1、第三讲名词和主谓一致12015江苏高考Go and say sorry to your Mom, Dave.Id like to, but Im afraid she wont be happy with my _ (apologize)答案：apologies考查名词。句意：戴夫，去向你妈妈说对不起。我想去，但我害怕她对我的道歉不满意。根据句意可知，此处应填apologize的名词形式。22015浙江高考One of the most effective ways to reduce _ is to talk about feelings with someone you trust.答案：
2、stress/anxiety考查名词。句意：减少压力/焦虑最有效的方法是和你信任的人谈论一下感受。根据句意可知，此处表示压力/焦虑。32015湖南高考It is important to remember that success_ (be) a sum of small efforts made each day and often_ (take) years to achieve.答案：is; takes考查主谓一致。that引导的宾语从句的主语success此时为不可数名词，两空是并列谓语，故都用单数。42015福建高考China Daily attracts a worldwide r
3、eadership, which _ (show) that more and more people all over the world want to learn about China.答案：shows考查主谓一致。空格所在句子为which引导的非限制性定语从句，which指代前句的整个内容，谓语动词要用单数形式，故填shows。52015湖北高考He gave himself a new name to hide his _ (identify) when he went to carry out the secret task.答案：identity考查名词。句意：当他去执行这项秘
4、密任务时，他给自己取了个新名字以掩盖他的身份。由句意可知，空格处应用名词identity表示“身份”。62014湖南高考All we need _ (be) a small piece of land where we can plant various kinds of fruit trees throughout the growing seasons of the year.答案：is考查主谓一致。根据题干可知，all指代的是a small piece of land，所以谓语动词要用单数。整句话的语境为一般现在时，故填is。句意：我们所需要的就是一小片土地，我们可以在一年中播种的季节里
5、在那儿种植各类果树。72013江苏高考Generally, students inner motivation with high expectations from others _ (be) essential to their development.答案：is考查主谓一致。with连接前后两个主语时，谓语动词取决于with前面的词，故用单数形式is。句意：一般来说，学生们的内在动机和来自他人的高期望值对他们的发展很重要。82013江西高考Whenever I made mistakes, the teacher pointed them out with _ (patient)答案：p
6、atience考查名词。介词之后应跟名词，故填patience。句意：无论何时我犯错误，老师都会耐心地指出来。92013天津高考While she was in Paris, she developed a _ (tasty) for fine art.答案：taste考查名词。空格前是冠词，可知此处应填名词，故填taste。句意：在巴黎期间，她培养了对艺术的兴趣。102013湖南高考The university estimates that living expenses for international students _ (be) around $8,450 a year, whic
7、h is a burden for some of them.答案：are考查主谓一致。宾语从句中句子的主语是living expenses为复数，故谓语动词应用复数。整句用一般现在时，故填are。阅读下面材料，在空白处填入适当的内容(1个单词)或括号内单词的正确形式。2016全国卷In much of Asia, especially the socalled “rice bowl” cultures of China, Japan, Korea, _61_ Vietnam, food is usually eaten with chopsticks.Chopsticks are usual
8、ly two long, thin pieces of wood or bamboo. They can also be made of plastic, animal bone or metal. Sometimes chopsticks are quite artistic. Truly elegant chopsticks might _62_ (make) of gold and silver with Chinese characters. Skilled workers also combine various hardwoods and metal _63_ (create) s
9、pecial designs.The Chinese have used chopsticks for five thousand years. People probably cooked their food in large pots, _64_ (use) twigs (树枝) to remove it. Over time, _65_ the population grew, people began cutting food into small pieces so it would cook more quickly. Food in small pieces could be
10、eaten easily with twigs which _66_ (gradual) turned into chopsticks.Some people think that the great Chinese scholar Confucius, _67_ lived from roughly 551 to 479 BC., influenced the _68_ (develop) of chopsticks. Confucius believed knives would remind people of killings and _69_ (be) too violent for
11、 use at the table.Chopsticks are not used everywhere in Asia. In India, for example, most people traditionally eat _70_ their hands. 61_62._63._64._65_66._67._68._69_70._Step 1：通读全文，掌握主旨大意。本文介绍了筷子的材质和中国使用筷子的悠久历史及文化内涵。Step 2：逐题解答，确定答案。61and。考查并列连词。分析句子结构及语境可知，Vietnam与空前的“China, Japan, Korea”之间是并列关系。6
12、2be_made。考查被动语态。此处指真正雅致的筷子可能是由金和银做成的。根据make与句子主语Truly elegant chopsticks之间是逻辑上的动宾关系及空格前的might可知答案。63to_create。考查非谓语动词。句意：熟练的工人也会把各种各样的硬木和金属组合起来以创作独特的设计。根据句意可知，此处用to do形式表目的。64using。考查非谓语动词。use与其逻辑主语People之间是逻辑上的主谓关系。65as或when。考查状语从句。句意：随着人口的增长或当人口增长时，人们开始把食物切成小片根据句意和句子结构可知，空格处引导状语从句。66gradually。考查副词
13、。修饰动词应用副词。67who。考查定语从句。分析句子结构可知，空格处在此引导非限制性定语从句，先行词为Confucius(孔子)。68development。考查名词。根据空格前的the及空格后的of可知，此处应填名词。69were。考查时态和主谓一致。根据句中的believed可知，此处描述的是过去的情况。从句主语为knives，谓语动词应用复数。70with。考查介词。此处在印度指大部分人用手吃饭。Step 3：代入验证。需保证语法结构正确且语义符合逻辑，这样才能确保万无一失。知识清单(1)名词常见后缀(第一讲专题)；(2)名词的数；(3)抽象名词具体化；(4)主谓一致的几种常见情况。学
14、情分析考生在名词和主谓一致的学习中存在以下几个问题：(1)名词的数是考生在运用语言时常被忽视的问题，需刻意提高“数”的意识；(2)主谓一致情况较多，造成部分学生在使用时混用，同时也会因为忽视了主语核心词，而造成主谓不一致；(3)语法规则能熟练记忆，但不能准确运用，缺少谓语与主语一致的意识。考点名词的数1名词的单复数(1)不可数名词不可数名词一般没有复数形式，如果需要表示多少，通常要用“a/an表数量的词of名词”来表示。通常抽象名词与物质名词都是不可数名词。常见的不可数名词有：物质名词：ice, coffee, soup, grass, cloth(布料), clothing, iron, f
15、ood, bread等。抽象名词：advice, experience(经验), courage, fun, childhood, knowledge等。(2)名词复数的变化规则变化不规则变化2特殊情况下名词复数的用法有些名词在使用时总是用其复数形式，如：thanks，authorities(当局)，possessions(财产)，clothes，congratulations，goods(商品)，works(作品，著作)，shoes，trousers，manners(礼貌)等。有些固定短语要求用名词复数形式：make preparations for为做准备take pains尽力，刻苦ma
16、ke (both) ends meet使收支相抵take turns轮流be in high spirits情绪高涨，精神振奋make repairs修理3名词构词法(见第一讲)典题12017洛阳统考For my studies I had to read books about _ (entertain), public relations, journalism, ethics in media and countless other topics.答案entertainment根据空格前的介词about及下文中一系列的名词形式可知，此处也应填名词形式entertainment。典题220
17、17辽宁大连模拟Fabien Cousteaus grandfather and his father were ocean _ (explore) and documentary film makers.答案explorers根据语法结构可知，此空填名词作表语；亦可由and连接并列结构可知，此处填名词，由于主语是两个人，故应填explorers。考点抽象名词具体化1抽象名词具体化抽象名词是表示某种特性、状态、特点、情感、情绪的词，具体指特定的某一件事时，这一抽象名词可作为可数名词。(1)difficulty困难；a difficulty一件难事(2)experience经验；an exper
18、ience一次经历(3)failure失败；a failure一位失败者/一件失败的事(4)knowledge知识；a good knowledge of丰富的知识(5)success成功；a success一位成功者/一件成功的事(6)surprise惊奇；a surprise一件令人吃惊的事(7)honour荣誉；an honour一位(件)带来荣誉的人(事)另外常见的还有：pleasure, shock, comfort, attraction, beauty, danger, delight, feeling, preference等。2有些物质名词可个体化为可数名词Would you
19、 like some coffee?I would like a coffee and two beers.你想喝点咖啡吗？我想要一杯咖啡和两杯啤酒。典题32017陕西83中模拟She came in for _ coffee and told me _ firecrackers kept her awake last night.答案a; the第一空考查物质名词个体化，故加a，表示一杯咖啡；第二空为特指，故填the。典题42016浙江六校联考The program Running Man in Zhejiang TV turned out _ success.答案a句意：浙江电视台的“跑男
20、”节目证明是成功的。此处考查抽象名词具体化，指一件成功的事，故填a。考点主谓一致主谓一致是指谓语动词在人称和数上与主语保持一致，一般遵循三个原则，即语法一致原则、意义一致原则和就近一致原则。做题时还要保证时态及其他语法及词义的正确性。1语法一致原则(1)主语后跟有with, together with, as well as, like, but, except, along with, rather than, including, in addition to等引起的短语时，谓语动词的数要与前面的主语保持一致。典题52017山西太原模拟Dr Smith, together with his
21、 wife and daughters, _ (be) going to visit Beijing this summer.答案is根据语法一致原则，谓语与Dr Smith保持一致，故填is。(2)由lots of, a lot of, a number of, plenty of等修饰的名词作主语时，谓语动词与所修饰的名词形式保持一致。A great number of students who were invited to the party were from my school.很多被邀请来参加晚会的学生来自于我校。A great deal of water was pollute
22、d year by year.每年大量的水被污染。但a quantity/amount of和quantities/amounts of修饰名词时，谓语动词的单复数取决于quantity和amount的单复数。Quantities of information are available on the Internet.在网上可得到大量的信息。(3)定语从句中的谓语动词的单复数由先行词的单复数来确定。Those who were praised at the meeting could be sent to America to study further.在这次会议上被表扬的人将被派到美国深
23、造。典题6He wrote many childrens books, nearly half of which _ (publish) in the 1990s.答案were published定语从句中的which指代先行词books，故谓语动词用复数；且主语与publish之间为被动关系及时间状语可知，应填were published。2就近一致原则(1)由or, either.or., neither.nor., not only.but also.等连接的并列主语，谓语动词常与最近的主语在单复数上保持一致。典题7Either you or one of your students _
24、 the meeting that is due tomorrow.(完成句子)要么是你要么是你的一名学生将出席明天的会议。答案is to attend(2)由there，here引起的主语不止一个时，谓语动词的单复数通常和最邻近的主语保持一致。典题8There are a pencil and two pens in the pencilbox.(改错)_答案areisThere be结构遵循就近原则，此处谓语应与a pencil一致，故将are改为is。3意义一致原则(1)由连词and连接的并列成分指的是同一概念，兼具身份或匹配出现(不可分割的整体)，谓语动词用单数。典题9The writ
25、er and teacher Smith _ millions of ups and downs since he moved to Sydney.(完成句子)既是作家又是教师的史密斯自从搬到悉尼经历了无数的成败。答案has gone through(2)“no/each/every/many a单数名词andno/each/every/many a单数名词”作主语，谓语动词用单数。典题10Every man and every woman _ to be proud of the work done by their fathers.(完成句子)每一个人都很有理由为他们的父亲所从事的职业感到
26、骄傲。答案has a good reason(3)非谓语动词、名词性从句作主语，谓语动词用单数。典题11To go to bed early and to rise early_.(完成句子)早睡早起是一个好习惯。答案is a good habit(4)含修饰语的名词作主语的特殊情况“many a/more than one单数名词”作主语，谓语动词用单数。典题12Many a parent _ go through this same painful process.(完成句子)很多父母都被迫经历了这一段相同的痛苦的过程。答案was forced tothe rest, the remain
27、ing/part.，plenty of, a great deal of等主语，谓语动词单复数应根据其所表达的单复数意义而定。典题13The first part of the lecture was vivid but the remaining _.(完成句子)讲座的前半部分很生动，但后半部分非常枯燥。答案was very boring分数、百分数指代或修饰名词时，谓语动词的单复数取决于它们所表示的意义。About one third of the books are worth reading.这些书中大约有1/3值得一读。典题14Only 60 percent of the work
28、_ yesterday.(完成句子)昨天只干了60%的活。答案was finished注意：population由分数或百分数修饰时，谓语动词用复数。Twothirds of population have been killed in the accident.在这次事故中2/3的人丧生。NO.1解题步骤1.根据空格所处的位置判断考点是什么。2联系相关考点，结合相关知识，填写单词的正确形式。NO.2解题技巧1名词的考查语法填空题对名词的考查包括根据语境填适当的名词，特别是固定搭配中的名词(不给提示词)和用所给词的名词形式填空(给出动词、形容词等提示词)。(1)根据名词的功能来判断是否需要填名
29、词名词在句中可以作主语、宾语、表语、定语、同位语、宾语补足语等。做题时可以根据提示词在句中所作的成分判断空格处是否需要填名词。(2)根据语境来判断是否需要填名词名词通常出现在及物动词、形容词、介词以及限定词之后，做题时可以据此判断空格处是否需要填名词。常见的限定词包括冠词(a, an, the)、形容词性物主代词(my, your等)、不定代词(no, one, some, any, each, many, all, both, another, other等)、疑问词(whose, what, which等)等。(3)有时要求根据固定搭配填适当的名词(4)填名词时，一定要注意单复数及拼写典题
30、12017吉林实验中学模拟From this experience, I have learned that questioning can serve as a bridge that helps us to seek the _ (true)答案truth考查形容词与名词间的转换。根据空格前的限定词the可知，此处应填名词形式truth，注意拼写。典题22017山东淄博摸底The police department was looking for a tool that would limit _ (injure) to officers and the people they arres
31、ted.答案injuries考查动词与名词的转换。根据limit为及物动词，其后应为名词，可知填injure的名词形式。根据语境，此处指限制对长官和被捕人员的伤害，为复数形式。2主谓一致的考查考查主谓一致时，往往提示词为动词，句子中不缺少主语。(1)抓住主语的核心词是正确解题的关键。(2)掌握基本的主谓一致三大原则是正确解题的基础。(3)注意时态与全文时态保持一致。典题32017北京西城区模拟We live in a beautiful cottage with a yard, which _ (measure) 20 feet from side to side.答案measures考查主谓
32、一致。which引导的定语从句修饰并指代先行词cottage, cottage为名词单数，故谓语动词填第三人称单数。典题42017福建漳州模拟More than one American child _ (dislike) getting advice from members of their family. They turn to “strangers”答案dislikes考查主谓一致。“more than one/a(n)名词单数”作主语时，谓语动词用单数。1.注意名词构词法的变化规则以及单复数形式的变化。2主谓一致的关键是找出句子的主语，并兼顾语境的时态和语态。建议用时：20分钟Pa
33、rt .单句语法填空在空白处填入适当的内容(1个单词)或括号内单词的正确形式。12017四川雅安月考Her question was so difficult that I could hardly make any _ of it at all.答案：sense考查名词。根据空格处于any与介词of之间可知，需填名词。make sense of“理解”，固定短语。22017陕西83中二模I think the boss, rather than the workers, _ (be) to blame for the fire that caused so many _ (dead) las
34、t week.答案：was; deaths第一空考查主谓一致，由rather than连接的两个主语，谓语的单复数取决于第一个名词，且由caused可知用一般过去时，故填was；第二空格前有many可知，空格处应填名词的复数形式，故填deaths。32016吉林松原三模After about one and a half _ (hour) climbing, we saw two moutain paths before us.答案：hours考查名词所有格形式。one and a half hours climbing表示“爬了一个半小时的山”。42016甘肃第二次诊断After about
35、 an hours _ (fly), something strange happened in the planea small rat stole out from the bag of a young man.答案：flight考查词性转换。根据an hours可知，此空应填名词flight，注意fly转换为名词的拼写规则。52016广东佛山质检二I made up my mind to develop different _ (skill) so that I would be able to work in this field in the future.答案：skills考查名词
36、复数。根据空格前的different可知，此处填名词，且应为复数形式。62016山东潍坊下学期初考Important language points, grammar rules, useful _ (express) and key words are what we want to take down.答案：expressions考查词性转换。useful修饰名词，且该空要使用复数形式与前后的points, rules和words并列。7No one in the department but Tom and I _ (know) that the director is going to
37、 resign.答案：knows考查主谓一致。“A but B”这一结构的谓语动词的单复数取决于主语A，故应根据no one确定单复数。根据语境可知，此处应填knows。8Large amounts of money _ (spend) on the bridge, which was expected to be completed next month.答案：were spent考查语态与主谓一致。主语由Large amounts of修饰时谓语动词用复数；结合语境可知，应用一般过去时，且与主语之间为被动关系，故填were spent。9How close parents are to t
38、heir children _ (have) a strong influence on the development of the childrens characters.答案：has考查主谓一致。句意：父母与孩子之间的亲密程度对孩子性格的形成有很大影响。从句作主语时，谓语动词常用单数形式，故填has。10Did you go to the show last night?Yeah. Every boy and every girl in the area _ (be) invited.答案：was考查主谓一致。句意：你昨天晚上去看表演了吗？是的。这个地区的每个男孩和女孩都被邀请了。ea
39、ch, every, no所修饰的名词作主语时，即使有and连接，谓语动词也用第三人称单数形式；又由语境可知，此处应用一般过去时的被动语态，故填was。Part .单句改错12017山东实验中学诊断As I stated above, you should first eat less meat but more fruits and vegetable._答案：vegetablevegetablesand连接两个并列名词，且vegetable为可数名词，故应改为复数形式。22017武汉武昌区调研Soon, I became one of the top student in my class
40、, which greatly increased my confidence and got me motivated._答案：studentstudents根据“one of名词复数”结构可知，应把student改为复数形式。32017贵州遵义航天中学模拟Living in a boarding school make me independent, which has a great effect on me._答案：makemakes动名词作主语时，谓语动词应用单数形式，故改为makes。42016甘肃西北师大附中五诊Some are eager to know others secr
41、ets to succeed, thinking that they should have mastered some special ability in study._答案：succeedsuccess该句中的to为介词，因此其后应为名词，而不是动词，故改为success。52016山东德州期末More than 3,000 students took exams for it, but only a few was chosen._答案：waswere考查主谓一致。主语是a few修饰可数名词复数，因此谓语应用复数形式。Part .语篇语法填空A重点考查主谓一致The finalter
42、m examinations are coming and each boy and each girl _1_ (look) forward to the coming holiday. However, John as well as the other children who _2_ (have) no parents _3_ (take) good care of in the centre at present. They have no relatives. As we all know, every student all wants to spend the holidays
43、 by _4_ (travel) to the famous _5_ (place) of interest. When and where to go for the holiday _6_ (not decide) yet. But John and his friends would like to go to California, _7_ onethird of the state _8_ (be) covered with trees and the majority of the citizens _9_ (be) black people. On thinking of it,
44、 John and his friends feel very happy and they all try their best _10_ (prepare) for the coming exam.1_2._3._4._5_6._7._8._9_10._篇章导读：本文讲述的是关于约翰和他的朋友们的一些情况以及为即将到来的假期做的一些打算。1is looking主语是“eachn.andeachn.”时，谓语用单数；且根据语境可知，应填现在进行时。2have根据定语从句中的谓语应与先行词一致可知，此处填have。3is taken根据主谓一致原则，“Aas well asB”这一结构中谓语取
45、决于A，且take care of与John之间为被动关系，故填is taken。4travelling/traveling介词by后接动名词。5places“名胜古迹”应该是places of interest。6hasnt been decided根据主谓一致原则，主语是不定式结构，谓语动词用单数；且主谓之间为被动关系，由yet可知用现在完成时。7where考查非限制性定语从句。从句中不缺主语和宾语，且先行词为地点，故填where。8is根据主谓一致原则，分数或百分数修饰名词时，谓语动词取决于被修饰名词的单复数，故填is。9are“the majority of复数名词”用作主语时，谓语动
46、词用复数，故填are。10to prepare考查固定用法。try ones best to do，意为“尽力做某事”。B重点考查名词Wife：Its Friday today. How do you want to spend the evening, darling?Husband：Well, why not go _1_ (dance)? We havent done that for a long time.Wife：Oh, to tell the _2_， I dont really feel like going dancing tonight. I had a hard day
47、and Im sort of tired. Whats more, I _3_ (suppose) to go rock climbing with my colleague Dorothy tomorrow morning.Husband：Well, in that _4_， we could go to the new movie Life of Pi, by that worldfamous _5_ (direct) Ang Lee. I really like his work, which will stop showing the day after tomorrow.Wife：O
48、h, we go to the movies too much. Cant we do something different for a _6_， honey?Husband：Well, do you have any _7_ (suggest)?Wife：Let me see. How do you feel about asking some friends over to play cards?Husband：Its OK with me, _8_ we dont have any beer or anything to eat at home.Wife：Well, _9_ is be
49、tter to call Juliet and ask her and that neighbor of hers, David, to come over, and Ill go to the store and buy some food and drinks.Husband：OK.Thats _10_ good idea.1_2._3._4._5_6._7._8._9_10._篇章导读：本文讲述的是夫妻二人商量如何度过周末。1dancing考查固定搭配go dancing。2truth考查to tell the truth这一固定搭配。3am supposed考查语态。I与suppose之间为被动关系。be supposed to“应该”。4case考查固定搭配。in that case“在那种情况下”。5director考查名词。根据Ang Lee可知，此处表示人，故填director。6change考查名词。根据语境可知，此处填change。句意：我们难道不能换不同的事情做吗？7suggestions考查名词。此处any表示“一些”的意思，故用复数。8but考查连词。上下文表示转折关系，故填but。9it考查it作形式主语，不定式作真正主语的结构。10a考查固定搭配。“Thats a good idea.”表示赞同。
