1、语法项目五 非谓语动词1.(2017江苏,21)Many Chinese brands,_their reputations over centuries,are facing new challenges from the modern market.A.having developed B.being developedC.developed D.developing2.(2016江苏,28)In art criticism,you must assume the artist has a secret message _ within the work.A.to hide B.hidde
2、n C.hiding D.being hidden3.(2015江苏,24)Much time _ sitting at a desk, office workers are generally troubled by health problems.A.being spent B.having spentC.spent D.spending1.A句意:“发展了几个世纪,许多中国品牌正在面临现代市场的新挑战。”Chinese brands 与develop构成主动关系,可将答案锁定在A与D之中;由于非谓语动词develop与谓语动词face之间存在时间先后关系,且发生于谓语动词之前,故选A。2
3、.B句意:“在艺术评论中,你得假设艺术家藏了一个秘密信息在作品中。”句中message与hide是被动关系,故要用过去分词作后置定语。3.C句意:“大部分时间坐在办公桌前,办公室职员通常被健康问题所困扰。”time 与spend之间构成被动关系,另外该题实际考查了非谓语动词的独立主格结构。1.非谓语动词的句法功能成分 形式主语宾语宾语/主语补足语表语定语状语不定式(to do)动名词(doing)现在分词(doing)过去分词(done)2.分词作状语形式的选择形式(以do为例)意义doing与句中主语构成逻辑上的主谓关系,与句中谓语动词同时发生,或基本上同时发生having done与句中主
4、语构成逻辑上的主谓关系,先于谓语动词发生done与句中主语构成逻辑上的动宾关系being done与句中主语构成逻辑上的动宾关系,且与谓语动词同时发生,一般作原因状语置于句首having been done与句中主语构成逻辑上的动宾关系,且先于谓语动词发生3.下列动词(短语)后跟带to的不定式作宾补advise,allow,ask,beg,cause,encourage,expect,forbid,force,get,intend,invite,like,love,order,persuade,prefer,require,teach,tell,want,warn,wish,wait for,
5、call on,depend on等4.下列动词(短语)只能用不定式作宾语decide/determine,attempt,learn,want,expect/hope/wish,refuse,manage,care,pretend,offer,promise,choose,plan,agree,ask/beg,help,afford,happen,wait等5.下列动词(短语)只能用动名词作宾语consider(考虑),suggest/advise,excuse/pardon,admit,delay,fancy,avoid,miss,keep,practice,deny,finish,enj
6、oy/appreciate,forbid,imagine,tolerate,risk,mind,allow/permit,escape等。此外,be used to,lead to,look forward to,be devoted to,go back to,stick to,object to,get down to,pay attention to,cant stand(无法忍受),give up,feel like,insist on,put off,thank you for,apologize for,be busy(in),have difficulty/trouble(in)
7、,have a good/wonderful/hard time (in)等动词词组通常也要用动名词作宾语6.非谓语动词的4个易错点在高考英语中,对逻辑主语的考查很多。做题时要找到与非谓语动词相对应的逻辑主语,然后根据逻辑主语和该动词的主、被动关系来判断动词形式。如果该动词是逻辑主语主动发出,选择现在分词或不定式;被动承受则选择过去分词。但是具体形式还要根据具体情况判断。示例At the beginning of class,the noise of desks _(open and close) could be heard outside the classroom.解析由句子结构可知,名
8、词desks为open and close的逻辑主语,介词of后应接动词ing形式。桌子应该被打开和关闭。故应填being opened and closed。示例_ (compare) with others in the world,he found himself a lucky one.解析本句中的compare的逻辑主语是“he”,是compare动作的承受者,故用过去分词作状语,表被动,compare with是固定搭配“与相比”的意思。故填Compared。做此类题的关键是弄清是谓语还是非谓语。在英语中,一句话里一般只有一个谓语动词。若有两个或两个以上的动词且有连词连接,则必须用
9、谓语形式;若无连词连接,则必须用非谓语形式。示例My ambassadorial duties will include _ (introduce) British visitors to the 120plus pandas at Chengdu and others at a research centre in the misty mountains of Bifengxia.解析分析句子结构可知,该空所在的句子已经有谓语动词will include,且空处与will include不作并列谓语,故空处应填非谓语动词。此处用动名词作include的宾语。故填introducing。示例W
10、e can choose between staying at home and take a trip._解析between.and.“在和之间”,是固定结构。and前后连接的是并列成分。and前用了动名词staying,and后也应用动名词,故把take改为taking。高考英语的考题设置往往会针对某些规律之外的特殊现象,所以考生备考应留心规律性的东西,更不能忽略需特别注意的问题。由于非谓语动词的判断往往和语态有关,对于一些主、被动问题应特别注意,比如一些常用主动表被动的词:weigh,sell,measure,wash以及一些感官动词等。示例Do you have anything mo
11、re _ (type),sir?No.You can have a rest or do something else.解析句意:“先生,你还有什么东西需要打印吗?”“没有了,你可以休息一下或做点其他事情。”anything与type之间为被动关系而且这一动作还未发生,故用不定式的被动语态。故填to be typed。示例Would you like to come to my birthday party this evening?Id like to.But I have an important report _ (prepare).解析句意:“你愿意今晚参加我的生日聚会吗?”“我愿意,
12、可我有个重要报告要准备。”根据句意,第二句中的主语是动作的主动发出者,且该动作还未发生,所以应选择不定式的主动形式。故填to prepare。独立主格结构不是一个句子,而是相当于一个状语从句,可以表示时间、原因、条件、方式以及伴随情况等。独立主格结构的逻辑主语与主句的主语不一致,这是独立主格结构与非谓语动词作状语的最主要区别。在独立主格结构中,分词的形式取决于逻辑主语与分词之间的关系,如果强调分词的时间发生在主句动作时间之前,则通常用现在分词的完成时态having done,然后再根据情况确定是用主动还是被动。示例His lecture _ (give),a lively questionan
13、danswer session followed.解析句意:他的演讲结束后,将是一个现场问答部分。lecture与句中的主语不一致,根据时间先后顺序判断“演讲”已结束,故选择现在分词的完成形式。故填having been given。示例The children went home from the grammar school,their lessons _ (finish) for the day.解析由于动词finish与their lessons之间为动宾关系。又由于逗号前后的两部分之间没有连接词,故横线处不可能是谓语动词。此处是独立主格的一种用法,表示被动和完成。故填finished
14、。7.非谓语动词题的3种解题方法解决非谓语动词类题目通常使用的方法有:看是否是考查固定句型中非谓语动词的用法,是否可以运用句子中的某些特定的词来判断,是否可以通过上下语境和时态呼应来判断非谓语动词的形式。句子按结构分为三类,即简单句、并列句和复合句。并列句和复合句都需要连词来引导,如果句子中出现了连词,应选谓语动词形式;如果两个结构中未出现连词,则考虑用非谓语动词。示例Felt hungry,we built a fire by the lake and barbecued the fish._解析根据句子的结构可知,两个结构间没有连词,确定用非谓语动词,feel与we之间为主谓关系,应用现在
15、分词作状语。故Felt改为Feeling。确定使用非谓语动词之后,第二步要分析其逻辑主语。非谓语动词虽不能作谓语,但仍具有动词特点,其逻辑上的动作执行者就叫做逻辑主语。如果非谓语动词与其逻辑主语之间是主谓关系,可用现在分词;如果非谓语动词与其逻辑主语之间是动宾关系,可用过去分词。示例Mary will never forget the first time she saw him.He suddenly appeared in class one day,_ (wear) sun glasses.解析因句中已有谓语动词appeared,动词wear前又没有并列连词,即wear不是并列谓语,它应
16、是非谓语动词,作状语, 表示伴随情况;又因he与wear是主动关系,故用现在分词。故填wearing。非谓语动词具备动词的一些特点,也可以有动作发生的时间,非谓语动词所表示的时间是一个相对时间,即相对于谓语动词的时间而言。同时也需要了解非谓语动词的不同形式所指时间的含义。如to have done,having done表示该动作在谓语动作之前发生;to be doing,doing强调与谓语动词的动作同时发生。示例All flights _ (cancel) owing to the heavy fog,many passengers could do nothing but take tr
17、ains.解析句意:由于大雾,所有的航班都被取消了,很多乘客只能乘坐火车。句中没有连词,而且两部分之间是逗号,由此判断是独立主格形式,即:名词或代词to do/doing /done。根据句意可知航班被取消发生在主句谓语动词之前,应该用非谓语的完成式。故填having been cancelled。1.The concert,_ to raise money for the victims of hunger in Ethiopia,was successful in _ the statesmen into doing something about the problem.A.intend
18、ing;pressing B.intended;pressuringC.intended;reasoning D.intending;persuading答案B句意:这个打算为埃塞俄比亚饥饿难民筹集钱款的音乐会,成功地迫使政客们为解决这一问题采取了措施。be intended to do sth“打算做某事”,这里用intended作定语;be successful in doing sthsucceed in doing sth“成功地做成了某事”。2.The supermarket,_ in the downtown center,creates numerous profits ever
19、y day.A.being located B.to locateC.located D.locates答案C句意:坐落于市中心的这家超市每天都有丰厚的利润收入。locate“使坐落于”,与主语the supermarket构成逻辑上的被动关系,故应用过去分词形式。3._, the environment of our city has been greatly improved.A.Paid attention to B.Being paid attention toC.Paying attention D.Having paid attention答案A句意:受到了关注,我们城市的环境已得
20、到了很大的改善。pay attention to的宾语是the environment,故用过去分词作状语。4.Unfortunately,we rushed the fallen old man to hospital,only _ that we were responsible for him.A.telling B.to tellC.told D.to be told答案D句意:不幸的是,我们匆忙把摔倒的老人送到医院,却被告知要对老人负责。根据句首的Unfortunately可知,下文是想不到的坏结果。故选D。5.How I _ another sevenday holiday,for
21、 Im still so tired!A.hope there to be B.dream of there beingC.dream there to be D.look forward to have答案B句意:我多么想再有一个七天的假期,因为我仍然如此的疲劳。dream of/about sth“梦想”,后跟v.ing形式作宾语;look forward to后跟v.ing形式作宾语;hope后不跟不定式的复合结构。故选B项。6._ to Annes birthday party,Mr.Brown is now searching shop after shop for a nice p
22、resent for her.A.Having invited B.Having been invitedC.Have been invited D.Being invited答案B句意:受邀参加安妮的生日聚会,布朗先生现在正在一家店一家店地给她挑选礼物。句中有逗号分隔,没有连词,要用非谓语动词;invite与主语Brown构成动宾关系,要用表示被动的过去分词;句意表达的invite动作发生在search动作之前,要用分词的完成式作原因状语。故选B。7.In the reading room,we found her _ at a desk,with her attention _ on a
23、book.A.sitting;fixing B.to sit;fixedC.seating;fixing D.seated;fixed答案D句意:在阅览室,我发现她坐在桌旁专心致志的看书。句中sit或seat作her的宾语补足语,即find sb doing sth发现某人正在做某事;seat是及物动词,作宾补时,与her构成动宾关系,要用过去分词;fix作attention的宾语补足语,即with名词非谓语动词;fix与attention构成动宾关系,要用过去分词。故选D。8.Li Na,the first _ a ranking of world No.2 in Asia,retired
24、from tennis in September,2014.A.to achieve B.achievingC.to have achieved D.achieved答案A句意:李娜,世界排名第二的亚洲第一人,在2014年9月份从网球界退役。当序数词被非谓语动词修饰时,非谓语动词用不定式一般式作定语。9.Everyone had an application form in his hand,but no one knew which office _.A.to send it B.to have it sentC.to send to D.to send it to答案D句意:每个人手里都有
25、一份申请书,但是没有人知道把申请书寄到哪个办公室。本句中no one knew which office to sent it tono one knew which office they should send it to。10.About 50 worldfamous companies moved into the industrial park,_ more jobs for the local residents.A.create B.creatingC.to create D.created答案B句意:大约有50家世界著名的公司搬进了这个工业园区,为当地居民创造了更多的工作机会。
26、现在分词在此作结果状语。11.What did David demand in the meeting just now?_ a chance to join the Debating Club.A.Being offered B.Having been offeredC.To be offered D.To have been offered答案C句意:“刚才会议上大卫要求什么?”“能被提供一个参加辩论俱乐部的机会。”根据语境,答句的内容应是问句中demand的宾语,根据demand to do的用法,可确定排除A、B;且offer的动作还未发生,故选C项。 12.The museum is
27、 built in honor of the explorer who is believed _ the island.A.discovering B.having discoveredC.to discover D.to have discovered答案Dsb is believed to do sth表示“某人被相信做某事”,to do作主补,首先排除A项和B项,因此处表示在此之前已经发现了该岛,所以应使用不定式的完成式,故选择D项。13.Who won the election for mayor?A man _ to represent every minority group i
28、n the city.A.claiming B.claimsC.is claimed D.having claimed答案A句意:“谁赢得了市长选举?”“一个宣称代表这个城市每一个小团体(利益)的人。”claiming短语作A man的后置定语。故选A。14.Flocks of customers joined Alibaba Singles Day,Hong Kong,the U.S.and Russia _ the top three outside.A.claimed B.to be claimedC.claiming D.being claimed答案C句意:成群的顾客加入了阿里巴巴的
29、“双十一”,香港、美国和俄罗斯成为(大陆)以外的前三甲。Hong Kong,the U.S.and Russia是claim的动作执行者,应用现在分词,构成独立主格结构。15.My daughter stopped screaming immediately and looked up at me with tears _ down her cheeks.A.having rolled B.to rollC.rolled D.rolling答案D句意:我女儿立即停止了喊叫,抬头看着我,眼泪沿着她的面颊流了下来。首先排除A项,因为A项只作状语,不作宾语补足语。with的宾语tears与roll为
30、逻辑上的主动关系,故排除C项。B项表示将来,故被排除;D项表示正在进行,故为答案。16.With so many plans _, Im sure to have a tight but rewarding summer holiday.A.carrying out B.to carry outC.carried out D.to be carried out答案D句意:有如此多的计划要实施,我相信我将过一个紧张而有价值的暑假。由于计划还没有实施,应用不定式构成with复合结构,且carry out与plan是被动关系。17._ his love,Chris sent his mom a th
31、ankyou note on Mothers Day.A.Expressing B.ExpressedC.To express D.Having expressed答案C句意:为了表达他的爱,克里斯在母亲节那天给他的妈妈寄了一封感谢信。用不定式表目的,故选C。18.It is so wet there that the trees are extremely tall,some _ over 90 meters.A.measure B.measuresC.measuring D.measured答案C句意:那里很潮湿,以至于树木长得很高,有些高达90多米。some 与measure是主动关系,
32、故用现在分词构成独立主格结构。19.Easy as the problem is _, Im still worried about _ another breakdown.A.worked out;there is B.to work out;there beingC.working out;it is D.to be worked out;it being答案B句意:尽管这个问题很容易解决,但是我仍然担心会出现另一个故障。逗号前为as引导的让步状语从句,且动词不定式作状语用主动形式表被动含义,正常语序的完整句子应为“As the problem is easy to work out”;第
33、二空前面是介词“about”,后接名词或动名词,因此there be要用动名词形式 there being。故选B。20.All the money _, the young man had no choice but to start hunting for a job.A.has been spent B.had been spentC.having spent D.having been spent答案D句意:花完所有的钱,这个年轻人别无选择,开始寻找一份工作。 all the money与spend是被动关系;虽有逗号,但无连词,故可确定应用独立主格结构。21.Reading is a
34、 good way _ a childs imagination at an early age.A.to develop B.developingC.develop D.developed答案A句意:阅读是培养孩子早期想象力的好方法。本题中的不定式作定语修饰way,故选A。22.He could not have the murderer _ away with killing those innocent people.A.got B.to getC.get D.getting答案D句意:他不能听任这个杀人犯杀死那么多无辜的人还一直逍遥法外。根据语境可知,这里用have sb doing
35、sth,意为“让某人一直做某事”。23._ energy,we turn off the lights for Earth Hour on the last Saturday in March.A.Saving B.To saveC.Saved D.Having saved答案B句意:为了节约能源,我们在三月的最后一个星期六为“地球一小时”活动关了灯。分析句子结构可知,此处为目的状语,因此用动词不定式。故选B项。24._ around the clock for two days,he managed to finish the report for the manager on schedu
36、le.A.Working B.WorkedC.Having worked D.To work答案C句意:已经连续工作两天了,他终于按时完成了经理要的报告。work这个动作发生在完成报告之前,故用分词的完成式。25.Isnt it time you went to bed,John? Its too late.I _ with my friend online all afternoon,so I have to finish my assignment.A.have been chatting B.chattedC.was chatting D.had chatted答案C根据语境,现在是晚上
37、睡觉时间了,而“我却要完成作业”,所以“我整个下午一直和朋友在网上聊天”发生在过去(下午),故此空用过去进行时,强调整个下午都在网上聊天。26.Has he left you _ the ticket for tomorrow?No,he didnt speak of it on the phone.A.booking B.bookedC.to book D.book答案C句意:“他有没有让你预订明天的票呢?”“没有,他在电话中没有提那件事。”leave sb to do sth表示“委托某人做某事”。27.The three travelers finally reached the hom
38、e of Berthas mother around dusk,_ 65 miles in less than 12 hours.A.covering B.having coveredC.to cover D.to have covered答案B句意:这三个旅行者最终在黄昏时刻到达了柏莎妈妈的家,在12个小时内走了65英里。cover与three travelers是主动关系,并且发生在句子谓语动词动作之前,故用分词的完成式。28.He was puzzled by the problem.He began to try every approach _ to find the best wa
39、y of working it out.A.known B.knowingC.to know D.being known答案A“方法”与“知道”间为逻辑上的被动关系,故用过去分词作后置定语。every approach known every approach that was known。29.All the photos in the report are provided by the Students Union,unless otherwise _.A.noted B.being notedC.to be noted D.having been noted答案A句意:如果没有特别说明
40、,报道中的所有照片都由学生会提供。本句中unless是连词,从句中无主语,故可确定本句是省略句,省略了all the photos are,故用noted。30.On Wednesday,the World Health Organization announced that the number of people killed by Ebola has now risen to over five thousand,with more than fourteen thousand _.A.having infected B.to infectC.infected D.infecting答案C句意:星期三,世界卫生组织宣布由埃博拉病毒导致的死亡人数现已上升至五千人以上,并且有一万四千多人已受到感染。因with后面的宾语与infect之间存在逻辑上的动宾关系,所以此处应用infect的过去分词形式作宾语补足语。