1、第一板块语法填空&短文改错专题二短文改错高考总复习大二轮 英语 考纲解读定方向考试说明指出:高考短文改错题用以考查考生判断、发现、纠正语境中英语语言使用错误的能力,及考生在语篇角度上把握内容、查找行文逻辑的能力。因此,仅仅把改错题视为对语法的考查,是对高考中短文改错的误解。全国卷2019记叙文(95)00132101201.考查特点:考点个数基本上是维持平衡的。逐步会增加关于行文逻辑、语篇整体理解的考查。2018记叙文(113)10121111202017记叙文(108)10131110112019说明文(105)10131011112018记叙文(108)2020211110全国卷2017记
2、叙文(93)10221111102019说明文(112)10311111102018记叙文(102)2022101020全国卷2017记叙文(107)30020111202.素养考查:一般以 记 叙文为主,话 题 贴近 学 生生活,内容 积 极向上,彰显 了 英语 学 科的 核 心素养。.命题原则表高考就考这些点着眼点具体思考点动词时态、语态、非谓语动词、情态动词与虚拟语气名词可数不可数、单数还是复数、是否需用所有格词法代词主格与宾格、人称与物主、人称与反身、各种不定代词形容词、副词原级、比较级、最高级冠词不定冠词、定冠词还是零冠词词法介词基本用法、固定搭配词性误用形容词与副词、形容词与名词、
3、名词与动词句法连词(并列连词和从句引导词)、主谓一致、there be句型与特殊句式词法行文逻辑时态一致、指代一致、逻辑一致.解题意识原则表答题就按此法办短文改错 10 处错误,设错方式是有规律的,一般情况下,多、缺词 23 个,错词 78 个,做完题后,可按此规律进行查验,见下表:类型总数(10)常考点多、缺词23be 的各种形式、介词、冠词、不定式符号、三大从句引导词、代词、副词、固定搭配中的虚词错词78并列连词、三大从句引导词、动词、名词、代词、形容词、副词等.规范解题原则表做题牢记四原则改动处以最少为原则实词以改变词形为原则虚词以添加或删除为原则以保持句子原意不变为原则短文改错题要求每
4、句最多有两处错误。改动的方法可以是增词、删词或换词,但无论作何种改动,只能是增加一词、减少一词或将一个词改成另一个词。在短文改错题中,一般只是改变实词的形式,而不能改变实词的词义,也不能将其改换成另一个实词,更不能随便增删。历年的短文改错题中需要添加或删除的地方有 2 至 3 处。这些需要添、删的词一般都是虚词(如冠词、介词等),不是实词(如动词、名词等),否则会改变句子的原意。做短文改错题时,一般不应改变句子原意。改错时,应该针对短文中的用词错误、语法错误、逻辑错误加以改正,不应更改作者的原意,做到“换词不改意,加词不增意,去词不减意”。如有多种改法,应以保持原意为条件,择其最佳者而从之。(
5、2019全国卷)假定英语课上老师要求同桌之间交换修改作文,请你修改你同桌写的以下作文。文中共有 10 处语言错误,每句中最多有两处。每处错误仅涉及一个单词的增加,删除或修改。增加:在缺词处加一个漏字符号(),并在其下面写出该加的词。删除:把多余的词用斜线()划掉。修改:在错的词下划一横线,并在该词下面写出修改后的词。注意:1.每处错误及其修改均仅限一词;2只允许修改 10 处,多者(从第 11 处起)不计分。I became interesting in playing football thanks to a small accident.One afternoon where I was
6、in primary school,I was walking by the school playground.Suddenly football fell just in front of me but almost hit me.I stopped the ball and kicked it hardly back to the playground.To everyones surprising,the ball went into the net.All the football player on the playground cheered loudly,say that I
7、had a talent for football.From now on,I started to play my football with classmates after school.I am a good player now.第一步 浏览全文,整体把握把握文章的主要时态、人称及文章的主旨大意,顺便标记自己一眼就能看出的错误。第二步 逐句细读,各个击破动词误用第句:句中的 say 与其逻辑主语是主谓关系,且其表示的动作与谓语动作同时发生,应用现在分词作状语,表示伴随状况。答案:_say 改为 saying_形容词和副词误用第句:短语 become interested in 意为“
8、对感兴趣”。interesting“有趣的,吸引人的”,通常描述事物。interested“感兴趣的”,通常描述人的感受。本句主语是人。答案:_interesting 改为 interested_第句:副词 hardly 意为“几乎不”,而 hard 作副词讲时,意为“用力地”。此处表示“我用力把球踢回操场”。答案:_hardly 改为 hard_第句:此处表示“从那时起”,应用 from then on。答案:_now 改为 then_连词误用第句:本句含有一个定语从句,先行词为 One afternoon,且引导词在从句中作时间状语,应用关系副词 when。答案:_where 改为 whe
9、n_第句:考查逻辑关系。连词 but 表示转折,而此处表示两个动作的顺序,故用并列连词 and。答案:_but_改为 and_冠词误用第句:football“足球”是可数名词,且其发音以辅音音素开头,故需加不定冠词 a 表示泛指。答案:_在 football 前加 a_代词误用第句:考查代词。动词 play 与球类名词连用时,名词前不加冠词或代词。答案:_删除 my_名词误用第句:短语 to ones surprise 意为“使某人惊讶的是”,ones之后应接名词。答案:_surprising 改为 surprise_第句:句中的 player“运动员”为可数名词,且 all 之后应用名词复数
10、。all the football players“所有的足球运动员”。答案:_player 改为 players_.第三步 重读全文核实1做题时严格按照示范规定的符号改错。2牢记短文改错解题五原则:(1)忠实于原文原则(不可改变原文意义);(2)一对一原则(一错一词);(3)错误以对改动最少为原则;(4)虚词以添加或删除为原则;(5)实词以改变形式为原则。3谨记短文改错四不改原则;(1)单词拼写不改;(2)大小写不改;(3)词序错误不改;(4)标点符号不改。一、词法类误用谓语动词误用解题攻略一看时态:考生要结合句意和时间状语的提示,找准语境中动作发生的时间信息;结合时态的基本用法和时间信息确
11、定用何种时态。二看语态:分清及物动词和不及物动词,明晰主谓语之间的逻辑关系。牢记常考的不及物动词,并且正确判断动作的对象以及时态、语态的构成形式是正确解题的关键。典例1(2019全国卷)And the other is that I wanted to help people in need.分析 此处讲的是我小时候的事,应用一般过去时,故is 改为 was。典例2(2019全国卷)Though it may appear simple,it required a lot of ideas and efforts.分析 文章着重讲自己的梦想打算开一家咖啡馆,故时态为一般现在时。故require
12、d 改为 requires。典例3(2017全国卷)About one month after this photo was took,I entered my second year of high school and became a new member of the school music club.分析“was took”是一个明显的错误,根据 this photo 与 take 之间的被动关系可判定用被动语态“bedone”,而 take 的过去分词为 taken,故将 took 改为 taken。非谓语动词误用解题攻略1.判断非谓语动词在句中所充当的成分。2.找到非谓语动词的
13、逻辑主语。3.判断主谓或动宾关系。4.意义上表示目的时要用动词不定式;表示顺其自然的结果时要用动词-ing 形式;表示出乎意料的结果时,要用动词不定式。典例1(2019全国卷)Now my dream is to opens a cafe.分析 分析句子结构可知,此处为动词不定式在句中作表语。故opens 改为 open。典例2(2019全国卷)If I succeed in manage one,I will open more.分析 介词后常接 v.ing 形式作宾语,故 manage 改为 managing。典例3(2018全国卷)Everyone was silent,wait to
14、see who would be called upon to read his or her paragraph aloud.分析 由句子结构可知,逗号前为完整的句子,其后的句子以动词wait 开头,中间无连词,所以应用 wait 的非谓语动词形式;又知wait.aloud 部分在句中作伴随状语,wait 与其逻辑主语Everyone 之间是逻辑上的主谓关系,故用现在分词形式。故 wait改为 waiting。典例4(2018全国卷)Some of us were confident and eager take part in the class activity;others were
15、nervous and anxious.分析 be eager to do sth.为固定搭配,表示“渴望做某事”。故在 eager 后加 to。典例5(2018全国卷)As a kid,I loved to watch cartoons,but no matter how many times I asked to watching them,my parents would not let me.分析 ask to do sth.表示“请求做某事”为固定结构。故 watching 改为watch。典例6(全国卷)Comparing with letters and public phone
16、s,mobile phones and the Internet are faster and much more convenient.分析 句意:和信件、公用电话相比,手机和网络更快更方便。Compared 是过去分词作状语。compared to/with.“和相比”。故 Comparing 改为 Compared。形容词和副词误用解题攻略形容词用来描述人和事物的性质或特征,在句中作定语、表语、补语或状语。其作状语时可置于句首或句尾,用来描述主语的状态或特征;而副词作状语修饰整个句子时一般用来表明说话者的观点或态度。短文改错中常出现混用,以及比较等级与原级的混用等。典例1(2019全国卷
17、)First,I wanted to be a fireman,whose uniform looked so coolly.分析 look 在此是系动词,其后接形容词作表语。故coolly 改为 cool。典例2(2019全国卷)One was that I was amazing at the fact that a sick person could feel much better after seeing a doctor.分析 amazing 意为“令人惊讶的”,常用来说明物;amazed意为“(感到)惊讶的”,常用来说明人。根据语境,故 amazing改为 amazed。典例3(
18、2019全国卷)What I want is not just an ordinarily cafe but a very special one.分析 根据句中的 an 和 cafe可知,此处应用形容词,在句中作定语。故 ordinarily 改为ordinary。典例4(2018全国卷)At that moment,I remembered that my father once said,“The classroom is a place for learning and that includes learning from textbooks,and mistakes as well
19、.”Immediate,I raised my hand.分析 此处为副词作状语,故 Immediate 改为Immediately。典例5(2018全国卷)I had done my homework,but I was shy,I was afraid to speak in front of a larger group of people.分析 由语境可知此处无比较含义,故用原级。故larger 改为 large。名词和冠词误用解题攻略1.名词类错误:(1)单复数错用;(2)所有格的错用2.冠词类错误:(1)a 与 an 的错用;(2)不定冠词与定冠词的错用;(3)冠词的缺失与多余典例
20、1(2019全国卷)Since I was a kid,Ive considered different job I would like to do.分析 job“工作”为可数名词,其前的 different 说明此处为复数概念,故用 job 的复数形式,故 job 改为 jobs。典例2(2019全国卷)I wish to have a chain of cafes in many different city.分析 根据语境中的many以及 city 作“城市”讲时为可数名词可知,此处应为名词复数。故 city 改为 cities。典例3(2019全国卷)Each of my cafes
21、 will have a different theme and an unique style.分析 unique 发音以辅音音素开头,应用冠词 a。故 an 改为 a。典例4(2018全国卷)When I was little,Fridays night was our family game night.分析 名词作定语,往往表明被修饰名词的时间、地点、类别、目的、用途、材料或来源等。名词所有格作定语则强调与被修饰的词的所有关系或表示逻辑上的主谓关系。此处表示“星期五晚上”,并不是所有关系。故 Fridays 改为 Friday。典例5(2018全国卷)As the kid,I love
22、d to watch cartoons,but no matter how many times I asked to watch them,my parents would not let me.分析 句意:作为一个孩子,我喜欢看卡通片,但不管我怎样请求,我的父母都不让我看。根据句意可知,此处表示“作为一个孩子”,a用在单数名词前表示泛指,the 表示特指。故 the 改为 a。介词和数词误用解题攻略1.数词在高考短文改错中主要考查基数和序数词的误用及年龄和年代的表达法2.2.考生受汉语思维影响极易在不及物动词后漏加介词,高考短文改错常在此处设题。此外,动词、形容词与介词构成的短语,如 be
23、 fit for,以及复合介词短语,如according to 中介词的漏用也是考生的易错点。在备考过程中考生要善于总结和记忆介词的固定搭配。典例1(2019全国卷)Then,when I was in the five grade,I wanted to be a teacher because I like my English teacher very much.分析 此处表达的是“我在读五年级时”,应用序数词。故 five 改为 fifth。典例2(2019全国卷)When I studied chemistry high school,I reconsidered my goal a
24、nd decided to be a doctor.分析 in/at high school是固定短语,在此作状语。故在 high 前加 in/at。典例3(2019全国卷)I want my cafe have a special theme such as like“Tang Dynasty”.分析 句中 such as 已表“像,例如”,故 like 多余。故删除 like。典例4(2018全国卷)Still I was unwilling to play the games for them sometimes.分析 表示“和某人玩”习惯用 play.with sb.;for them
25、 表示“为他们”,语义不对。故 for 改为 with。典例5(2017全国卷)In the summer holiday following my eighteen birthday,I took driving lessons.分析 句意:暑假时,在我过了 18 岁生日后,我参加了驾照课程。根据语境可知,此处指我第 18 个生日,应用序数词。故 eighteen 改为eighteenth。二、句法类错误主谓一致误用解题攻略主谓一致主要分为语法一致、逻辑意义一致以及就近一致三种。对于主谓一致这个语法点来说,了解和掌握各种一致的基本原则是关键,掌握了基本的用法之后就像套数学公式一样代入即可。典
26、例1(2018全国卷)At that moment,I remembered that my father once said,“The classroom is a place for learning and that include learning from textbooks,and mistakes as well.”分析 考查主谓一致。该句是直接引语,为一般现在时,主语 that 为单数,故谓语动词用第三人称单数。故 include 改为 includes。典例2(浙江卷)He would ask who we was and pretend not to know us.分析
27、主语是 we;谓语动词应该使用复数。故 was 改为 were。从属关联词误用解题攻略高考短文改错主要考查定语从句、名词性从句、状语从句和强调句型的关联词的误用。首先确定是什么从句,再则注意从句中是否缺失成分。典例1(2019全国卷)In the cafe,customers will enjoy themselves in the historical environment what is created for them.分析 由句子结构可知,此处引导定语从句,且在定语从句中作主语,先行词为 environment,用 that 或 which。故 what 改为that/which。典
28、例2(2018全国卷)The games my parents taught me where I was a child turned out to be very useful later in my life.分析 此处表示当我还是个孩子的时候,是时间状语从句而非地点状语从句。故 where 改为when。典例3(2018北京卷改编)She and her family bicycle to work,that hepls them keep fit.分析 由句子结构可知,逗号前面的内容意义完整,逗号后应为非限制性定语从句。句意:她和家人骑车上班,这一点有助于他们保持健康。that 不可
29、用于引导非限制性定语从句。故 that 改为 which。三、逻辑类错误连词类错误解题攻略并列连词用来连接表示同一层次并具有相同句法功能的词、短语或句子。此类题并不难,考生做题时除了要牢固掌握并列连词的基本含义外,最关键的一步是要分析清楚句子间的逻辑关系,看是表示转折、并列,还是因果关系等。典例1(2019全国卷)When I studied chemistry in high school,I reconsidered my goal or decided to be a doctor.分析 两个分句之间为顺承关系,并非选择关系,故 or改为 and。典例2(2018全国卷)At the e
30、nd of our trip,I told my father that I planned to return every two years,but he agreed.分析 句意:在旅行结束后,我告诉爸爸我打算每两年回来一次,爸爸同意了。根据句意可知,此处应该是表示顺承关系而不是转折关系。故 but改为 and。典例3(2018全国卷)Everyone was silent,waiting to see who would be called upon to read his and her paragraph aloud.分析 句意:每个人都沉默着,等着看看谁会被叫起来去大声读他或她的
31、文章,此处应该为选择关系。故 and 改为or。典例4(2017全国卷)Before getting into the car,I thought I had learned the instructors orders,so once I started the car,my mind went blank.分析 根据句意可知,作者本以为自己已经掌握了教练的命令,结果一发动车,脑中一片空白。前后文为转折关系,故 so 改为 but/yet。典例5(全国卷)Though not very big,but the restaurant is popular in our area.分析 从属连词
32、 though 不可与并列连词 but 连用。故去掉 but。代词误用解题攻略代词具有性别之分,考生可依据行文逻辑和代词所指代的对象确定代词的性别,不同的代词对应不同的性别,并与所指代的对象在人称和数上保持一致。短文改错常就此设题,故意设置代词所指代的对象与代词的性别、人称和数不吻合的试题,要求考生识别并加以改正。典例1(2019全国卷)In the cafe,customers will enjoy yourselves in the historical environment that is created for them.分析 句中反身代词要与主语保持一致,故 yourselves 改为themselves。典例2(2018全国卷)I had done myself homework,but I was shy.分析 由句子结构可知,此处存在短语 do ones homework,表示做功课。故 myself 改为my/the。典例3(2018全国卷)They would say to us that playing card games would help my brain.Still I was unwilling to play the games with them sometimes.分析 根据语境可知,此处表示“他们会对我(me)说”。故 us改为 me。