1、题型二 短文改错析题型3 大原则表一、命题视角原则表(“频次”中的数字为20152017全国卷8套试题的考查题量累计)宏观考向 词 法 微观考法 考点 频次 设误角度 动词 21 时态、语态、非谓语动词、情态动词与虚拟语气 名词 7 可数不可数、单数还是复数、是否需用所有格 代词 10 主格与宾格、人称与物主、人称与反身、各种不定代词 形容词、副词 10 原级、比较级、最高级 冠词 8 不定冠词、定冠词还是零冠词 介词 7 基本用法、固定搭配 数词 1 基数词与序数词 词性误用 7 形容词与副词、形容词与名词、名词与动词 宏观考向 句法 行文逻辑 微观考法 考点 频次 考点 频次 并列连词 5
2、 时态一致 7 从句引导词 5 指代一致 6 主谓一致 0 逻辑一致 6 there be句型与特殊句式 0 二、解题意识原则表短文改错10处错误中，设错方式是有规律的，一般情况下，多、缺词23个，错词78个，做完题后，可按此规律进行查验。类型 总数(10)常考点 多、缺词 23 be的各种形式、介词、冠词、不定式符号、三大从句引导词、代词、副词、固定搭配中的虚词 错词 78 连词、三大从句引导词、动词、名词、代词、形容词、副词等 三、规范解题原则表改动处以最少为原则 实词以改变词形为原则 虚词以添加或删除为原则 以保持句子原意不变为原则 短文改错题要求每句最多有两处错误。改动的方法可以是增词
3、、删词或换词，但无论作何种改动，只能是增加一词、减少一词或将一个词改成另一个词。在短文改错题中，一般只是改变实词的形式，而不能改变实词的词义，也不能将其改换成另一个实词，更不能随便增删。历 年 的 短 文 改错 题 中 需 要 添加 或 删 除 的 地方差不多有2至3处。这些需要添、删 的 词 一般都是虚词(如冠词、介词等)，不是实词(如动词、名词等)，否 则 会 改 变 句子的原意。做短文改错题时，一般不应改变句子原意。改错时，应该针对短文中的用词错误、语法错误、逻辑错误加以改正，不应更改作者的原意，做到“换词不改意，加词不增意，去词不减意”。如有多种改法，应以保持原意为条件，择其最佳者而从
4、之。通技法3 步解题法典例(2017全国卷)When I look at this picture of myself,I realize of how fast time flies.I had grown not only physically,and also mentally in the past few years.About one month after this photo was took,I entered my second year of high school and become a new member of the school music club.Arou
5、nd me in picture are the things they were very important in my life at that time:car magazines and musical instruments.I enjoyed studying difference kinds of cars and planes,playing pop music,and collecting the late music albums.This picture often brings back to me many happy memories of your high s
6、chool days.根据文章第二句中的“in the past few years”可判定应用现在完成时，故hadhave；第三句中“was took”是一个明显的错误，根据this photo与take之间的被动关系可判定用被动语态，故tooktaken；第三句的整体时态为一般过去时，根据连词and前后时态的一致性可判定becomebecame。解题示范第一步：从语篇入手，理解大意，着眼时态和语态。第二步：从句子入手，逐句分析，推敲语法。注意几乎每年都考查的动词、名词、形容词、冠词和介词类错误，同时注意其他语法类错误。第一句中realize为及物动词，故去掉其后的介词of；第四句中pict
7、ure为可数名词，故其前应加冠词the或加代词this；第四句中“the things”后应为定语从句，引导词在定语从句中作主语并指代先行词things，故theythat/which；第五句中名词kinds前应用形容词作定语，故differencedifferent。第三步：从行文逻辑入手，兼顾上下，审查连代。通过前两步仍有三处错误没能找出，这时要重读短文，从上下文逻辑关系进行排查，放眼全篇去思考。第二句包含固定搭配not only.but also.，根据前面“not only”可知，连词andbut；根据行文逻辑，第五句应指“收集最新的音乐专辑”，故latelatest；第六句考查了人称
8、的指代一致，全文介绍的是“我”的故事，故物主代词yourmy，还可以通过上文的me进行验证。随堂巩固训练A(2017青岛调研)Have you ever had a headache during a test？Have you ever been too worried about something that you have a headache or even cant sleep at night？If so,then you know that stress is.Not all stress is bad for you.Some kinds of stress can help
9、 you get things do better,like when you are running toward the finishing line or when you are being asked to give a speech to your class.Stress sometimes can help push you to make full preparation for a test.However,too much stress can result in anger,depression and other related problems,which we n
10、eed to take serious.There are many things in our life what might cause stress having too much homework,taking a difficult test,and having economic problems.Its impossible to live a life completely free of stress,so you should learn to deal with stress.The best way reduce stress is to have a balance
11、life.If you get enough sleep,eat properly,take more exercise and have enough fun time,youll probably feel less stressed.答案：第二句：tooso第三句：thatwhat第五句：dodone;去掉being第六句：preparationpreparations第七句：seriousseriously第八句：whatthat;andor第十句：way后加to;balancebalancedB(2017石家庄模拟)At present,I am extreme happy beca
12、use I am doing what I like.As a senior three student,I study hard every day and live life at the full.It feels like good to study hard with my determining classmates to fulfill our dreams.When I recalled the happy things happened to me,the experience of my receiving the scholarship in middle school
13、topped it all.It was a time when my family is going through financial difficulties.So I made up my mind to win the scholarship,hoped to lighten my parentsfinancial burdens.After making tons of painstaking effort,I succeeded.At the ceremony,my mom was the most poorly-dressed woman,and with the brightest smile on her face.答案：第一句：extremeextremely第二句：atto第三句：去掉like;determiningdetermined第四句：things后加that/which;itthem第五句：iswas第六句：hopedhoping或在hoped前加and第七句：effortefforts第八句：andyet/but
