by bike together, which is helpful on rebuilding your friendship. Besides, taking a bike is environmentally friendly means of transport. It is convenient to get around as well. Apart from giving him a gift, and you can also adopt other means, such as traveling,
39、seeing a movie, having dinner and going shopping. No matter how you do, being sincere was the most important. Dont hesitate, and try to take action. I really hope that we can make up and be good friends forever.Yours，Li Hua答案：第一句：makemaking第二句：amwere第三句：exercisesexercise; buildbuilt第四句：onin第五句：is后加an第七句：去掉第一个and第八句：howwhat; wasis第十句：weyou
