1、专题二 语法基础第七讲 助动词、情态动词和虚拟语气 助动词顺口溜巧记助动词 示之以范 _原则这样运用1(2017贵州适应性测试)What about Japanese?They dislike the lotus and _ not give it as a gift to Japanese because they regard it as the mourning flower.do 解析：考查时态和主谓一致。结合语境可知，该句陈述的是一般常识，应用一般现在时，且主语为 they，故该空用助动词 do。2(2017浙江卷)Without hesitation,I decided to fo
2、llow them and we did had lots of fun that day._hadhave 解析：did 加强语气，后跟动词原形。3She doesnt her homework in the morning but in the evening._doesnt 后加 do 解析：doesnt 为一般现在时的否定式后加动词原形。4This experience has been shown that traveling by train actually is the safest way of making journeys._去掉 been 解析：show 和 this
3、experience 为主动关系，故去掉助动词 been。5 My father has always go to work by bike since then._gogone 解析：由 since then 可知该句应用完成时，go 的过去分词为 gone。通关点击 _原则这样解读1助动词 do/does/did 主要帮助构成疑问句、否定句及部分倒装。助动词 do/does/did 后只能跟动词原形，助动词不能用作实义动词。2助动词 be/being/been 主要帮助构成进行时、完成进行时和各种被动语态。需注意 be 虽然没有实际意义，但却是结构中不可缺少的。3助动词 have/has/
4、had 主要是帮助构成完成时态和完成进行时态。需注意其构成形式 have/has/had done 和 have/has/had been doing。助记助动词，用法怪；只当佐料不当菜。句型变换显身手；常与时态谈恋爱。have 完成 be 进行，will 将来三大块。加上各自过去式，总共构成六时态。否定疑问靠它们，过去 did，do 现在。一般现在和过去，没有助动也无碍。第三人单用 does，否定疑问照常变。情态动词基本含义要知晓 示之以范 _原则这样运用1(2017 北京卷)Samuel,the tallest boy in our class,_ easily reach the boo
5、ks on the top shelf.can 解析：此处表示“班里最高的男孩塞缪尔可以很容易地够到书架顶部的书”，应填 can“能够；可以”。2(2015 四川卷)You _ be careful with the camera.It costs!must 解析：考查情态动词的基本用法。句意：你千万要当心这个相机。它价格不菲！从后面 It costs！可以推知说话者要求“你”对相机“千万要小心”，此处表示必须，因此要用 must。3(2016北京卷)I love the weekend,because I _ not get up early on Saturdays and Sundays
6、.need 解析：句意：我喜欢周末，因为在周六周日我不必早起。根据句意可知填 need。4(2017安徽江淮十校联考)As the deadline is drawing near,no one _ leave with his own work uncompleted.shall 解析：句意：因为截止日期即将到来，不完成工作，任何人不许离开。shall 用于第三人称陈述句中，表示命令、警告，符合句意。5(2015 全国卷)We must found ways to protect our environment._foundfind 解析：情态动词 must 后接动词原形。通关点击 _原则这
7、样解读1情态动词的基本用法(1)can/could：表示能力、请求、可能性。相关的特殊句型有：can not.too./enough再怎么也不过分；cant help but do不得不做The smallest good habits can make a big difference.最小的好习惯会产生很大的作用。You cant be too careful while driving.你开车时越小心越好。(2)may/might：表示较小的可能性。相关句型或搭配：may/might as well do 表示“还是好，最好”。If you forgot to turn it off w
8、hen you went away,you mightburn down the house.当你离开时如果忘记关掉它，你可能把整个房子都烧毁的。Since it is raining hard,you may as well stay here.既然雨下得这么大，你倒不如待在这儿。(3)must 表示非常肯定的推测；表示与说话人意愿相反或不耐烦等感情色彩，意为“偏要，非要不可”；表示“必须”。mustnt 意为“禁止”，表示“不必”应用 neednt。Men and women must be treated equally in education and employment.在教育和就
9、业方面，男性和女性必须被平等对待。He thought that Joe must be dead,but he didnt want to leave immediately.他以为乔一定死了，但是他不想立刻就离开。Must you make so loud noise?你非得弄出这么大声吗？(4)shall 的用法：用于第二、三人称的陈述句中，表命令、警告、许诺或威胁等，语气强于 should。用于第一、三人称的疑问句中，表示征询意见，肯定回答应用 must，否定回答应用 neednt 或 dont have to。I promised he shall get a present for
10、 his birthday.我许诺给他一件生日礼物。ShallI tell Brett to come over straight after school tomorrow?要我告诉布雷特明天放学以后直接过来吗？(5)should/ought to表示责任、义务、劝告、建议等，意为“应该”。(陕西卷)Why shouldnt we buy the lady a flower？It will make her feel better.为什么我们不给那位女士买一朵花呢？这会让她感觉好一些。should 表示出乎意料的口气，意为“竟然；居然”。It is quite surprising that
11、 he should speak to you like that.他竟然那样对你说话，真是令人惊讶。should 和 ought to 表示推测，指预期的可能性，意为“应该，估计”。He ought to/should be here on timehe started early enough.他应该按时到这里了他很早就出发了。2“情态动词have done”的用法(1)must have done“一定做过了某事”，表示对过去事情有把握的推测。(2)could/can have done“本能做某事(而实际上未做)”，cant/couldnt have done“(过去)不可能做过某事”
12、。(3)may/might have done“(过去)有可能做过某事”。(4)should/ought to have done“本该做某事而没做”。(5)neednt have done“本不必做某事(而实际上做了)”。The boy might have known the truth,but I am not quite sure.那个男孩(当时)也许知道了真相，但我不是很确定。(2016浙江卷)George cant have gone too far.His coffee is still warm.乔治一定没走远，他的咖啡仍旧热呢。虚拟语气虚拟语气对比记 示之以范 _原则这样运用
13、1(2015江苏卷)It might have saved me some trouble if I _(know)the schedule.had known 解析：句意：如果我早知道这个计划表，可能会给我省去一些麻烦。根据语境和主句中的 might have saved可推知，此处表示对过去情况的虚拟，故 if 引导的条件状语从句中谓语动词用 had done 结构，故填 had known。2(2016北京卷)Why didnt you tell me about your trouble last week？If you _(tell)me，I could have helped.ha
14、d told 解析：根据句意和相关信息判断，条件句表示与过去事实相反的假设，此时从句用过去完成时，主句谓语用“情态动词have done”形式。3(2016浙江卷)_(have)the governments and scientists not worked together,AIDSrelated deaths would not have fallen since their highest in 2005.Had 解析：这是一个省略了从属连词 if 的虚拟语气句，使用了倒装句式。根据主句的 would not have fallen 可知，这里是表示对过去的虚拟，故填 Had。4(20
15、15四川卷)If you are me,would you talk to them？_arewere 解析：根据句意可知，此处为虚拟语气，与现在事实相反，be 动词应用 were。通关点击 _原则这样解读1虚拟语气在非真实条件句中的具体用法：情况从句谓语动词主句谓语动词 与现在事实相反过去式(be的过去式形式用 were)would/could/should/might动词原形 情况从句谓语动词主句谓语动词 与过去事实相反过去完成式would/could/should/mighthave done 与将来事实相反(1)were to do(2)should do(3)过去式 would/co
16、uld/should/might动词原形 If my brother were here，everything would be all right.要是我哥哥在这儿的话，一切都没问题了。If it should rain this afternoon,the basketball match would be put off.要是今天下午下雨，篮球比赛就会被推迟。John went to the hospital alone.约翰自己一个人去的医院。If he had told me about it,I would have gone with him.要是他告诉我，我就陪他去了。在 if
17、 引导的虚拟条件句中，条件句的谓语动词中含有 had,were,should 时，可以把 if 省略，把 had,were,should 提到句首，变为倒装句。Had you(If you had)come earlier,you would have caught the early bus.如果你早点来，就能赶上早班车了。Were I(If I were)twenty now,I would join the army.如果我现在 20 岁，我就参军。2虚拟语气在含蓄条件句中的用法有时假设的条件不通过条件状语从句表达出来，而是隐含在某些词或短语中，或隐含在上下文中，被称为含蓄虚拟语气。常见
18、的这类词或短语有：without (要是)没有 in case 万一；以防 but for 要不是 otherwise/or 否则We could not have stayed together for a single minute but for a phone call.要不是一个电话，我们不可能在一起待一分钟。其他情况需注意 示之以范 _原则这样运用1(2017湖北四地七校第一次联考)It is high time that you _(consider)that if there were no stress in your life,you would achieve a lit
19、tle.considered/should consider 解析：在 It is high time that.句式中，从句用虚拟语气，即：谓语动词用过去式或 should动词原形。2(2015天津卷)I wish I _(be)at my sisters wedding last Tuesday,but I was on a business trip in New York then.had been 解析：wish 引导的虚拟语气，与过去事实相反用had done 形式表达。3(2017湖北华大联盟高三 2 月质检)I suggest that the school organizes
20、 a cooking-learning activity to teach students to prepare some delicious food._organizesorganize 解析：句中动词 suggest 表建议，其后跟从句时，从句谓语动词用“should动词原形”，其中should 可以省略。4Most citizens in Hong Kong strongly insisted that those who attacked the police with violence were put into prison._werebe 解析：句意：大多数香港市民坚决要求那
21、些用暴力袭击警察的人被关进监狱。insist 作“坚持，坚决要求”讲时，其后的宾语从句的谓语用“(should)动词原形”，这里those 与 put 之间存在动宾关系，所以用 be put。通关点击 _原则这样解读1wish 后面的宾语从句一般用虚拟语气，表示一种不可能实现的愿望，其谓语动词构成形式如下表：虚拟语气从句谓语动词 与现在事实相反过去式(be 动词一般用 were)与过去事实相反had过去分词 与将来事实相反would/could/might动词原形I wish(that)I were a bird and could fly freely in the sky.我希望我是只小鸟
22、，能在天空自由飞翔。I wish(that)I had met that film star yesterday.我多希望昨天见到了那个影星。2在表示要求、建议、命令等的动词后的宾语从句中，常用虚拟语气，从句谓语动词用“(should)动词原形”。常见的此类动词有：一坚持：insist二命令：order，command四建议：suggest，advise，propose，recommend五要求：require，request，demand，desire，urgeIt is strongly recommended that the machines(should)be checked eve
23、ry year.强烈建议将这些机器每年检查一次。3在 would rather 后的宾语从句中，从句的谓语也常用虚拟语气，其谓语动词构成形式如下表：虚拟语气从句谓语动词 与现在事实相反 过去式(be 动词一般用 were)与将来事实相反与过去事实相反had过去分词I would rather they didnt hear of the news.我宁愿他们没有听到这个消息。I would rather I hadnt told him the bad news.我宁愿我没有告诉他那个坏消息。4 在Its important/strange/natural/necessary.that.sb.
24、(should)do.It is necessary that he(should)sort out the information for my reference.他有必要整理些信息供我参考。5当表示建议、提议、命令、要求等的名词作主语时，其表语从句或同位语从句中的谓语动词用“(should)动词原形”。常见的这类名词有：advice建议decision决定demand要求desire渴望idea想法order命令proposal提议request要求recommendation建议suggestion建议We followed his advice that we(should)ask
25、our teacher for help.我们接受了他的我们应该向老师求助的建议。6even if/though,as if/though 等引导的让步状语从句、方式状语从句和目的状语从句中，其谓语动词构成形式如下表：引导词从句谓语动词 even if/though与 if 引导的条件从句结构相同 as if/though发生在主句动作之前had done as if/though 与主句动作同时发生过去时(be 用 were)发生在主句动作之后would/could/might/should动词原形 She looks as if nothing had happened to her.她看起来好像什么事都没发生似的。7It is(high/about)time(that).sb.did/should do sth.It is high time that you set/should set aside some time to think about your future.该到你留出一些时间思考未来生活了。本部分内容讲解结束 按ESC键退出全屏播放
