1、第三讲主旨大意题整体感知明方向主旨大意题是阅读理解中考生失分最多的题目，因为该类试题不仅考查考生略读文章、领会大意的能力，也对考生的归纳、概括能力提出了较高的要求。文章中没有明显的解题依据，需要考生从文章中提炼、抽取一些关键词、主干句进行加工概括，才能归纳出文章的主旨。此类题目可分为三大类，即标题归纳题、文章大意题和段落大意题。要做好主旨大意题，我们首先必须了解其正确选项和干扰选项的特征。常见设问方式1标题归纳题The best title of the passage is _.Which of the following is the best title of the passage?W
2、hat would be the best title for the passage?The most appropriate title of the passage is _.2文章大意题Whats the main idea/point of the passage?The passage is mainly about _.What is the text mainly about?The general/main idea of the passage is about _.3段落大意题What does the author tell us in Paragraph.?The m
3、ain idea of the second paragraph probably is _.The first paragraph is mainly about _.Which of the following can best summarize Par.1？正确选项特征干扰选项特征1.涵盖性强，覆盖全文或全段。2.确定的范围恰当，既不太大，也不太小。3.精确性强，不会改变语言表意的程度及色彩。1.过于笼统，不知所云所给选项内容概括的范围过大，超出文章所述内容。2.以偏概全，主次不分所给选项只阐述了文章的一部分内容，或以文章中的细节信息或个别词为选项的设置内容，或以次要的事实或细节充当全
4、文的主要观点。3.移花接木，偷换概念所给选项被命题者有意识地把本属于A的内容放在B上，若不留神，极易选错答案。4.无中生有，生搬硬套所给选项的关键词语虽然在文章中谈到了，但经过仔细阅读分析之后，发现选项的内容与文章的内容毫无联系。分类例析通技法标题归纳题解题攻略理解标题的3大特点，巧用3大方法确定文章标题一个好的标题应具备三大特点：1概括准确而又简短；2针对性标题外延正好与文章内容相符；3醒目能引发读者的阅读欲望。因此有必要掌握以下三大方法：1正面肯定法：在理解文章主旨的基础上，揣摩哪个选项能准确概括主旨；2反面否定法：撇开原文，拿各个备选项去设想用它们写出来的“文章”将是什么内容，然后和原文
5、章对照，一一排除不符选项；3研读备选项本身：研读备选项里面的中心词、修饰词的变化、结构、概括性等。典例(2019全国卷，阅读D)Bacteria are an annoying problem for astronauts. The microorganisms(微生物)from our bodies grow uncontrollably on surfaces of the International Space Station，so astronauts spend hours cleaning them up each week.How is NASA overcoming this
6、very tiny big problem？Its turning to a bunch of high school kids.But not just any kids.It is depending on NASA HUNCH high school classrooms，like the one science teachers Gene Gordon and Donna Himmelberg lead at Fairport High School in Fairport，New York.HUNCH is designed to connect high school classr
7、ooms with NASA engineers.For the past two years，Gordons students have been studying ways to kill bacteria in zero gravity，and they think theyre close to a solution(解决方案)“We dont give the students any breaks.They have to do it just like NASA engineers，”says Florence Gold，a project manager.“There are
8、no tests，”Gordon says.“There is no graded homework.There almost are no grades，other thanAre you working towards your goal？Basically，its Ive got to produce this product and then，at the end of the year，present it to NASA.Engineers come and really do an inperson review，and .its not a very nice thing at
9、 times.Its a hard business review of your product.”Gordon says the HUNCH program has an impact(影响)on college admissions and practical life skills.“These kids are so absorbed in their studies that I just sit back.I dont teach.”And that annoying bacteria？Gordon says his students are emailing daily wit
10、h NASA engineers about the problem，readying a workable solution to test in space.35What is the best title for the text?ANASA：The Home of AstronautsBSpace：The Final Homework FrontierCNature：An Outdoor ClassroomDHUNCH：A College Admission Reform解题思路第一步读文章，概括文意本文讲述了美国国家航空航天局创办了一个名为HUNCH的项目，一群高中生在项目中研究如何
11、杀死国际空间站的细菌。第二步析选项，斟酌判断ANASA：宇航员的家文中虽提到有关NASA方面的内容，但这不是文章主要内容。以偏概全，主次不分B太空：高中生前沿研究Space对应太空研究，Final Homework对应高中教育，Frontier突出了领先性涵盖性强，覆盖全文C大自然：一个课外教室并不聚焦太空领域无中生有DHUNCH：大学入学改革HUNCH主要是太空研究无中生有答案B文章大意题解题攻略掌握寻找主题句的4个小窍门，快速确定文章大意文章是由段落组成的。段落的主题就是段落的中心思想，具体段落的中心思想又是为文章整体中心思想服务的。理解整篇文章的中心思想的方法是建立在理解具体段落中心的基
12、础上的。找出每小段的主题句，各段的主题句常在该段的首句或尾句，各段主题句的整体归纳便是文章的中心思想。有的文章无明显主题句，主题句隐含在段意之中，这就需要进一步加工概括。观察全文的结构安排，理解文章的“重心”和支撑性细节。 用浏览法(skimming)，即快速阅读文首、文尾，或每段的首句和尾句等，搜索主题线索和主题信息的方法可以快速找到主题句。 以下是找主题句的四个小窍门：1段落中出现表示转折的词语(如however，but，in fact，actually等)时，该句很可能是主题句。2首段出现疑问句时，对该问题的回答很可能就是文章主旨。3作者有意识地重复的观点，通常是主旨；反复出现的词语，一
13、般为体现文章主旨的关键词。4表示总结或结论的句子常包含therefore，thus，in short，conclude，conclusion等词。典例(2019全国卷，阅读C)Marian Bechtel sits at West Palm Beachs Bar Louie counter by herself，quietly reading her ebook as she waits for her salad.What is she reading？None of your business！Lunch is Bechtels “me” time.And like more Americ
14、ans，shes not alone.A new report found 46 percent of meals are eaten alone in America.More than half(53 percent)have breakfast alone and nearly half (46 percent)have lunch by themselves.Only at dinnertime are we eating together anymore,74 percent，according to statistics from the report.“I prefer to g
15、o out and be out.Alone，but together，you know？”Bechtel said，looking up from her book.Bechtel，who works in downtown West Palm Beach，has lunch with coworkers sometimes，but like many of us，too often works through lunch at her desk.A lunchtime escape allows her to keep a boss from tapping her on the shou
16、lder.She returns to work feeling energized.“Today，I just wanted some time to myself，”she said.Just two seats over，Andrew Mazoleny，a local videographer，is finishing his lunch at the bar.He likes that he can sit and check his phone in peace or chat up the barkeeper with whom hes on a firstname basis i
17、f he wants to have a little interaction(交流)“I reflect on how my days gone and think about the rest of the week，”he said.“Its a chance for selfreflection.You return to work recharged and with a plan.”That freedom to choose is one reason more people like to eat alone.There was a time when people may h
18、ave felt awkward about asking for a table for one，but those days are over.Now，we have our smartphones to keep us company at the table.“It doesnt feel as alone as it may have before all the advances in technology，”said Laurie Demeritt，whose company provided the statistics for the report.31What is the
19、 text mainly about?AThe trend of having meals alone.BThe importance of selfreflection.CThe stress from working overtime.DThe advantage of wireless technology.解题思路第一步读文章，概括文意本文主要讲述了现如今，在美国，越来越多的人选择自己吃饭，他们希望以此争取一些自己独立的时间。本文侧重培养学生的文化意识。第二步析选项，斟酌判断A独自吃饭的趋势，本文都是围绕eat alone展开。涵盖性强，覆盖全文B自我反省的重要性文中没有提到无中生有，
20、生搬硬套C加班带来的压力文中有提到，但不是本文的重点以偏概全，主次不分D无线科技的优点，文中没有提到无中生有，生搬硬套答案A段落大意题解题攻略归纳段落大意的2种方法方法1概括段落大意要准确概括某段的大意，务必要知道该段的逻辑结构。(1)如果该段是按总分顺序组织，首句做总的说明，其他句子对其进行具体论述，这种结构的主题句就在段首；(2)如果按分总顺序组织，主题句就在段尾；(3)如果按分总分的顺序组织，则主题句就在这段话的中间；(4)如果按总分总的顺序，段落结构相对难度较低，我们可以很明显的看到一段的首句和末句的内容几乎完全一致，正确答案就呼之欲出了；(5)如果按并列式行文，这种结构的段落一般会在
21、一段中讨论两个平行的内容，整个段落可以从中间处分开，前后是平行关系，这样的段落结构对应的答案通常也会是很明显的并列关系；(6)如果对比各事物，那么它们的共同点或不同点就是该段大意。方法2揣摩段落大意有时，作者可能不直接写出主题句，而是通过各种方法暗示给读者，这就需要充分发挥读者的想象力与判断力，揣摩段落大意。典例(2019江苏卷，阅读B节选)Most of us，when we talk about volcanoes，think of the classic cone(圆锥体)shapes of a Fuji or Kilimanjaro，which are created when eru
22、pting magma(岩浆)piles up.These can form remarkably quickly.In 1943，a Mexican farmer was surprised to see smoke rising from a small part of his land.In one week he was the confused owner of a cone five hundred feet high.Within two years it had topped out at almost fourteen hundred feet and was more th
23、an half a mile across.Altogether there are some ten thousand of these volcanoes on Earth，all but a few hundred of them extinct.There is，however，a second less known type of volcano that doesnt involve mountain building.These are volcanoes so explosive that they burst open in a single big crack，leavin
24、g behind a vast hole，the caldera.Yellowstone obviously was of this second type，but Christiansen couldnt find the caldera anywhere.59What does the second paragraph mainly talk about?AThe shapes of volcanoes.BThe impacts of volcanoes.CThe activities of volcanoes.DThe heights of volcanoes.解题思路第一步读文章，概括
25、段意本段主要讲述了两种火山的形状。第二步析选项，斟酌判断A火山的形状A项是对本段内容的精炼概括和总结。涵盖性强，覆盖全段B火山的影响本段没有提到无中生有，生搬硬套C火山的活动本段确实说到了火山的活动，但不是本段主流。以偏概全，主次不分D火山的高度本段只提到一句，无足轻重以偏概全，主次不分答案A小题夯基练1Steven Stein likes to follow garbage trucks.His strange habit makes sense when you consider that hes an environmental scientist who studies how to
26、reduce litter，including things that fall off garbage trucks as they drive down the road.What is even more interesting is that one of Steins jobs is defending an industry behind the plastic shopping bag.Americans use more than 100 billion thin film plastic bags every year.So many end up in tree branc
27、hes or along highways that a growing number of cities do not allow them at checkouts(收银台)The bags are prohibited in some 90 cities in California，including Los Angeles.Eyeing these headwinds，plasticbag makers are hiring scientists like Stein to make the case that their products are not as bad for the
28、 planet as most people assume.Among the bag makers argument；many cities with bans still allow shoppers to purchase paper bags，which are easily recycled but require more energy to produce and transport.And while plastic bags may be ugly to look at，they represent a small percentage of all garbage on t
29、he ground today.The industry has also taken aim at the product that has appeared as its replacement：reusable shopping bags.The stronger a reusable bag is，the longer its life and the more plasticbag use it cancels out.However，longerlasting reusable bags often require more energy to make.One study fou
30、nd that a cotton bag must be used at least 131 times to be better for the planet than plastic.Environmentalists dont dispute(质疑)these points.They hope paper bags will be banned someday too and want shoppers to use the same reusable bags for years.Q：What is the best title for the text?APlastic，Paper
31、or NeitherBIndustry，Pollution and EnvironmentCRecycle or Throw AwayDGarbage Collection and Waste Control解析：A根据最后一段中的内容可知，本文主要讲述了塑料袋和可重复使用纸袋的利弊。故选A。2The Sahara Festival is a celebration of the very recent past.The threeday event is not fixed to the same dates each year，but generally takes place in No
32、vember or December.It is well attended by tourists，but even better attended by locals.During the opening ceremonies，after the official greetings from the government leaders，people who attend the festival begin to march smartly before the viewing stands，and white camels transport their riders across
33、the sands.Horsemen from different nations display their beautiful clothes and their fine horsemanship.One following another，groups of musicians and dancers from all over the Sahara take their turn to show off their wonderful traditional culture.Groups of men in blue and yellow play horns and beat dr
34、ums as they dance in different designs.On their knees in the sand，a group of women in long dark dresses dance with their hair：their long，dark，shiny hair is thrown back and forth in the wind to the rhythm of their dance.Q：This passage mainly tells readers _.Awhat happens on the opening day of the Sah
35、ara FestivalBhow people celebrate during the threeday Sahara FestivalCwhat takes place at the closing ceremonies of the Sahara FestivalDhow animals race on the first and the last days of the Sahara Festival解析：A从文中第二段第一句话“During the opening ceremonies，”可以看出，本文主要是介绍“撒哈拉节”开幕式上的活动。故选A。3Handshaking，thoug
36、h a European practice is often seen in big cities of China.Nobody knows exactly when the practice started in Europe.It is said that long long ago in Europe when people met，they showed their unarmed(无武器的)hands to each other as a sign of goodwill.As time went on and trade in cities grew rapidly，people
37、 in cities began to clap each others hands to make a deal or to reach an agreement.This practice was later changed into shaking hands among friends on meeting or leaving each other.“Lets shake (hands)on it”sometimes means agreement reached.Do the Europeans shake hands wherever they go and with whome
38、ver they meet？No.Sometimes the Chinese abroad reach out their hands too often to be polite.It is really very impolite to give your hand when the other party，especially when it is a woman，shows little interest in shaking hands with you and when the meeting does not mean anything to him or her.Even if
39、，for politeness，he holds out his unwilling hand in answer to your uninvited hand，just touch it slightly.There is generally a misunderstanding(误解)among the Chinese that westerners are usually open and straightforward，while the Chinese are rather reserved(保守的)in manner.But in fact some people in weste
40、rn countries more reserved than some Chinese today.So it is a good idea to shake hands with a westerner only when he shows interest in further relations with you.Q：The first paragraph mainly tells us _.Awhere handshaking was first practisedBhow handshaking came aboutCabout the relationship between h
41、andshaking and tradeDabout the practice of handshaking both in Europe and in China解析：B在文章第一段说明了握手的来历。实际上也就是谈论握手是怎样产生的。故选B。大题提能练A(2020石家庄市高三模拟一)A new“Magic Bench” designed by Disney Research lets you interact(互动)with lovely animated(动画的)charactersand no special glasses or earphones are required.Inste
42、ad，the complete environmentthe seat，the sitter and the cartoon charactersis mirrored on a screen opposite the bench making it possible for others to watch the scene unfold.How does the illusion work？A camera and sensor catch images and gather depth information about physical objectsthe bench and the
43、 person.And then a computer translates them into the 3D animations.Meanwhile sensors of touch built into the bench deliver shaking that is happening at the same time and speed to animated actions on the screen，creating the illusion that the animated figures are occupying realworld space next to the
44、user.“Our goal for this project was：hear characters coming，see them enter the space，and feel them sit next to you，”said Moshe Mahler，principal digital artist at Disney Research.Unlike the traditional mobile technology，one of whose limitations is that only a single user can see its illusion，the Magic
45、 Bench allows groups of people to gather in a single environment and collectively participate in an augmented reality(扩充实境)experience，all at the same time.In a video show，a small cartoon donkey runs into view and kicks the bench，causing a sharp sound and making the seated person jump in surprise.Ano
46、ther test shows two people on the bench，reacting as they“feel” an animated rabbit skip up beside them and jump up and down.When a user passes his hand over the rabbit，a shadow moves across its head，as though it were occupying the same physical space as the person next to it.语篇解读 本文是一篇说明文，主要介绍了迪斯尼公司设
47、计的“Magic Bench”，它能使观众与卡通人物互动，该互动通过将座位、模特和卡通人物映在长椅对面的屏幕上，让观众更加身临其境。1What does the Magic Bench need to work properly?ASpecial glasses.BEarphones.CA mirror.DA screen.解析：D考查细节理解。根据第一段第二句“Instead，the complete environmentthe seat，the sitter and the cartoon charactersis mirrored on a screen opposite the be
48、nch making it possible for others to watch the scene unfold”可知，屏幕是该互动技术所需要的，故D项正确。2What does the underlined word“illusion”in Paragraph 2 refer to?AThe shaking that is happening.BThe 3D animations on the screen.CThe figures about physical objects.DThe interaction with animated figures.解析：D考查词义猜测。根据第一
49、段的内容，尤其是第一句中“lets you interact(互动)with lovely animated(动画的)characters”可知，这种方式让观众和可爱的动画人物互动；结合第二段第一句“How does the illusion work？”可知，该句提问这种和动画人物互动的技术是如何运作的，由此可推知，画线词是指“和动画人物的互动”，故D项正确。3How is the Magic Bench different from the traditional technology?AIts fantasy can be seen only by a single user.BIt i
50、s designed to create more animated characters.CIt allows many people to experience the fantasy together.DIts user and the animated character occupy the same space.解析：C考查细节理解。根据第三段第二句“Unlike the traditional mobile technology，one of whose limitations is that only a single user can see its illusion，the
51、 Magic Bench allows groups of people to gather in a single environment and collectively participate in an augmented reality(扩充实境)experience，all at the same time”可知，与传统移动技术不同的是，传统移动技术的限制之一是只有一个用户可以看到这种互动，而Magic Bench允许一群人聚集在一个单独的环境中集体同时参与互动体验。故C项正确。4Which is the best title of the text?AMagic Bench Pu
52、ts You in the PictureBAudiences Become Cartoon CharactersCEntertainment Industry Enters a New StageDDisneys Cartoon Figures Come into Reality解析：A考查标题判断。通读全文可知，本文主要介绍了迪斯尼公司设计的能使观众与卡通人物互动的“Magic Bench”，该互动通过将座位、模特和卡通人物映在长椅对面的屏幕上，让观众更加身临其境。故A项最适合作本文标题。B(2020昆明市高三质检)Fiveyearold Prisilla Perez，a student
53、at Meador Elementary School in Willis，was unhappy with her recent haircut，which resulted from a severe disease.When students in her class started calling Prisilla a boy，she felt ashamed，often crying and losing focus in school.Her teacher，Shannon Grimm，sympathized with her unhappiness.Grimm and Prisi
54、llas mom were concerned，but their ideas didnt work.“We had classroom discussions about how girls have short hair and boys have long hair，and I showed them photos of movie stars with different looks，”Grimm said.“However，it wasnt sinking in.”Grimm thought about Prisilla throughout the winter break，and
55、 one morning，she had an idea：Cut off her haira scary thought for Grimm，who wore her hair long and took pride in it.“Ive never had short hair，and I stressed about it for two weeks before making a decision，”she said.On Jan.4，Grimm invited a hairstylist friend to her home.“I told him to keep going，even
56、 if I cried，”she said.The class loved their teachers new do，especially Prisilla，who excitedly ran off the school bus that afternoon yelling，“Mom，Ms.Grimm cut her hair！”The teacher also bought matching bows for herself and the girl，so they could style their hair together.In February，the teacher recom
57、mended Prisilla for the school districts Student of the Month Award，but during the Monday ceremony，she received a surprise“hero medal”from the girl.“Now we have matching awards，”says Grimm.Prisillas mother，Maria，said that Grimms thoughtfulness brought her to tears.“I was shocked.I was crying.I could
58、nt believe itshe did something I wouldnt have the bravery to do.I will never forget that.”语篇解读 本文是一篇记叙文。主要讲述了Grimm老师剪短头发以帮助学生Prisilla的故事。5Why was Prisilla unhappy at school?AShe wasnt satisfied with her teacher.BShe couldnt concentrate in class.CShe was laughed at by her classmates.DShe couldnt get
59、on well with others.解析：C考查细节理解。根据第一段第二句“When students in her class started calling Prisilla a boy，she felt ashamed，often crying and losing focus in school”可知，Prisilla在学校不开心是因为她被同学嘲笑。6What made Grimm have her own hair cut?APraise from her students.BDevotion to her students.CRequest of Prisillas mothe
60、r.DSuggestion from the hairstylist.解析：B考查推理判断。根据第三段的内容，尤其是“Grimm thought about Prisilla.she had an idea：Cut off her hair”可知，Prisilla因为是短头发而被同学嘲笑，为了安慰Prisilla，Grimm 老师决定把自己的头发剪短。由此可推知，Grimm老师出于对学生的关爱才剪短了头发。7What can we know about Grimm?AShe had her hair cut together with Prisilla.BShe expressed her s
61、incere thanks to her pupils.CShe hesitated a lot before having her hair cut.DShe won a gold medal for facing difficulties bravely.解析：C考查细节理解。根据第三段第二句中的“Ive never had short hair，and I stressed about it for two weeks before making a decision”可知，Grimm 老师剪短头发之前很犹豫。8What is the text mainly about?AHow Gri
62、mm helped her student out.BWhat problem Prisilla had at school.CWhy Prisilla won the Month Award.DWhen Grimm got her new hairstyle.解析：A考查主旨大意。通读全文可知，Prisilla因为是短头发而被同学嘲笑，她在学校很不开心，Grimm老师为了帮助、安慰她剪短了自已的头发，故A项正确。CIn the 1760s，Mathurin Roze opened a series of shops that boasted(享有)a special meat soup ca
63、lled consomm.Although the main attraction was the soup，Rozes chain shops also set a new standard for dining out，which helped to establish Roze as the inventor of the modern restaurant.Today，scholars have generated large amounts of instructive research about restaurants.Take visual hints that influen
64、ce what we eat：diners served themselves about 20 percent more pasta(意大利面食) when their plates matched their food.When a darkcolored cake was served on a black plate rather than a white one，customers recognized it as sweeter and more tasty.Lighting matters，too.When Berlin restaurant customers ate in d
65、arkness，they couldnt tell how much theyd had；those given extralarge shares ate more than everyone else，but were none_the_wiserthey didnt feel fuller，and they were just as ready for dessert.Time is money，but that principle means different things for different types of restaurants.Unlike fastfood plac
66、es，fine dining shops prefer customers to stay longer and spend.One way to encourage customers to stay and order that extra round：put on some Mozart(莫扎特)When classical，rather than pop music was playing，diners spent more.Fast music hurried diners out.Particular scents also have an effect：diners who go
67、t the scent of lavender(熏衣草)stayed longer and spent more than those who smelled lemon，or no scent.Meanwhile，things that you might expect to discourage spending“bad”tables，crowding，high pricesdont necessarily.Diners at bad tablesnext to the kitchen door，sayspent nearly as much as others but soon fled
68、.It can be concluded that restaurant keepers need not“be overly concerned aboutbadtables，”given that theyre profitable.As for crowds，a Hong Kong study found that they increased a restaurants reputation，suggesting great food at fair prices.And doubling a buffets price led customers to say that its pi
69、zza was 11 percent tastier.语篇解读 本文是一篇说明文，主要通过引入现代餐馆的鼻祖马蒂兰罗兹制订的标准以及学者对于餐馆的研究来介绍现代餐馆在经营中影响食客消费的几个要素：视觉要素(餐具、灯光)、听觉要素(音乐)、嗅觉要素(气味)、其他要素(桌位、拥挤程度和价格)。本文旨在通过现代餐馆的经营理念，让考生了解西方现代餐馆的经营之道。9The underlined phrase“none the wiser”in Paragraph 3 most probably implies that the customers were _.Anot aware of eating
70、more than usualBnot willing to share food with othersCnot conscious of the food qualityDnot fond of the food provided解析：A词义猜测题。根据第三段中的“.those given extralarge shares ate more than everyone else，but were none_the_wiserthey didnt fell fuller.”可知，那些被给以大份饭菜的食客比其他人吃得多，但他们没觉得更饱，这说明在黑暗的就餐环境下，食客并不清楚自己多吃了多少，
71、所以此处的none the wiser是“不清楚，不知道”之意。故选A项。10How could a fine dining shop make more profit?APlaying classical music.BIntroducing lemon scent.CMaking the light brighter.DUsing plates of larger size.解析：A细节理解题。根据第四段中的“when classical，rather than pop music was playing，diners spent more.”可知，当演奏古典音乐而不是流行音乐的时候，食客
72、们会花更多的钱。spent more 就是对题干中make more profit的语意转化。故选A项。11What does the last paragraph talk about?ATips to attract more customers.BProblems restaurants are faced with.CWays to improve restaurants reputation.DCommon misunderstandings about restaurants.解析：D段落大意题。根据最后一段首句中的“things that you might expect to discourage spendingbadtables，crowding，high pricesdont necessarily”可知，你可能认为会打消你消费的念头的东西位置“不好”的桌位、拥挤和价格高未必如此(指在某些人看来，这些不利因素未必不会带来利润的增加)。由此可知，作者认为这些对于餐馆的常见观点是一种误解，故选D项。
