山东省实验中学2013届高考复习——定语从句.doc

1、山东省实验中学2013届高考复习定语从句 考点知识清单 在复合句中，修饰某一名词或代词的从句叫定语从句。因为它起的作用相当于一个形容词，所以又叫形容词性从句。被修饰的名词或代词叫先行词，从句放在先行词后由关系代词或关系副词引导。关系代词、关系副词所起的作用有三个：1起连接主从句的作用；2代替先行词；3在从句中作成分。如何使用关系代词、关系副词是根据先行词及其在从句中所充当的成分确定的。关系代词在定语从句中作主语、宾语、表语、定语等。关系副词在定语从句中作状语。定语从句分为限制性定语从句和非限制性定语从句。 知识梳理 考点一 关系代词引导的定语从句 关系代词有：that(指人，物)，which(

2、指物)，who(指人)，whom(指人)，Whose(指人，物)，as(指人，物)，but(指人，物)。下面分别讲解。 1关系代词that既可指人也可指物，在从句中作主语，宾语或表语。作主语时不能省略，作宾语或表语时可省略。如： A plane is a machine that can fly飞机是一种会飞的机器。(作主语) Lets ask the man that is reading a book over there 我们去问一下正在那边看书的那个人。(作主语) The noodles(that)I cooked were delicious我做的那些面条好吃极了。(作宾语) The

3、 girl(that)we saw yesterday is Jims sister 昨天我们见到的那个女孩是吉姆的妹妹。(作宾语) After a score of years，John is not the naughty boy(that)he used to be 二十年后，约翰不再是当年那个淘气的男孩了。(作表语) 2关系代词which一般指物，在从句中作主语，宾语，偶尔也作定语。作宾语时，可省略。如： They planted the trees which dont need much water 他们种植的那些树木不需要浇太多的水。(作主语) The fish(which)we

4、 bought were not flesh我们买的鱼都不新鲜了。(作宾语) They stayed with me for three weeks during which time they drank all my wine 他们和我一起待了三周，在这期间他们喝光了我所有的酒。(which作time的定语) 3当先行词指人时使用who或whom，若在句中作主语用who；如果作宾语用whom，但在口语中，常用who代替whom，作宾语可以省略。如： The foreigner who visited our school yesterday is from Canada 昨天来我们学校参观

5、的那个外国人来自加拿大。(作主语) He is the man(whomthatwho)I visited last week 他就是我上周去拜访的那个人。(作宾语) 4whose引导定语从句，先行词可以是人也可以是物，whose在从句中作定语。如： Harry is the boy whose mother is our maths teacher 哈利的母亲是我们的数学老师。(作定语) Have you seen a dictionary whose cover is blue? 你见过一本封面是蓝色的词典吗?(作定语) 注意 指物时，“whose+名词”结构常可以用“the+名词+of

6、which”或“of which+the+名词”结构来替换，且意思相同。 The house whose roof was damaged has now been repaired =The house the roof of which was damaged has now been repaired =The house，of wh ich the roof was damaged，has now been repaired 屋顶损坏的那所房子现在已经修好了。 5(1)as作关系代词既指人也指物，引导限制性定语从句。常用于下列结构中：such.as.；so.as.；the same.a

7、s.；as.as.如： Such teachers as he knows are all kind to him 他认识的那些老师对他都很好。(作宾语) Such people as have made great contributions should be respected 那些做出巨大贡献的人应受到尊重。(作主语) He can lift so heavy a stone as no one else can 你能搬动别人搬不动的那块重石头。(作宾语) I want to buy the same book as you bought 我想买一本和你那本一样的书。(作宾语) You

8、 can take as many books as you need 你需要多少书就拿多少。(作宾语) 注意“the same.as.”结构中，as引导定语从句时，as表示“同一类，不同一个”；如果as换成that时，指“同一个”。如： This is the same watch that I lost yesterday这就是我昨天丢的那块表。 (2)as与which都可作为关系代词引导非限制性定语从句，代表主句的整个内容，但也有区别。 位置不同。as引导的定语从句可放在主句后，主句前或主句中间。而which引导的定语从句只能放在主句后。如： She was quite right，as

9、 Harry soon discovered哈里很快发现，她是对的。 As is known to us all，China is a developing country 众所周知，中国是一个发展中国家。 He bought his sister a big toy，which delighted her greatly 他给妹妹买了一个大玩具，这使她非常高兴。 as引导的从句主要起连接上下文的作用，表达说话人的观点、看法，并指出主句内容的根据或出处等。翻译成“正如，正像”。which引导的从句在意义上相当于一个并列句，可以用and this代替，翻译成“这一点，这件事”。如： As is

10、known to all，China is a country with the largest population in the world 众所周知，中国是世界上人口最多的国家。 He sold his bicycle，which surprised me(=He sold his bicycle，and this surprised me.) 他把自行车卖了，这使我感到奇怪。 as常用于一些固定结构如as we knowas is known to all(众所周知)，as we all can see(正如我们大家都能看到的那样)，as has been said beforeabo

11、ve(正如前文所述)，as might be expected(正如所预料的那样)，as is often the case(情况常常是这样)等中，一般不能用which代替as。 在从句中作主语时，which既可作系动词be的主语，也可作实义动词的主语，而as只可作系动词be的主语。如： He married her，which was natural(可用as代替which) 他和她结婚了，这是很自然的事。 He sow the girl，which delighted him(不可用as代替which) 他见到了那个女孩，这使他很高兴。 as引导的从句在意义上不可与主句相悖，而which引

12、导的从句则不受此限制。如： Mummy treats me like a baby，which I cant bear 妈妈把我当小孩看待，这是我不能忍受的。 6but用作关系代词 but有时用在否定结构后，相当于whothat.not的意思。如： In China there is no one but knows Lei Feng(=In China there is no one who does not know Lei Feng)在中国无人不知雷锋。 There is no rule but has exceptions(=There is no rule that does not

13、 have some exceptions)凡规定都有例外。 考点二 只用that不用which的情况 先行词具有下列情况之一者，引导定语从句的关系代词通常多用that，不用或少用 which： 1当先行词为everything，anything，nothing，all，much，little，few等时。如： Everything that can be done has been done一切能做的都做了。 something之后的关系代词用that，which皆可。 2当先行词被the only，the verythe last及序数词修饰时。如： This is the only fo

14、od(that)I can find for you这是我能为你找到的仅有的食物。 That is the very book(that)he is looking for那正是他一直在找的书。 This is the last thing(that)Ill do我决不会做这样的事。 3当先行词被形容词最高级修饰时。如： This is the most interesting film(that)I have ever seen 这是我所看过的最有趣的电影。 4当先行词既包含人又包含物时。如： They talked of things and persons that they remem

15、bered in the school 他们谈论他们记得的在学校时的那些事和那些人。 5当关系代词在定语从句中作表语时。如： China is not the country that it used to be中国不再是以前的中国了。 6当先行词前有all，any，few，little，no等修饰语时，人们更多地使用that或省略that(在从句中作宾语时)。如： All the books(that)he has translated are very popular here 他翻译的所有的书籍在这儿都很受欢迎。 There are few books(that)we can read

16、几乎没有我们可以读的书。 7当被修饰词为数词时，只用that。如： He brought two cats yesterdayNow I can see the two that are playing in the garden他昨天带来两只猫。现在我能看到它们在花园里玩耍。 8如果两个从句，其中一个关系代词已用which，另一个用that以避免重复。如： He built up a factory which produced things that had never been seen before 他建造了一座工厂，生产一些我们以前从未见过的东西。 9当主句是there be结构时，

17、修饰其主语的定语从句用that。如： There is a book on the desk that belongs to Frank桌子上的那本书是弗兰克的。 10先行词为what，关系代词用that。如： What that is on the table belongs to me桌上的东西是我的。 11有时为了避免重复而使用that引导定语从句。如： Which is the car that hit the boy? Who was the man that she danced with? 考点三 下列情况中只用who而不用that 1当先行词是one，ones，anyone或t

18、hose等时。如： Anyone who does that must be mad谁要那样做肯定是疯了。 Those who dare to break the law will be punished任何人触犯法律都会受到惩罚。 2用在there be结构中。如： There is a young man who wants to see you有一个年轻人想要见你。 3当先行词是人，后面有较长修饰语时。如： I met a friend of mine in the park yesterday who had got three gold medals in the Asian Gam

19、es昨天我在公园里见的那个朋友已经在亚运会上获得了三块金牌。 4为了避免重复或引起歧义。如： The man that spoke at the meeting is our new headmaster who has just come from Shanghai.在会上发言的那个人是我们的新校长，他来自上海。 5当先行词是I，you，he，they等时(常用于谚语之中)。如： He who plays with fire gets burned玩火者必自焚。 6先行词如是指成员的集体名词，关系代词也用who。如： The family，who live upstairs，are fond

20、 of music住在楼上的那一家人喜欢音乐。 7who还可以引导非限制性定语从句。如： He，who led the United States through these years，was shot on April 14，1865 他(林肯)领导美国度过这些年，于1865年4月14日被人枪杀。 8先行词如是拟人化名词，关系代词也可用who。如： You will see the worker ants，who gather food for themselves and for all the others 你会看到工蚁，他们为自己和其他的蚂蚁采集食物。 9先行词指特定的人时，关系代词

21、多用who，不指特定的人时多用that。如： The aunt who came to see us last week is my fathers sister 上周来看我们的那个姑姑是我父亲的姐姐。 People that have not been properly trained cant do this kind of work 没有受过适当训练的人做不了这种工作。 考点四 关系副词引导的定语从句 关系副词有when，where，why，作用有三个：连接主句与从句；代替先行词；在从句中作状语，不可省略。when和where既可引导限制性定语从句，也可引导非限制性定语从句。why只能引

22、导限制性定语从句。这些关系副词在意义上都相当于一定的“介词+which”结构。 1when=atinonduring which，在定语从句中作时间状语。如： Tell me the time when(=at which)the train leaves告诉我火车离站的时间。 July，when(=in which)we can go home for a rest，is coming soon 七月份很快就到了，那时我们就可以回家休息了。 I still remember the day when I first came to Beijing 我仍旧记得我第一次来北京的那天。 Well

23、never forget the happy time when we worked on the farm 我们永远也忘不了在农场劳动时的那段快乐时光。 注意 当表示时间的先行词在从句中作主语或宾语时，不能用when。如： His aunt is going to Beijing in October，which is the best season there(which指Octoher，在从句中作主语) I will never forget the days(thatwhich)I spent with your family(thatwhich指days，在从句中作宾语) ItThi

24、sThat+be+the firstsecondlast time that.句型中，that是习惯用法，不能用when代替，that还可省略。从句中使用与“be动词”呼应的完成形式。 It is the first time that I have been to the Great Wall这是我第一次去长城。 That was the last time that I had seen him那是我最后一次看见他。 2where表地点，只能跟在表示地点的名词后，它在定语从句中作地点状语。如： This is the school where(=at which)I used to tea

25、ch 这是我曾经教学的那所学校。 What is the name of the town where(=in which)we stayed last night? 我们昨天晚上留宿的那个镇叫什么名字? Think of a place where(=to which)we can go for dinner想一个我们可以去吃晚餐的地方。 注意 引导词where可用that替换，并经常可以省略。 Thats the place(wherethat)we went before 那就是我们以前去过的地方。 当表示地点的先行词在从句中作主语或宾语时，不用where，用关系代词that或which

26、。如： The factory thatwhich we visited yesterday was built last year 昨天我们参观的工厂是去年建成的。(visit为及物动词，从句缺宾语) 比较： The factory where he works was built last year 他工作的那家工厂是去年建成的。(work为不及物动词，从句中不缺少宾语。where=in which在从句中作地点状语。) where可与from连用。如： His head soon appeared out of one of the second story windows，from w

27、here he could see nothing but trees 不一会儿，他从二楼的一个窗口探出头来，除了树林外，他从那儿什么也看不见。 3why表原因，引导的从句修饰名词reason。why可用that或for which替换或省略。如： I dont know the reason(whyfor whichthat)he left here 我不知道他为什么离开这儿。 There are several reasons why we cant do that有几个原因使我们不能那样做。 试比较： I didnt know the reason why he was late(why

28、引导的定语从句) The reason why he was late was that his wife was ill(why引导的定语从句；that引导的表语从句，不能换成because) His wife was very illThats why he was late(why引导的表语从句) He was lateIt was because his wife wasvery ill in bed(because引导的表语从句；It不能换成The reason) 考点五 介词与关系代词 1.与关系代词搭配的介词的确定 (1)依据定语从句中动词所需要的某种习惯搭配来确定。如： I b

29、ought a great many books，on which I spent all my money that I saved 我买了很多书，这些书花了我积攒的所有钱。 (2)依据先行词的某种习惯搭配来确定。如： Ill never forget the time during which I spent my childhood in the country 我永远不会忘记孩童时期我在乡村度过的时光。 (3)根据所表达的意思来确定。如： The colorless gas without which we cannot live is called oxygen 这种无色的气体称为氧

30、气，离开了它我们不能活。 (4)在英语中有时为了强调某一名词，不定式前也可加上关系词。如： Here is the money with which to buy a piano(=Here is the money with which we can buy a piano)这就是买钢琴的钱。 She is the right person on whom to depend(=She is the right person whom we can depend on)她是值得信赖的人。 She had only $187 with which to buy Jim a present 她仅

31、有187美元给吉姆买一份礼物。 She had no time left in which to pack her things她没有时间把东西打包。 The bank has purchased some property on which to construct a new building 这个银行已购买了一些地皮准备在上面盖一座新的大楼。 Allow me one minute in which to change my clothes 给我一分钟时间让我换换衣服。 The poor man has no house in which to live那个穷人没有房子住。 例 Fran

32、ks dream was to have his own shop to produce the workings of his own hands Athat Bin which Cby which Dhow 解析 本题考查“介词+which+不定式”，此结构作定语修饰名词shop，与shop相搭配的介词应为in。注意：这种结构中介词一定要提前；关系代词常用which，不用其他关系代词。这是which的特殊用法，一定要多留心注意。 答案 B 2关系代词作介词的宾语时，介词的位置 (1)关系代词whom，which在从句中作介词宾语时，可以和介词一起放在先行词和从句之间。为了使关系代词紧跟它所

33、修饰的词，也可以把介词放在从句中有关动词的后面。如： The athlete to whom you talked is a famous long-distance canner 你与之谈话的那名运动员是著名的长跑运动员。 The person whom you just talked to is Mr Li.刚刚与你谈话的人是李先生。 (2)含有介词的短语动词一般不拆开，介词仍放在动词的后面。如： Is this the watch which he is looking for?这是他正在寻找的那块表吗? The old man whom the nurses are looking a

34、fter is very well now 护士们正在照料的那位老人现在身体已经非常好了。 注意 有些“动词+介词”习语不可把介词置于关系代词前。如果介词提前，将会失去动词习语的意义。如我们不可说： This is the right tape for which Im looking这就是我正在找的磁带。 (而应改为：This is the right tape which Im looking for) 常用的不可拆开的动词习语有： care for喜欢、关心 deal with处理、对付、处置、论述 get through渡过难关 hear fromofabout收到某人的来信听说 lo

35、ok forafter寻找照顾 send for派人去请 see to照顾、料理 (3)关系代词that在从句中作介词宾语时，介词不能放在它的前面，只能放在从句中有关动词的后面。如： The city that she lives in is very far away?她居住的城市非常远。 (4)关系代词whose也可以在从句中与它所修饰的名词一起作介词宾语。如： The boss in whose company my father worked is a very kind person 我父亲工作的那个公司的老板是一个非常和善的人。 3“名词数词代词+介词+关系代词”结构常见的形式有：

36、名词onetwosomenoneallbothseveralmanymosta fewa littlethe+比较级the+最高级.+of+whichwhom。如： Here are the questions，some of which(=of which some)I thought are difficult for you 就是这些问题，其中一些我认为对你来说太难。 There are forty students in our class，most of whom(=of whom most)are from the South 我们班有四十名学生其中大部分来自南方。 I have

37、two sistersboth of whom are teachers 我有两个姐姐，她们都是老师。 The house the windows of which were damaged has now been repaired 窗子遭破坏的那座房子现在已经修好了。 last week，only two people came to look at the house，neither of whom wanted to buy it 上周，只有两个人来看这个房子，两人都不想买它。 区别下面的句子： I have many friends，some of whom are business

38、men(定语从句) I have many friends，of whom some are businessmen(定语从句) I have many friends；some of them are businessmen(并列句) I have many friends，and some of them are businessmen.(并列句) 我有很多朋友，其中有几个是商人。 考点六 限制性定语从句与非限制性定语从句 1限制性定语从句对先行词起到限定、区分的作用，并与先行词有着不可分割的关系，如果省去，剩下的部分意义就会不完整或不清楚。如： Those who want to go

39、please put up your hands想去的人请举手。 A man who doesnt try to learn from others cant hope to achieve much 个不向别人学习的人是不能指望有多少成就的。 2非限制性定语从句只对先行词作进一步的说明和描述，如果省去，剩余的部分仍然意义完整，表达清楚。非限制性定语从句的前后往往有逗号与其余部分隔开。如： DrBrown，who lives next door，comes from America 布朗医生住在隔壁，他来自美国。 注意 专有名词具有“独一无二”的含义，因而它通常只能由非限制性定语从句来修饰。如

40、： Hangzhou，which we visited last year，is one of the most beautiful cities in China. 我们去年参观了杭州，它是中国最美的城市之一。 有时候，一个定语从句既可以作为限制性定语从句又可以作为非限制性定语从句，但两者的含义不同。如： There are 20 students in this class who are from the northeast of China 这个班里有二十位来自中国东北的学生。(班里可能还有其他学生) There are 20 students in this class，who ar

41、e from the northeast of China 这个班里有二十位学生，他们来自中国的东北。(班里共有二十位学生) 由以上例子可见：非限制性定语从句表达的意义含“唯一性”，翻译时通常译成一个并列句，其形式往往可用and.替换。如： They will fly to Kunming，where(=and there)they will stay for two or three days 他们将飞往昆明，并将在那里呆上两三天。 that不能引导非限制性定语从句。其他引导限制性定语从句的关系代词、关系副词皆可引导非限制性定语从句(why通常也不引导非限制性定语从句)，且不可省去。 whi

42、ch引导的非限制性定语从句，除在从句中可作主语、宾语及表语外，还可用作定语，起到限定词(thisthatthesethose)的作用，但其前面必须有介词。如： He lost his temper，at which point I decided to go home 他发起脾气来，此时我决定回家。(作限定词) His son insisted on joining the army，in which case he had to give in 他的儿子坚持要参军，在这种情况下他只好让步。(作限定词) 考点七 定语从句的主谓一致 1关系代词作从句的主语时，从句中谓语动词的人称和数要与先行词保

43、持一致，先行词是句子时，从句的谓语动词用单数形式。如： The recorder that has been given to me is homemade 别人给我的那台录音机是国产的。 I，who am your classmate，will share the work with you 我是你的同学，要和你分担这项工作。 2“one of+复数名词”位于关系代词前作先行词时，关系代词在从句中作主语，从旬的动词通常用复数，但当one前有the，the only，the very等修饰时，从句的谓语动词要用单数。如： He is one of the students who have m

44、ade great progress 他是取得很大进步的学生之一。 MrWang is the only one of my friends who has been invited to have dinner with us 王先生是我的朋友中唯一被请来和我们共进晚餐的人。 考点八 定语从句的插入语现象 在定语从句中有时会出现插入语现象，它丝毫不影响定语从句的正常语序及主谓一致。如： I suggest you choose someone who you think is kind and friendly 我建议你选择一位你认为善良而友好的人。 I went to Xiao Wangw

45、ho I knew was ready to help me at any time 我去找小王，我知道他随时都会乐意帮助我的。 You should give a ring to Tom first，who Im afraid will not come 你应该先给汤姆打个电话，我怕他不来。 考点九 定语从句中的倒装现象 在定语从句中有时会出现完全倒装语序，以便使句子更加生动、形象、流畅、自然。这种语序常出现于以where或“介词+which”所引导的定语从句中，where或“介词+which”在从句中作地点状语。如： That is our school，in front of which

46、 lies a large wheat field 那就是我们的学校，在它的前面有一块大的麦田。 He entered the meeting hall，in the front of which were sitting some important men 他进入了会议大厅，坐在前面的是一些要员。 We got to a farmhouse，where lived an old farmer and his son 我们到达一处农舍，那儿住着一位老农和他的儿子。 考点十 分隔定语从句 定语从句与先行词之间被其他成分分隔开来，这种定语从句叫做分隔定语从句。此时须注意辨别从句的先行词。如： T

47、he days are gone when we suffered so much 以前那种受苦的日子已经过去了。 (when引导的定语从句修饰days，中间被谓语are gone隔开) The boss of the company，whose name is MrLittle，told the story 公司的老板名叫利特尔，他说明了情况。 (whose引导的定语从句修饰boss，中间被介词短语of the company隔开) 考点十一 注意way和lime后接定语从句的情况 1当先行词是way，且意为“方式、方法”时，引导定语从句的关系词有下列三种形式：thatin which/不填

48、。应注意的是，关系词在从句中必须作状语。如果关系词在从句中作主语或宾语。按正常的定语从句分析。如： I dont like the way in whichthat不填you speak to your parents(作状语) 我不喜欢你跟你父母说话的那种方式。 The way thatwhich不填he explained to us was quite simple(作宾语) 他向我们解释的那种方法很简单。 2当先行词是time时，若time作“次数”讲，应用that引导定语从句，that可省略；若time作“一段时间”讲，应用关系副词when或介词atduring+which引导定语从

49、句。如： This is the second time(that)the President has visited the country. 这是这位总统第二次访问这个国家。 I can hardly remember how many times(that)Ive failed 我几乎记不清楚我已经失败了多少次了。 There was a time in history when women had no right to vote 在历史上有一段时期妇女没有选举权。 Can you still remember the time when we lived in the country

50、side? 你还记得我们住在农村的那个时候吗? 考点十二 “地点模糊”的先行词，后跟where引导的定语从句 高考试题中对于where的考查趋于复杂，从先行词为“明显的地点”转为“地点的模糊化”。当先行词为point，situation，case，position，stage，scene，spot，activity，family，job等这类名词。并且关系词在从句中作状语时，常用where引导定语从句。如： He has reached the point where a change is needed 他到了必须改一改的地步。 We are in a position where we m

51、ay lose a large sum of money. 我们在这种处境下可能会损失大量金钱。 Can you think of a situation where this word can be used? 你能想出使用这个单词的语境吗? 例 After graduation she reached a point in her career _ _she needed to decide what to do Athat Bwhat Cwhich Dwhere 解析 point为先行词，定语从句主谓宾都很完整，应该缺状语，point表示模糊地点，所以用where。 答案 D 考点十三

52、定语从句的一种特别考查方式 由“动词+名词+介词副词”构成的短语动词。如： have some difficulty in doing sth；have some trouble in doing sth；make fun of；pay attention to；make use of；play a role in；take an active part in；take advantage of；take good care of等，有时其中的名词会作为先行词出现，余下的动词和介词副词成为定语从句的谓语部分。 例1 The role that he _ in the activity was

53、pretty important Atook Bplayed Cmade Dacted 解析 本句用的短语动词是play a role in，将其中的名词role提前作为先行词，余下的play in成为定语从句的谓语部分。that是关系代词，替代的是the role，that在从句中作宾语，也可省略。句意：他在这个活动中起的作用很重要。 答案 B 例2 You cant imagine the difficulty I had _ _the way to the station Ato find Bin finding Cwith finding Dfound 解析 本句用的是短语动词have

54、 difficulty in doing sth，将其中的名词difficulty提前作先行词，后面是定语从句，关系词在从句中作had的宾语，可以省略。短语动词余下的部分是had in finding。 答案 B 方法技巧清单 方法技巧 选择引导定语从句的关系词是学习定语从句的难点。巧用以下口诀，可化难为易。 看指人还是物，二看介词在何处；三看句中作何用，四看是否属特殊。 方法一 一看指人还是物 指人时用who(作主语)、whom(作宾语)和whose(作定语，既指人又指物)；that既可指人又可指物，但在当代英语中多指物；which只能指物，that与which在句中作主语或宾语；在非正式文

55、体中，作宾语的whom，which或that可省略。如： In the beginning，people who bought them often got angry(who指人，修饰先行词peopie，作从句的主语。)刚开始，买的人经常会生气。 They needed a plant which didnt need as much water as rice(which指物，修饰先行词plant，作从句的主语，此处which可换为that。) 他们需要一种不像水稻那样需要大量水的作物。 Ive bought a new dictionary whose cover is blue(这里w

56、hose指物，在从句中作定语。) 我买了一本封皮是蓝色的字典。 难点：(1)whose既可指“某人的”，也可指“某物的”，指物时不可想当然误用which，但可使用“the+n+of which”的表达方法，例句3可改为：Ive bought a new dictionary，the cover of which is blue (2)在非正式文体中，当关系代词who位于从句句首时，可替换whom作宾语。如： Do you know the boy who we talked to just now? 方法二 “二看介词在何处” 当介词置于从句之首时，若指人，介词之后只能用whom而不能用who

57、或that；若指物，则只能用which而不用that。试比较以下两组句子： 1Do you know the woman with whom I shook hands at the school gate?(此处介词with之后的whom不可替换为who或that，也不能省略。) Do you know the woman whom I shook hands with at the school gate?(此句中的关系代词whom作介词with的宾语，可换为who或that，也可省略。) 你认识那个和我在校门口握手的女人吗? 2Have you ever read the storybo

58、ok which many of us are interested in?(此句中的关系代词which作介词in的宾语，可替换为that，也可省略。) 你读过这本许多人都感兴趣的故事书吗? 难点：(1)当who，whom，which，that等关系代词在从句中作宾语而省略时，从句中不能再加宾语。如：This is the pen she bought it yesterday(此处的it应去掉，因为作宾语的which或that已省略。) (2)两个以上的简单句组成一个句子时，必须用关联词来连接两个句子，而不能用代词。如：This is our monitor，without him，we c

59、ouldnt win the game(此句中的人称代词him必须改为引导词whom。)Can you see the tall building，in front of it there is a large playground?(此句中的代词it必须改为关系代词which。) 方法三 “三看句中作何用” 如何选用定语从句中的关系词，关键是要看关系词在从句中作什么成分。若作主语，则在who，that或which之中选择；若作定语，则用whose；若作状语，则在when，where，why之中选择。试比较： 1Have you ever been to the place which/tha

60、t we visited last year? 你去过我们去年参观的那个地方吗? Have you ever been to the place where we worked last year? 你去过我们去年工作的那个地方吗? 以上第一句中的关系代词which/that作及物动词visited的宾语，可省略，不可换用where；第二句中的关系副词where作不及物动词worked的状语，不可换用which或that，但可用in which来替换。 2Do you still remember the day whichthat we spent together? 你还记得我们一起度过的

61、那一天吗? Do you still remember the day when we stayed together? 你还记得我们待在一起的那一天吗? 以上第一句中的关系代词whichthat作及物动词spent的宾语，可省略，不可用when替换；而第二句中的when作不及物动词stayed的状语，不可换用which或that，但可用on which来替换。 难点：要把握好句子结构，正确分析句子成分，切不可见到表示时间的名词就用when，见到表示地点的名词就用where。 方法四 四看是否属特殊 定语从句中关系词的使用还要注意一些特殊情况，如who与that均可指人，which和that都

62、可指物，但这些关系词在具体的语言环境中有区别，不能换用。如： This is the first time that Ive been to the museum，which I have been looking forward to for many years 这是我第一次去博物馆，我盼了好多年了。 当先行词被序数词修饰时，关系词只能用that而不能用which；在非限制性定语从句中，只能用which而不能用that，故此句中的that与which不能互换。 Those who are studying in our school can borrow five books at a t

63、ime 在我们学校学习的人一次可借五本书。 为避免重复，先行词为指人的that或those时，关系代词用who而不能用that。 Such magazines as you bought last time are well worth reading 你上次买的那些杂志非常值得一读。 such.as.，the same.as.等属于固定搭配。 互动训练 1.1 You can only be sure of _ _you have at present; you cannot be sure of something _ you might get in the future. A. tha

64、t；what B. what；/ C. which；that D. /；that 1.2 How hibernating animals can sleep all through the winter is connected with the main use _ _the body makes of foodto supply the energy for movement. A. what B. that C. how D. as 1.3 Mark was a student at this university from 2005 to 2009, _ _he studied ver

65、y hard and was made Chairman of the Students Union. A. during which time B. for which time C. during whose time D. by that time 1.4 Is there any other reader _ _wants to renew this book? A. who B. whom C. whose D. which 1.5 The man pulled out a gold watch, _ _ were made of small diamonds. A. the han

66、ds of whom B. whom the hands of C. which the hands of D. the hands of which 1.6 George Orwell, _ _was Eric Arthur, wrote many political novels and essays. A. the real name B. what his real name C. his real name D. whose real name 1.7 Such a book _ you showed me is difficult to understand. A. that B.

67、 which C. the one D. as 1.8 Id like to buy the same bike you are riding. A. that B. which C. as D. like 1.9 I have never heard so strange a story _ _he told us. A. that B. which C./ D. as 1.10 The road conditions there turned out to be very good, _ was more than We could expect. A. it B. what C. whi

68、ch D. that 1.11 The owner of the cinema needed to make a lot of improvements and employ more people to keep it running, _ _meant spending tens of thousands of pounds. A. who B. that C. as D. which 1.12 _ _is reported in the newspapers, talks between the two countries are making progress. A. It B. As

69、 C. That D. What 1.13 He was educated at the local high school, _ he went on to Beijing University. A. after which B. after that C. in which D. in that 1.14 _ _is mentioned above, tile number of the students in senior high school is increasing. A. As B. It C. That D. What 1.15 He is late, _ is often

70、 the case. A. as B. what C. it D. this 1.16 There is no one in our class _ wants to help you. A. but B. when C. where D. why 2.1 Finally, the thief handed everything _ he had stolen to the police. A. which B. what C. whatever D. that 2.2 This is the very book _ I want to find. A. that B. which C. it

71、 D. with which 2.3 All _ _is needed is a supply of oil. A. the thing B. that C. what D. which 2.4 He owns a little shop which sells a lot of goods _ are necessary to the people _ _are living nearby. A. which；who B. that；/ C. which；/ D. that；who 2.5 Do you have anything in mind _ _ youd like to have

72、for dinner? Well, anything is OK for me. A. that B. which C. what D. where 2.6 The speaker mentioned some writers and some books _ _were known to us. A. that B. which C. / D. who 2.7 Is oxygen the only gas _ _helps fire burn? A. which B. / C. that D. it 2.8 Who _ has common sense will believe such n

73、onsense? A. that B. who C. which D. hut 3.1 Women _ drink more than two cups of coffee a day have a greater chance of having heart disease than those _ _ dont. A. who；/ B. /；who C. who；who D. /；/ 3.2 _ _to take the English Evening course please fill in this form. A. Those who want B. Anyone wants C.

74、 Those that want D. People want 3.3 I want this man, _ _can speak English. A. which B. who C. whom D. that 3.4 He _ _laughs last laughs longest. A./ B. who C. whom D. that 4.1 They will fly to Washington, _ _ they plan to stay for two or three days. A. where B. there C. which D. when 4.2 Occasions a

75、re quite rare _ _I have the time to spend a day With my kids. A. who B. which C. why D. when 4.3 We went through a period _ _ communications were very difficult in the rural areas. A. which B. whose C. in which D. with which 4.4 Youll have to wait for one more week, _ the manager will be back from h

76、is trip. A. before B. when C. as 13. until 4.5 We are living in an age _ many things are done on computer. A. which B. that C. whose D. when 4.6 I shall never forget those years _ _ I lived in the country with my grandma, _ _has a great effect on my life. A. that；which B. when；which C. which；that D.

77、 when；who 4.7 I work in a business _ almost everyone is waiting for a great chance. A. how B. which C. where D. that 4.8 I cant find Mr. Smith. Where did you meet him this morning? It was in his office _ _he worked. A. where B. which C. that D. the one 4.9 Now children like to go to the fast food re

78、staurant, _ _as the name says, eating doesnt take much time. A. which B. that C. what D. where 4.10 Ill give you my friends home address, _ _I can be reached most evenings. A. which B. when C. whom D. where 4.11 The reason _ she gives for not coming to the party is that her mother wont let her. A. w

79、hat B. why C. as D. which 4.12 This is the reason _ _he is leaving now. A. as B. which C. why D. what 5.1 We saw several natives advancing towards our party, and one of them came up to us, _ _we gave some bells and glasses. A. to which B. to whom C. with whom D. with which 5.2 Many people who had se

80、en the film were afraid to go to the forest when they remembered the scenes _ _ people were eaten by the tiger. A. in which B. by which C. which D. that 5.3 There are altogether eleven books on the shelf, _ _five are mine. A. on which B. in which C. of which D. from which 5.4 The professor can hardl

81、y find sufficient grounds _ _his argument in favor of the new theory. A. which to base on B. on which to base C. to base on which D. which to be based on 5.5 By nine oclock, all the Olympic torch bearers had reached the top of Mount Qomolangma, _ _appeared a rare rainbow soon. A. of which B. on whic

82、h C. from which D. above which 5.6 For many cities in the world, there is no room to spread out further, _ _New York is an example. A. for which B. in which C. of which D. from which 5.7 The growing speed of a plant is influenced by a number of factors, _ _ are beyond our control. A. most of them B.

83、 most of which C. most of what D. most of that 5.8 A good ad often uses words _ _ people attach positive meanings. A. in which B. to which C. which D. that 5.9 This is the small house less than 15 square meters, under _ _roof lives a large family of three generations. A. which B. that C. its D. whos

84、e 5.10 The man _ _you told me yesterday proved to be a thief. A. who B. about whom C. whom D. with whom 5.11 There are two buildings, _ _ stands nearly a hundred feet high. A. the larger B. the larger one C. the larger Of which D. the large 6.1 Lets put off the picnic until next week, _ _the weather

85、 may be better. A. as B. then C. if D. when 6.2 The famous basketball star, _ _ tried to make a comeback, attracted a lot of attention. A. where B. when C. which D. who 6.3 There were dirty marks on her trousers _ _she had wiped her hands. A. where B. which C. when D. that 6.4 Anyway, that evening,

86、_ _Ill tell you more about later, I ended up staying at Rachels place. A. when B. where C. what D. which 6.5 The Science Museum, _ _we visited during a recent trip to Britain, is one of Londons tourist attractions. A. which B. what C. that D. where 6.6 In the office I never seem to have time until a

87、fter 5:30 p. m., _ _many people have gone home. A. whose time B. on which C. that D. by which time 7.1 He is the only one of the students who _ _a winner of scholarship for three years. A. is B. are C. have been D. has been 7.2 She is one of the few girls who _ in the kindergarten. A. is well paid B

88、. are well paid C. is paying well D. are paying well 8.1 This is Mr. White, _ _I think has something interesting to tell you. A. which B. whom C. that D. who 8.2 Helen is much more kind to her youngest child than to the others, _ _, of course, makes the others unhappy. A. who B. which C. she D. that

89、 9.1 Yesterday I went to a town, _ _ stands a huge monument. A. where B. that C. which D. there 9.2 We are going to spend the Spring Festival in Shanghai, _ _live my parents and some relatives. A. which B. that C who D. where 10 The film brought the hours back to me _ _I was taken good care of in th

90、at faraway village. A. until B. that C. when D. where 11.1 I dont like _ you solve such problems. A. the way B. the way in that C. the way which D. the way of which 11.2 It is the third time _ _I have come to China. A. when B. that C. in which O. which 11.3 The time is not far away _ _ modern commun

91、ieations will become widespread in Chinas vast countryside. A. as B. when C. until D. before 12.1 Do you have anything to say for yourselves? Yes, there is one point _ we must insist on. A. why B. where C. how D. / 12.2 I can think of many cases _ _ students obviously knew a lot of English words and

92、 expressions but couldnt write a good essay. A. why B. which C. as D. where 12.3 Were trying to reach a point _ _ both sides will sit down together and talk. A. where B. that C. when D. which 13.1 In western society, the part _ _ church plays in peoples life is very important. A. where B. that C. wh

93、en D. how 13.2 The advantage human beings have to _ _the sun is worth discussing. A. do with B. play with C. take of D. have on 13.3 Can you still remember that old woman? Sure, well never forget the good care she _ _us. A. made of B. took of C. gave to D. offered to 成功体验 1.1 American women usually

94、identify their best friend as someone _ _they can talk frequently. A. who B.as C. about which D. with whom 1.2 Why does she always ask you for help? There is no one else _ _, is there? A. who to turn to B. she can turn to C. for whom to turn D. for her to turn 1.3 She decided to write about Chaplin,

95、 one of _ _films she had seen several years before. A. whose B. whom C. which D. that 1.4 His sister has become a lawyer, _ _ she wanted to be. A. who B. that C. what D. which 2.1 I have many friends, _ _. some are teachers. A. of them B. from which C. who of D. of whom 2.2 Another unmanned spacecra

96、ft “Shenzhou ”, _ _China greets the 21st century, makes new progress in the centurys space program. A. for which B. from which C. in which D. with which 2.3 The artist _ _the judge gave a prize is the teacher _ _I have been taught painting for two years. A. from whom；by whom B. to whom；who C. from；w

97、ho D. to whom；by whom 3.1 America has fifty states, _ _， Kentucky, is the place _ _ Abraham Lincoln was born. A. one of them；where B. one of which；where C. one of that；which D. one of which；which 3.2 If a shop has chairs _ _women can park their men, women will spend more time in the shop. A. that B.

98、 which C. when D. where 3.3 You are saying that everyone, should be equal, and this is _ _I disagree. A. why B. where C. what D. how 4.1 Those houses are sold at such a low price _ _people expected. A. like B. as C. that D. which 4.2 The result is not the same _ _ they had expected, _ _was rather di

99、sappointing. A. which；as B. as；that C. that；which D. as；which 4.3 She took the police back to _ _place _ she witnessed the robbery. A. same；as B. the same；where C. same；that D. the same；when 专题十五 定语从句考点知识清单互动训练 11 B 第一空是what引导的宾语从句，what在从句中作have的宾语。第二空考的是定语从句，定语从句必须有先行词。本句中something是先行词，定语从句中get为及物动

100、词，缺宾语，先行词是物，关系词可以是thatwhich或省略也行。 1. 2 B 先行词是the main use，定语从句中有词组make use of“利用”。定语从句中makes缺宾语，选that。 1. 3 A during which time“在那一段时间”，which作time的定语。 14 A 本句考查定语从句，先行词是any other reader，指人，从句缺主语，选who。 1. 5 D 句意：那个人拽出一块金表，表的指针是用小钻石做成的。先行词为a gold watch。whose hands=the hands of which。 16 D 题中主语与real na

101、me之间是所属关系，whose在从句中作定语。 17 D 用suchas结构，as在定语从句中作showed的宾语。 18 C 用the sameas结构，as在定语从句中作riding的宾语。 19 D 用soas结构，as在定语从句中作told的宾语。 110 C 句意：结果那儿的路况很好，出乎我们的预料。which用于引导非限制性定语从句，指代前面的情况。 111 D 句意：那家电影院的主人需要大胆创新并雇佣更多的人来使电影院运转，这意味着要花费数万英镑。此处是非限制性定语从句，不能用that引导；as“正像，正如”不符合题意，故选择D。 112 B As引导的非限制性定语从句，翻译成“

102、正如，正像”。 113 A 句意：他在地方中学接受教育之后到北京大学就读。其中C项干扰最强。which这里并非指代school而是指“他在地方学校上中学”这件事，故选A。 114 A 句意：正如上面所提到的情况，高中生的人数在增加。 115 A as is often the case“情况常常是这样”，属习惯表达。 116 A but=whothatnot。句意：我们班没有一个人不想帮你。 21 D 先行词是everything，定语从句中had stolen缺宾语，用that。 22 A 先行词被the very修饰，定语从句中find缺宾语，用that。 23 B 先行词是all或被al

103、l修饰，定语从句中is needed缺主语，用that。 24 D 本句共三个定语从句，第一个由which引导；第二个为了避免与第一个重复，用that指物；第三个用who来引导，指人。 25 A 问句中应为定语从句，先行词是anything，从句中like缺宾语，用that。 26 A 先行词既包含人又包含物时，本句定语从句缺主语，用that。 27 C 先行词被the only修饰，定语从句缺主语，用that。 28 A 用which或who作疑问代词提问的句子，关系代词用that，避免重复。 31 C 句意：每天喝两杯以上咖啡的女性比不喝咖啡的女性更易患心脏病。两空都考查定语从句的关系词。

104、先行词都指人，从句都缺主语，选C。 32 A 这是含有定语从句的主从复合句，B、D缺少关系代词。Those指人，从句缺主语，用who而不用that。 33 B that不能引导非限制性定语从句；whom是宾格；which指物。所以选who，在定语从句中作主语。 34 B 当先行词是人称代词I，you，he等时，常用who不用that。 41 A 句意：他们将乘飞机去华盛顿，他们打算在那里呆两三天。先行词是Washington，表地方，定语从句主、谓、宾完整，缺状语，选where。如果逗号后有并列连词and，就可选B了。 42 D 句意：我一整天都和孩子待在一起的机会是很少的。先行词是Occas

105、ions表机会，时候，定语从句主、谓、宾完整，缺时间状语，选when。 43 C 句意：我们经历了一个乡村地区通讯难的时期。a period是先行词，表时期，定语从句、系、表完整，缺时间状语，填when=in which。 44 B 在时间状语从句，用一般现在时表将来，而本句the manager will be baek from his trip是一般将来时，从句肯定不是时间状语从句，不选A、D。本句为定语从句。先行词是表时间的词，并且从句缺状语，选when。 45 D 本句考查定语从句。先行词是an age，表时间，从句缺状语，用when。 46 B 第一空同上。第二空是which引导的

106、非限制性定语从句，代表前而主句整个内容，翻译成“这一点，这件事”。 47 C 本题中先行词是a business“一个公词”，表地点，定语从句缺状语，用where。 48 A 考点是强调句型的省略说法。补充完整是It was in his office where he worked(that I met him in the morning).该空考的是定语从句的关系词，因为定语从句he worked，work为不及物动词，从句主、谓完整，缺状语，先行词表地方，用where。 49 D 先行词是the fast food restaurant，表地点，定语从句缺状语，用where。as th

107、e name says“正如它的名字”是插入语。 410 D 句意：我把我朋友家的地址给你，大多数晚上你都可以在那里找到我。先行词my friends home address表地点，从句是被动句，主谓完整，缺地点状语。 411 D which引导定语从句，在从句中作宾语。 412 C the reason是先行词，定语从句中leaving为不及物动词，不缺宾语，缺状语。 51 B 此题考查的是定语从句，其先行词为one of them，指人且在从句中作宾语，当把介词提前，指人时应该用whom，gave与to搭配。 52 A 句意：很多看过这部电影的人，当回想到人被老虎吃掉的情景时，就不敢去森

108、林了。“people were eaten by the tiger”是定语从句，先行词the scenes表地点“在这种场景中”，应用介词in。 53 C 此题考查“介词+关系代词”引导非限制性定语从句。表示所属关系时用介词of。 54 B 本题主要测试语序，具体说，是“介词+which+不定式”结构。在本题中，该结构作定语，修饰grounds，相当于定语从句on which he can base his argument in favor of the new theory。A不对，因为介词on在这种结构中一定要提到which前。 55 D 句意：到九点止，所有的奥运火炬手都登上珠峰峰顶

109、。很快一道奇特的彩虹显现在山顶的上方。rainbow应出现在山顶上方，故用above。on“在上面”往往指表面接触。 56 C 句意：世界上有很多城市都没有进一步拓展的空间，纽约就是其中一个例子。“介词+whieh”引导非限制性定语从句。相当于：New York is an example of many cities in the world所属关系，用of+which。 57 B 句意：一种植物的生长速度要受很多因素影响，大多数因素是我们控制不了的。 58 B 句意：好广告经常使用人们赋予积极意义的词汇。attaeh sthto将附着于 59 D 句意：这是那所不足15平方米的房子，在这所

110、房子里住着一个三代人的大家庭。介词+whose+名词。 510 B 先行词是The man，定语从句中tell常用tell sbaboutof sbsth，所以选about whom。 511 C 非限制性定语从句的考查，用的是“the+比较级+of+whieh”结构。 61 D 句意：咱们把野餐推迟到下周吧，那时天气可能会好些。when那时。 62 D who引导非限制性定语从句，指人不可用which。 63 A 从语法和意义看是考查定语从句。先行词是相当于地点的名词tronsers，定语从句中缺少作状语的关系副词。故选A。 64 D which引导非限制性定语从句，并在从句中作about的

111、宾语。 65 A 句意：在最近一次去英国的旅游中，我们参观了科技博物馆，它是伦敦的旅游景点之一。which在从句中作visited的宾语。 66 D 先行词是5：30 pm，从句含有have gone home，意思是“到这时为止许多人都已经回家了”。 71 D 结构：the only one of+复数名闻+whothat+单数谓语动词。 72 B “one of+复数名词”位于关系代词前作先行词时，从句的谓语动词通常用复数；who与pay之间的关系应是被动的，因此用被动语态。 81 D 把I think插入语去掉就一目了然了。who在定语从句中作主语。 82 B of course是插入语

112、。which代表主句的整个内容，引导非限制性定语从句。 91 A 先行词是a town，表地点，定语从句中stands是不及物动词，缺状语，定语从句是完全倒装语序。 92 D 先行词表地方，定语从句中live是不及物动词，不缺宾语，缺状语。定语从句是完全倒装语序。 10.C 本句的先行词the hours和定语从句被back to me隔开了，弄清这一点，此题就显得很简单了。 111 A the way作先行词，关系词在从句中作状语，可有三种答案：thatin which不填。 112 B time表示的是“次数”，应用that引导定语从句，that也可省略。 113 B 此句考查定语从句，先

113、行词是the time，关系词在从句中作时间状语，所以B正确。 121 D 句意：你们自己还有什么要说的吗?是的，有一点我们必须坚持。此题将定语从句置于情景交际中进行考查。先行词point在从句中作insist on的宾语。关系词只能是关系代词。依此可排除A、B、C三个关系副词。另外关系代词在从句中作宾语可以省略。 122 D where引导定语从句，case这里作“情况”讲。 123 A 先行词是a point，定语从句缺状语。 131 B 本句用的词组是play a part in，将part提前作先行词，后边是定语从句，从句主语是church，谓语plays是及物动词，缺宾语，用that

114、。 132 C 本句用的词组是take advantage of。The advantage是先行词，后边是省略关系代词thatwhich的定语从句。 133 B 本句用的词组是take good care of。句意：你们还记得那位老人吗?当然，我们将永远不会忘记她对我们的悉心照顾。方法技巧清单成功体验 11 D tatk是个不及物动词，所以排除A和B项；talk about谈论，谈到(某人某事)；talk with和(某人)谈话。 12 B 本题考查定语从句和turn to sb。由于所填的答案为no one else的定语从句，因此淘汰A、D两项。又因为turn to sb为固定习语，意

115、为“求助于某人”，由此淘汰C项选出B项。B项中省略了作宾语的关系代词whomthat。 13 A 先行词Chaplin与films是所属关系，故选whose。 14 D lawyer是一种职业，选which而不选who。that不引导非限制性定语从句。 21 D 本题考查定语从句。句意：我有很多朋友，其中有几个是老师。 22 D 介词的选择，取决于这个介词与先行词或从句之间的关系。用“神州二号”迎接21世纪应为greet the 21st century with“Shenzhou ”，故本题选with which。 23 D 本句介词的选择是由give a prize to sb和I hav

116、e been taught painting by sb决定的。 31 B 第一个空前的逗号表明后面的句子应该是一个定语从句，排除A、C；因为第二个空代替的是at the place，故用where。 32 D 此题考查定语从句。where=on the chairs，在定语从句中作地点状语。句意：如果商店里有女士们“寄存”她们丈夫的椅子，那么她们就会在商店逗留更长的时间。 33 B 句意：你总是说人人都应该平等，而在这一点上我不同意你的看法。此题考查where引导名词性从句的用法，又如：This is where(=the place where)I live(表语从句)这就是我住的地方。 41 B 句意：这些房屋以人们所期望的低价出售。先行词price前有such修饰，因此关系代词用as，并且在从句中作expected的宾语。如果用suchthat引导结果状语从句，句意不通顺。 42 D the same as是固定结构(和一样)；which引导非限制性定语从句，指代整个主句的内容。 43 B 句意：她把警察带回到她目击了抢劫案的那个地方。the same place后为定语从句，从句缺状语，先行词place为地点，选where。as和that为关系代词，不能作状语。