1、专题一 阅读理解 2019全国卷全国卷全国卷篇别ABCDABCDABCD文体应用文记叙文说明文议论文说明文夹叙夹议说明文说明文应用文议论文记叙文说明文难易程度易易中难易易中难易易中难细节理解题313/32123222推理判断题/212/121/22主旨大意题/2/11/1/词义猜测题/1/1/1/20182017全国卷全国卷全国卷全国卷全国卷全国卷篇别ABCDABCDABCDABCDABCDABCD文体应用文新闻报道说明文说明文应用文说明文议论文议论文应用文说明文新闻报道议论文应用文记叙文说明文说明文应用文记叙文新闻报道说明文应用文记叙文说明文说明文难易程度易 易 中 难 易 易 中 难 易
2、易 中 难 易 易 中 难 易 易 中 难 易 易 中 难细节理解题3111222233212312311131/2推理判断题/2131121/211112/112/321主旨大意题/11/1/1/1/1/12/11词义猜测题/1/1/1/1/1/1/1/阅读理解是高考全国卷中分值最高的题型之一，4 篇短文总计 15 题，总分 30 分。同时，阅读理解能力也是其他语言能力发展的基础。阅读理解训练能够培养语感，促进词汇积累，提高写作水平，综合提升英语运用能力。做好阅读理解，首先要清楚高考阅读理解短文的特点：1语篇短小精悍，最长不超过 350 个单词，4 篇文章总词量 1 100 词左右。2题材丰
3、富，包括日常生活、科普知识、人物传记、文化风俗、史地趣闻等，有较强的时代感。体裁广泛，主要有记叙文、议论文、说明文和应用文等。短文语言地道，来源出处多样，大多是英语原版书籍的节选、报纸杂志和网站的时文改编等。3设题类型一般以细节理解题和推理判断题为主，题干的设计和选项的设置都具有灵活巧妙、含蓄隐蔽、迂回曲折等特点。考生要准确理解全文，明确题意，排除干扰，找出原文依据，深刻细致思考后才能得出正确的答案。第一步 扫读题干扫读题干，画关键定位词，区分题型和预测文章主要内容。第二步 通读全文，抓中心抓住文章叙述的主要内容(时间、地点、人物、事件、情感、态度和观点等)。(1)一般段中心句、核心概念常在第
4、一段，首段常常是出题段。(2)细读各段的段首和段尾句。其他部分应略读，有重点地读。第三步 仔细审题，返回原文找出每道题与原文的关键词汇和语句的联系和逻辑关系，方法一般有如下两种：(1)通常是由题干出发，使用寻找关键词定位原则。(关键词：大写字母、地名、时间、数字等)(2)自然段定位原则。出题的顺序与行文的顺序是基本一致的，一般每段对应一题。关于阅读理解训练的几个问题：1阅读短文和读题审题的先后顺序。PassageQuestionsPassage 这种答题模式有利于把握文章的主旨和作者的态度情感，但是速度较慢，不能在阅读过程中积极主动地预测文章内容，不能快速地把握题目和选项的关联性。因此，阅读过
5、程缺乏主观能动性。QuestionsPassageQuestions 这种答题模式针对性较强，节省答题时间，可用来解答细节性的问题，但是对于主旨性和推断性问题显得效果不明显。对于两种答题模式，可根据题型而做出选择，以提高答题效率。2许多学生习惯于 58 分钟的单篇阅读理解，而面对整卷大量长时间的阅读时，往往会烦躁不安，缺乏信心和毅力，甚至“晕场”。所以，在备考训练中有必要组织进行长于 35 分钟的高于高考难度、大于高考阅读量的课后限时训练。3准确定位阅读材料的题材和体裁，抓住正确选项和干扰选项的特征，把握短文材料的主旨大意，依照题目和自然段对应的关系，找出事实依据，排除绝对意义的语义选项，提高
6、阅读速度和精确度。第一节 细节理解题(2019全国卷，A 篇)Need a Job This Summer?The provincial government and its partners offer many programs to help students find summer jobs.The deadlines and what you need to apply depend on the program.Not a student？Go to the government website to learn about programs and online tools av
7、ailable to help people under 30 build skills,find a job or start businesses all year round.Jobs for YouthIf you are a teenager living in certain parts of the province,you could be eligible(符合条件)for this program,which provides eight weeks of paid employment along with training.Who is eligible:Youth 1
8、518 years old in select communities(社区)Summer Company Summer Company provides students with hands-on business training and awards of up to$3，000 to start and run their own summer businesses.Who is eligible：Students aged 1529,returning to school in the fall.Stewardship Youth Ranger Program You could
9、apply to be a Stewardship Youth Ranger and work on local natural resource management projects for eight weeks this summer.Who is eligible：Students aged 16 or 17 at time of hire,but not turning 18 before December 31 this year.Summer Employment Opportunities(机会)Through the Summer Employment Opportunit
10、ies program,students are hired each year in a variety of summer positions across the Provincial Public Service，its related agencies and community groups.Who is eligible：Students aged 15 or older.Some positions require students to be 15 to 24 or up to 29 for persons with a disability.21What is specia
11、l about Summer Company?AIt requires no training before employment.BIt provides awards for running new businesses.CIt allows one to work in the natural environment.DIt offers more summer job opportunities.22What is the age range required by Stewardship Youth Ranger Program?A1518.B1524.C1529.D1617.23W
12、hich program favors the disabled?AJobs for Youth.BSummer Company.CStewardship Youth Ranger Program.DSummer Employment Opportunities.【语篇解读】本文是一篇应用文，介绍了四种面向学生的暑期工作。21解析：细节理解题。根据第五段“Summer Company provides students with hands-on business training and awards of up to$3，000 to start and run their own sum
13、mer businesses.”可知，Summer Company 为创业者提供奖金。答案：B22解析：细节理解题。根据第八段“Who is eligible：Students aged 16 or 17 at time of hire,but not turning 18 before December 31 this year.”可知选 D。答案：D23解析：细节理解题。根据最后一段最后一句“Some positions require students to be 15 to 24 or up to 29 for persons with a disability.”可知，Summer
14、Employment Opportunities 给有残疾的人提供工作优待。答案：D一、常见命题形式特殊疑问句形式。以 when，where，what，which，who(5ws)和 how much/many 等疑问词引出的问题。判断是非形式。含有 TRUE/FALSE，NOT true 或EXCEPT 等的判断是非的问题。此时要注意题干中是否含有否定词，如 not，never 等。以“According to.”开头的提问形式。填空形式。如 The biggest challenge for most mothers is from_二、命题特点细节理解题正确选项的特征：再现原文。同义替换
15、。对原文句子中的关键词进行同义替换。如把 lose ones job 换成了 out of work；改变词性或者语态，如把 important 改成 of importance；把主动语态改为被动语态等。语言简化。把原文中的复杂语言进行简化，如：Reserve your spot before availability 换 成 book in advance 等。与文意相反。把原文中的意思反过来表达而成为(错误)正确选项。细节理解题干扰选项的特征：张冠李戴：是原文信息，但不是题目要求的内容。无中生有：符合常识，但不是文章的内容。曲解文意：与原文的内容极其相似，只是在某个细节处有些变动。颠倒是
16、非：在意思上与原文大相径庭甚至完全相反。正误参半：部分正确，部分错误。一、直接信息题“关键词”定位法首先从问题中找到“关键词”，然后以此为线索，运用略读和跳读的技巧在文中快速寻找“关键词”细节部分，找到后仔细阅读这一部分内容，仔细对比文中细节与所给选项的细微差别，最后确定最佳答案。第一步 题干关键词5ws 和具体关键词第二步 原文关键词依据 5ws 和具体关键词定位段落和关键词第三步 比对选项关键词准确理解 4 个选项的意思第四步 概括总结思路解析真题例析(2019全国卷，A 篇节选)Summer Company Summer Company provides students with ha
17、nds-on business training and awards of up to$3，000 to start and run their own summer businesses.21What is special about Summer Company?AIt requires no training before employment.BIt provides awards for running new businesses.CIt allows one to work in the natural environment.DIt offers more summer jo
18、b opportunities.解题思路第一步 题干关键词what，special，Summer Company第二步 原文关键词第五段：provide，training，awards第三步 比对选项关键词A就业前不需要培训。无中生有B它为创业提供奖励。再现原文C它允许人们在自然环境中工作。无中生有D它提供了更多的暑期工作机会。曲解文意第四步 概括总结根据关键词 Summer Company 定位到本段，根据本段“Summer Company provides students with hands-on business training and awards of up to$3，000
19、to start and run their own summer businesses.”可知，Summer Company 为创业者提供奖金，对应选项中 provides awards for running new businesses，所以选择 B二、间接信息题间接信息题相比直接信息题，命题的隐蔽性更强，正确选项一般都会在原文的基础上进行改造。此类题目需要考生将题目信息与原文相关信息进行语义上的转换，有时还需要进一步的加工或整理。真题例析(2018全国卷，B 篇节选)Of the common berries，strawberries are highest in vitamin C，
20、although，because of their seeds，raspberries contain a little more protein(蛋白质)，iron and zinc(not that fruits have much protein)Blueberries are particularly high in antioxidants(抗氧化物质)The yellow and orange stone fruits such as peaches are high in the carotenoids we turn into vitamin A and which are a
21、ntioxidants.As for cherries(樱桃)，they are so delicious who cares?However，they are rich in vitamin C.24 What does the author seem to like about cherries?AThey contain protein.BThey are high in vitamin A.CThey have a pleasant taste.DThey are rich in antioxidants.解题思路第一步 题干关键词what.like，cherries第二步 原文关键词
22、rich in vitamin C第三步 比对选项关键词A它们含有蛋白质。张冠李戴B它们富含维生素 A。张冠李戴C它们口感好。同义替换D它们含有丰富的抗氧化物。张冠李戴第四步 概括总结根据该段最后一句“As for cherries(樱桃)，they are so delicious who cares?However，they are rich in vitamin C”可知，原文中的 they are so delicious 被替换成选项中的 They have a pleasant taste，为间接细 节理解题。故选 C三、概括归纳信息题概括、归纳信息是指命题人用精炼的语言来概括原文
23、中比较分散或复杂的信息，这是命题人设计细节理解题的正确选项时经常使用的手段之一。考生首先应依据题干指向，找到文中相应的信息区间，然后尝试用自己的语言去归纳总结文中的信息或事实，然后再看选项，挑选岀和自己所归纳总结的信息最接近的选项作为正确答案。真题例析(2019全国卷，A 篇节选)Stewardship Youth Ranger Program You could apply to be a Stewardship Youth Ranger and work on local natural resource management projects for eight weeks this s
24、ummer.Who is eligible：Students aged 16 or 17 at time ofhire,but not turning 18 before December 31 this year.22What is the age range required by Stewardship Youth Ranger Program?A1518.B1524.C1529.D1617.解题思路第一步 题干关键词age range，Stewardship Youth Ranger Program第二步 原文关键词16 or 17，not turning 18第三步 比对选项关键词A
25、1518张冠李戴B1524张冠李戴C1529张冠李戴D1617信息归纳第四步 概括总结根据关键词 Stewardship Youth Ranger Program 找到“Who is eligible：Students aged 16 or 17 at time of hire，but not turning 18 before December 31 this year.”通过信息归纳可知选 DPassage 1(2019全国卷，A 篇)My Favourite BooksJo Usmar is a writer for Cosmopolitan and co-author of the T
26、his Book Will series(系列)of lifestyle books.Here she picks her top reads.MatildaRoald DahlI once wrote a paper on the influence of fairy tales on Roald Dahls writing and it gave me a new appreciation for his strange and delightful worlds.Matildas battles with her cruel parents and the bossy headmistr
27、ess，Miss Trunchbull，are equally funny and frightening，but theyre also aspirational.After DarkHaruki MurakamiIts about two sistersEri，a model who either wont or cant stop sleeping，and Mari，a young student.In trying to connect to her sister，Mari starts changing her life and discovers a world of divers
28、e“night people”who are hiding secrets.Gone GirlGillian FlynnThere was a bit of me that didnt want to love this when everyone else on the planet did，but the horror story is brilliant.Theres tension and anxiety from the beginning as Nick and Amy battle for your trust.Its a real whodunit and the frustr
29、ation when you realise whats going on is horribly enjoyable.The StandStephen KingThis is an excellent fantasy novel from one of the best storytellers around.After a serious flu outbreak wipes out 99.4%of the worlds population，a battle unfolds between good and evil among those left.Randall Flagg is o
30、ne of the scariest characters ever.21Who does“I”refer to in the text?AStephen King.BGillian Flynn.CJo Usmar.DRoald Dahl22Which of the following tells about Mari and Eri?ACosmopolitan.BMatilda.CAfter Dark.DThe Stand.23What kind of book is Gone Girl?AA folk tale.BA biography.CA love story.DA horror st
31、ory.【语篇解读】这是一篇说明文。短文介绍了 Jo Usmar 最喜欢的四本书。21解析：细节理解题。由标题 My favourite Book以及第一段最后一句话“Here she picks her top reads”可知，文章是以 Jo Usmar 的口吻进行写作的。故选 C。答案：C22解析：细节理解题。由 After Dark 中的“Its about two sisterEri，a model who either wont or cant stop sleeping，and Mari，a young student”可知，故事讲的是两个姐妹伊利是一个突然一觉不醒的模特。玛丽，
32、是一个充满青春活力的学生。所以 After Dark 中讲述了Eri 和 Mari 的故事。故 C 选项正确。答案：C23解析：细节理解题。由 Gone Girl 中的“.but the horror story is brilliant”可知，但是这个恐怖的故事很精彩。所以 Gone Girl 讲述的是一个恐怖故事。故 D 选项正确。答案：DPassage 2(2019全国卷，A 篇)OPENINGS AND PREVIEWSAnimals Out of PaperYolo！Productions and the Great Griffon present the play by Rajiv
33、 Joseph，in which an origami(折纸术)artist invites a teenage talent and his teacher into her studio.Merri Milwe directs.In previews.Opens Feb.12.(West Park Presbyterian Church，165 W86th St.212-868-4444.)The AudienceHelen Mirren stars in the play by Peter Morgan，about Queen Elizabeth of the UK and her pr
34、ivate meetings with twelve Prime Ministers in the course of sixty years.Stephen Daldry directs.Also starring Dylan Baker and Judith Ivey.Previews begin Feb.14.(Schoenfeld，236 W45th St.212-239-6200.)HamiltonLin-Manuel Miranda wrote this musical about Alexander Hamilton，in which the birth of America i
35、s presented as an immigrant story.Thomas Kail directs.In previews.Opens Feb.17.(Public，425 Lafayette St.212-967-7555.)On the Twentieth CenturyKristin Chenoweth and Peter Gallagher star in the musical comedy by Betty Comden and Adolph Green，about a Broadway producer who tries to win a movie stars lov
36、e during a cross-country train journey.Scott Ellis directs，for Roundabout Theatre Company.Previews begin Feb.12.(American Airlines Theatre，227 W 42nd St.212-719-1300.)21What is the play by Rajiv Joseph probably about?AA type of art.BA teenagers studio.CA great teacher.DA group of animals.22Who is th
37、e director of The Audience?AHelen Mirren.BPeter Morgan.CDylan Baker.DStephen Daldry.23Which play will you go to if you are interested in American history?AAnimals Out of Paper.BThe Audience.CHamilton.DOn the Twentieth Century.【语篇解读】这是一篇应用文。对一些话剧的开幕和新剧首映进行了介绍。21解析：细节理解题。根据话剧 Animals Out ofPaper 的 Pro
38、ductions and the Great Griffon present the play by Rajiv Joseph，in which an origami artist invites a teenage talent and his teacher into her studio.可知，Rajiv Joseph 创作的话剧是关于折纸的一种艺术。故选 A。答案：A22解析：细节理解题。根据话剧 The Audience 中的“Stephen Daldry directs.”可知，本剧是 Stephen Daldry导演的。故选 D。答案：D23解析：细节理解题。根据话剧 Hamilton 的“Li-Manuel Miranda wrote this musical about Alexander Hamilton，in which the birth of America is presented as an immigrant story.”可知，话剧 Hamilton的主题是美国的诞生，由此可知，如果你对美国历史感兴趣，你可以看这部话剧。故选 C。答案：C
