1、高考专题复习讲与练-名词与冠词名词一、考点聚焦1.可数名词单、复数变化形式（1）规则变化。单数名词词尾直接加-s。如：boy boys, pen pens。以s、x 、ch 、sh结尾的单词一般加-es。如：glass glasses,box boxes, watch watches, brush brushes。特例：stomach stomaches。以“辅音字母 + y”结尾的变“y”为“i”再加“-es”。如：baby babies, lady ladies, fly flies。以“o”结尾的多数加-es。如：tomato tomatoes, potato potatoes, her
2、o heroes。但以两个元音字母结尾的名词和部分外来词中以o结尾的词只加-s。 如：radio radios, zoo zoos, photo photos, piano pianos, kilo kilos, tobacco tobaccos。 以“f”或“fe”结尾的名词复数形式变“f”或“fe”为“v”，之后再加-es。如：wife wives, life lives, knife knives, wolf wolves, self selves, leaf leaves等。特例：handkerchief handkerchiefs, roof roofs, chief chiefs,
3、 gulf gulfs, belief beliefs, cliff cliffs。改变元音字母的。如：man men, mouse mice, foot feet,woman women, tooth teeth, goose geese, ox oxen。特例：child children。复合名词的复数形式。（A）在复合词中最后名词尾加-s。如：armchair armchairs, bookcase bookcases, bookstore book-stores。（B）man和woman作定语修饰另一个名词时，前后两个名词都要变成复数。如：man doctor men doctors
4、, woman driver women dri-vers。（C）与介词或副词一起构成的复合名词应在主体名词部分加-s。如：brother-in-law brothers-in-law, passer-by passers-by。 有的名词有两种复数形式。如：zero zeros 、zeroes, deer deers 、deer。penny的两种复数形式含义有所不同。如：pence（便士的钱数），pennies(便士的枚数)。（2）不规则变化。单、复数同形。如：means, aircraft, deer, fish, Chinese,Japanese, sheep, works（工厂）,ca
5、ttle。合成名词的复数。如：boy-friend boy-friends, go-between go-betweens(中间人)，grown-up grown-ups。有些名词通常只用作复数。如：glasses眼镜，clothes衣服，goods货物，trousers裤子，belongings所有物,wages工资，riches财富, surroundings环境，ashes灰尘, campasses圆规，cattle家畜，congratulations祝贺，have words with sb. 同某人吵架，in high spirits以很高热情地，give ones regards
6、to sb.向某人问侯，in rags衣衫破烂，It is good manners to do sth.有礼貌做某事。集体名词的数。有些集体名词通常只用作复数，如：people, cattle, police; 有些名词只用作单数，如：machinery, furniture, mankind, jewellery;有些名词既可用作单数又可用作复数，单数看做整体，复数看做集体的各个成员。如：The crew is large.船员人数很多（指整体）；The crew are all tired.船员们都累坏了（个体）。2、不可数名词的数（1）一般说来抽象名词为不可数名词，但当抽象名词表示具体
7、的东西时，可用作可数名词且词义发生变化，主要类型如下：抽象名词表示具有某种特性、状态、感情情绪的人或事。如：抽象名词（不可数） 具体化（个体名词，可数名词）in surprise惊讶地 a surprise一件令人惊讶的事win success获得成功 a success一个(件)成功的人(事)win honor赢得荣誉 an honor一个(件)引以为荣的(事)Failure(失败)is the mother of success a failure失败者失败是成功之母。by experience靠经验 an experience一次经历youth青春 a youth一个青年人have pi
8、ty on sb.怜悯某人 a pity可惜的事情with pleasure乐意 a pleasure乐事抽象名词与a(an)连用，淡化了抽象概念，转化为似乎可以体验到的动作、行为或类别。如：A knowledge of English is a must in international trade.Would you like to have a walk(swim, bath, talk)with me?It is waste of time reading such a novel.She made an apology to her mother for her wrong doin
9、gs.(2)物质名词是不可数名词，但表示数量或种类之多时，可以用作可数名词。如：物质名词有形或数的相应物体，有单、复数。如：some coffee一些咖啡，a coffee一杯咖啡，three coffees三杯咖啡，some drink一些饮料, a drink一杯饮料，three drinks三杯饮料，his hair他的头发，a few grey hairs几根白发，glass玻璃，a glass一只玻璃杯。物质名词有前置后置修饰时，前面要使用不定冠词。have breakfast The road is covered with snow.have a wonderful breakf
10、ast They have a heavy snow every year.Time and tide wait for no man.We had a wonderful time last night.(3)有复数形式的不可数名词有些抽象名词往往以复数形式出现，起到一种丰富语言感情色彩或强调某种特殊状态的作用。如：Use your brains, please.They have smoothed away the difficulties.Have you made preparations for tomorrows meeting?Many thanks for your kindn
11、ess.No pains, no gains.After many failures, they finally succeeded.有些物质名词以复数形式出现，表示数量之多，范围之广。如：The boy burst into tears at the bad news.The rising waters did a lot of harm to the crops.The stone bridge broke down in heavy rains.3.名词所有格（1）“s”所有格的特殊表示形式有： 用于表示时间、距离、价格、重量等的名词后，如：todays newspaper,five m
12、inuteswalk(drive),five poundsweight, tendollarsworth of coffee。用于表示国家、世界、城市等地方的名词后。如：the earths planet, the words population, Chinas industry, New Yorks parks。（2）“of”所有格的特殊表示方式有：表示“部分”时，一般在所修饰的名词前有一个表示数量的词（a、two、several、some、no、many等），如：Some students of Mister Zhangs have gone to college.张老师的一些学生已经上
13、大学了。表示“其中之一，其中一部分”的意思时，用：a friend of Toms汤姆的一个朋友（许多朋友中的一位）。表示赞扬、批评或厌恶等感情色彩时，应该用：that/this/these/those + 名词（单、复数）of Marys/yours/his/hers。如：That invention of hers belongs to the world. 她的那项发明是属于全世界的（表赞赏）。4、名词作定语英语中有些名词没有其对应的同根形容词，这些名词可以直接用来作定语修饰另一个名词。（1）分类意义。air pollution 空气污染 boy friend 男朋友coffee cup
14、咖啡杯 income tax所得税tennis ball网球 song writer歌曲作家body language身体语言 road accident交通事故Nobel Prize诺贝尔奖 （2）时间、地点、称呼等。Doctor Jack杰克医生 Professor Li李教授evening school夜校 winter sleep冬眠street dance 街舞 country music乡村音乐village people村民 school education学校教育 China problem中国问题（3）表目的、手段、来源，所属意义。reception desk接待台 spor
15、ts field田径场stone table石桌 color TV彩电weather report天气预报二、精典名题导解选择填空1. It is generally believed that teaching is _it is a science.(NMET 2001)A.an art much as B.much an art asC.as an art much as D.as much an art as解析：答案为D。当名词前有what、so、as、too、quite等词修饰时，其形容词被这些词修饰，组成下列结构，如：What a nice book! This is too h
16、eavy a box for me to carry. He is not as honest a boy as Mike.等，应采取too/how + 形容词（副词）+ a(an) + 名词的形式。要记住一些类似的特殊结构，并加以分析。2. The police are offering a _to anyone who can give information about the lost key.（NMET 1999）A.price B.prize C.reward D.money解析：答案为C。price 价格，价钱；prize奖金。项是钱，属不可数名词，题中所要填的是“酬金，报酬”。
17、注意正确理解名词的含义及其搭配是活用语言的基础，在复习备考中要熟练掌握考纲中一些名词的词义、搭配、习惯等，才能更好辨析名词，从而选择最符合句意的选项。3.Youll find this map of great _in helping you to get round London.（NMET 1998）A.price B.cost C.value D.usefulness解析：答案为C。本题考查特定语境中名词的词义及“be of + 抽象名词”结构。Price (价格)，cost（价钱，费用，成本）不符合题意，value作“quality of being useful or desirab
18、le”解时，常与of搭配，在句中作表语或补语，意为“有用，有价值”。故选择value。注意名词词义辨异及惯用法表达，题中“of + 抽象名词”相当于该名词的形容词形式。冠词一、考点聚焦1.不用冠词的情况（1）专有名词、物质名词、抽象名词、人名、地名等名词前，一般不加冠词。China , America, SmithAir is matter.（2）可数名词前有物主代词、指示代词、名词所有格等限制时，不加冠词。This dictionary is mine.（3）季节、月份、星期、节日、假日、一日三餐名称前一般不加冠词。March, May Day, National Day, Children
19、s Day, Womens Day Have you had supper?Spring is the best season of the year.（4）称呼语或指家用雇用的nurse、cook等名词前及表示头衔职务的名词作宾语、补语及同位语时，一般不加冠词。Whats this, Father? We made him our chairman.Ask nurse to put the child to bed. Professor Li.（5）学科名称、球类、棋类名称前不加冠词。Do you study physics?He likes playing football/chess.（
20、6）复数名词表示泛指一类人或事物时前不用冠词。They are peasants/ workers.（7）在与by连用的交通工具名称前不加冠词。by car, by bus,by bike, by train, by air/ water/ land但：take a bus, come in a boat, on the train/ bus需注意。（8）某些固定词组中不用冠词。名词词组中： husband and wife, brother and sister, body and soul, day and night, knife and fork介词词组中：to(at, from) s
21、chool, in (to)class, in (to,at, from)university（college）,to（in, into, from）church, to(in,into, out of)prison(hospital, bed), to(at, from, out of)work, to(in, from) town,at (from)home, to(at)sea, at night(noon, midnight), by car (bus, bicycle, plane), on foot注意：在有些词组中，有无冠词含义不同。in hospital 住院（因病） in t
22、he hospital在医院（工作、参观等） in front of在前面，指某物体之外in the front of在前部，指某物之内in charge负责，主管 out of question没问题in the charge由负责 out of the question不可能（9）as引导的让步状语从句中，作表语的名词不带冠词。Child as she is, she knows a lot of French.（10）系动词turn（作“变成”解）后作表语的单数可数名词前习惯不用冠词。The young girl has turned writer.= The young girl ha
23、s become a writer.（11）在单数名词 + after + 同一单数名词（表示“一个接一个”）结构中，单数可数名词前不加冠词。She did experiment after experiment.类似的还有：shop after shop, mistake after mistake（12）形容词的最高级前、序数词前也有不用定冠词的情况。“most + 形容词原级”作“十分、非常、极”解时，前面不用定冠词。Oh, its most beautiful.当两个形容词最高级并列修饰同一个名词时，第二个形容词前通常不用定冠词。She is the tallest and fatte
24、st girl in our school.当形容词最高级作表语，不表示与其他人或物相比时，其前不用定冠词。The market in the country is busiest in winter.形容词最高级前有名词所有格或物主代词时，不能用定冠词。A wolf in a sheeps skin is our most dangerous enemy.序数词前面一般加定冠词表示“第”之意，但在second、third等词前加不定冠词表示“又一，再一”之意。why you took a second arrow注意：下句中“a first”表示“第一名、冠军”。He is a top st
25、udent in our class, he often gets a first in maths.（13）no与such连用时应放在such之前，such后面的名词不用冠词。No such thing has ever happened in this village.（14）never、ever置于作主语的名词前，这些名词前不用冠词。Never did student study so hard.这个学生从未学得这么认真。（15）有时为了节省空间、时间、金钱和精力，或为了引起注意力，省去a(n)或the,这主要用于新闻标题、工商业文件、广告、电报、公告、提纲、书名等。Conference
26、 opens.会议召开了。2.定冠词的使用情况（1）使用定冠词的一般情况。特指或第二次提到。序数词前、最高级前、独一无二的东西前。用于表示发明物的单数名词前或某些专有名词前。（2）定冠词使用特殊的场合。 He hit him in the face.beat sb. on the nose, take sb. by the arm, pat sb. on the head the rich, the poor, the wounded 富人，穷人，伤员 the elder of the two, he more beautiful of the two两者中较年长的一位，较漂亮的一个 The
27、sooner, the better.越快越好。 He got paid by the hour.他是按小时付工钱的。by the yard/the dozen/the month/the year但：by weight按重量 in the 50s /in the 1870s（表示年代） the Smiths/the Whites（表示一家人或夫妇俩） in the water/field/light/shade/distance/middle/country/rain tell the truth/on the other hand/on the way home 当抽象名词表示某一特定内容
28、，特别是当它有一限定性修饰语时，它与定冠词连用：She is fond of music.He is playing the music written by Beethoven.Good advice is beyond price.Im sorry not to have taken the advice he gave.3.不定冠词常用的几种情况（1）表示“一”相当于“one”。Ill return in a day or two.（2）表示“每”相当于“per”。We have three meals a day.（3）表示“同一性”相当于“the same”。The children
29、 are of an age. （4）表示类指，表示“某类”。He wants to he a doctor.（5）表示泛指，相当于“any”。A horse is a useful animal.（6）表示某一个，相当于“a certain”。A Mr. Smith is asking to see you. （7）与抽象名词连用，可以表示“一场、一次、一件”，如：a pleasure一件乐事，a surprise一件令人惊讶的事，a joy一件高兴的事，a pity一件遗憾的事，an honour一个（件）经以为荣的人(事)。（8）与物质名词连用，表示“一种，一阵、一份”。What a h
30、eavy rain!What a good supper!Please give me a black coffee!4.冠词表类别的常见方式（1）定冠词 + 单数可数名词，表示一个，代表一类。The computer was invented in 1945.The TV set was invented by Joan Baird.The horse is a useful animal.（2）不定冠词 + 单数可数名词（表示任意一个，某一个）。A pen is a tool for writing.A square has four sides.A horse is a useful a
31、nimal.注意：man, woman表示泛指时，不用冠词，且常用单数。如：Man is fighting a battle against pollution.Man tries to be the protector of woman.（3）可数名词或不可数名词，指类别（考虑到同类中的各个情况）。Horses are useful animals.Rice is a kind of food.5.冠词位置问题（1）不定冠词 + 副词 + 形容词 + 名词。This is a very interesting story.（2）such、what、both、all、quite、rather
32、+不定冠词+形容词+名词。Ive never seen such a film!Half a pound of pork,please!What a good idea it is!（3）as、so、too、how、however、enough+形容词+不定冠词+名词。It is as pleasant a day as I have ever spent.I cant finish the task in so short a time.This seems not too long a distance.We wonder how difficult a problem he worked
33、 out.However low te price you paid,you waste your money.He is brave enough a hunter to kill the bear.（4）定冠词位置。half、twice、three times + the + 名词He paid twice the price for it.Their house is three times the size of yours.all、both、double + the + 名词Both the blind men were mistaken.All the students in ou
34、r class are eager to know the secret.I offered him double the amount, but he still refused.二、精典名题导解选择填空1.The warmth of _sweater will of course be determined by the sort of _wool used.（NMET 2001）AThe ; the Bthe ; / C/; the D/; /解析：答案为B。第一空格为特指，交待the warmth的内容，第二空格为泛指，the sort of wool used所用羊毛的种类。此题有三
35、点需注意：正确理解sweater 这一句词在句中的类别。掌握determine在句中作“决定”、“取决于”这个意思。掌握定冠词表特指的基本用法。2.Most animals have little connection with_animals of_different kind unless they kill them for food.（NMET 2000）Athe a B/ a Cthe the D/ the解析：答案为B。名词复数表类别，其前不用冠词，故第一个空格不填冠词，表不定概念的“一种”，“某种”要用不定冠词a。要准确掌握冠词表类别的三种表达方式和不定冠词常用的几种情况，见前面
36、要点考点聚焦内容。3.Paper money was in_use in China when Marco Polo visited the country in _thirteenth century.（NMET1999）Athe / Bthe the C/ the D/ /解析：答案为C。题中in use是固定搭配，意为“在使用”，use为抽象名词，其前不用冠词。后者是序数词前用定冠词the。要牢记一些固定搭配如in use、under construction（在建设中）、in debt（欠债）、come to power（执政）、on fire（着火）、at table（用餐）、out
37、 of work（失业）等。（一）名词1To the sea captains surprise，he found that travel could also be quite pieasantAearth B1and Cground Dplain2Some famous singers live on the from their record salesAsalary Bvalue Cbill Dincome3Many countries are increasing their use of nature gas，wind and other forms of Aenergy Bsou
38、rce Cpower Dmaterial4You can take as many as you like because they are free of Afare Bcharge Cmoney Dpay5George always wants things done quicklyHes got to .Aidea Bmeans Cpatience Ddecision6Do you know the of the saying I just quoted?Asource Bresource Ccourse Dcause7Why did you refuse to move in the
39、house?Because it was really in a poor and dirty Aform Bkind Cshape Dstate8His name was on the of my tongue，but I just couldnt remember itAend Bedge Ctip Dside9You shouldnt let children play with Its dangerous!Afootball Bwatches Cmatches Dchess10Well have PE this afternoon but I forgot to bring my .A
40、sports clothes Bsport clothes Cclothes of sports Dsports clothes11Dark clouds are a of rain while a smile is a of friendshipAgesture；sign B.mark；sign C.sign；gesture D.sign；mark12Is the house very expensive，Dick?I dont think its worth the they are askingAprice Bcost Cvalue Dmoney13These days I hire t
41、wo in my houseAman servants Bmen servant Cman servant Dmen servants14The editor to1d the newsman to write reportAa two-thousand-words Ba two-thousands-wordsCa two thousand Word Da two-thousand-word15The brook lies within of the train stationAten-minute-ride Bten minutes rideCten minutes ride Dten mi
42、nutesride16Though I spoke to him many times，he never took any of what I saidAremark Bobservation Cattention Dnotice17 came that his should be kept secretAA word；words BThe word；word CWord：words DWords；Word18Weve missed the last busIm aftaid we have no but to take a taxiAway Bchoice Cpossibility Dsel
43、ection19How was your recent Visit to Qingdao?It was greatWe visited some friends，and spent the days at the seasideAfew 1ast sunny B1ast few sunny Cfew sunny list D1ast sunny few20We climbed higher up the mountain so that We could get a better Aview Bidea Cpoint Dopinion21We have worked out a planBut
44、 Im not sure whether it will do in Afact Bpractice Cdeed Dtime22Ive got an“A”in the examinationT11ats a good .Youll surely win a sec-ondAresult Bstart Cnews Didea23The makes me feel sickAsign Bsight Cscene Dlook24 What a pleasant these trees give us!Why not stop here and have a rest in it?Ashade Bsh
45、adow Cpeace Dscene25They can never make good nurses，not having the necessary .Apractice Beducation Cexercise Dtraining26Mr Tong couldnt keep pace with the others as theymarched alongHe often stood out of Aorder Bsight Cmind Dline27Im afraid that there is no for you in my car,because there are alread
46、y five peopleAplace Broom Cneed Dposition28 it is to go swimming on sueh a hot day!AWhat fun BHow fun CWhat a fun DHow a fun29Heavy trucks which run day and night are doing damage to our houses and shops of historicalAscene Bperiod Cinterest Dsense30The dress is nice but she doesnt like the on the m
47、aterialAsharp Bsize Cmodel Dpattern31It is foolish to go to the of taking music lessons if you never practiceAexpense Bsense Cpay Dmoney32For twenty years Gandhi p1ayed an important in working for equal rights fbr IndiansAaction Bro1e Cfigure Dposition33Last night the president made a speech on TV t
48、o the .A.country B.state C.1and D.nation34The old house belongs to AJacks and his brother BJacks and his brothersCJack and his brothers DJack and his brother35 will make a trip to China during the summer holidaysAThe Evens BThe Evens CThe Evenses DThe Evenses36Id like you to meet Davida cowboyAdark，
49、handsome and tall Btall，handsome and darkCdark，tall and handsome Dtall，dark and handsome37.The young student is as a writerIts to all his teachersAsuccess；surprise Ba success；sorpriseCsuccess；a surprise Da success；a surprise38.My mothers is getting grey，but my father has only a few grey Ahairs；hair
50、Bhair：hair Chair；hairs Dhair：hairs39. unicle is going to pick them up at the airport this afternoonAJacks and Joans BJacks and JoanCJack and Joans DJack and Joan40.Many old houses are being pulled down to make for the apartment buildingsAroom Bground Cspace Darea41.Enough of it! Nobody here thinks w
51、hat you are say ing hould make any Aexcuse Bsense Cuse Dvalue名词1-5 BDABC 6-10 ADCCA 11-15 CADDD 16-20 DCBBA 21-25 BABAD 26-30 DBAC31-35 ABDDC 36-40 DDCCA 41 B冠词与数词1He has great interest in history，especially in history of Tang DynastyAa；the Ba；不填 C不填；the D不填；a2The party last night was successwe sang
52、 and danced until it came to end at twelveAa；the Bthe；an Ca；an D不填；an3While Jane was cooking fish on open fire outside，her hair caught fireA不填；a B不填；不填 Can；a Dan；不填4Young as he is，David has gained rich experience in societyA不填；不填 Bthe；the Ca；不填 D不填；the5People regard the wheel as invention of thefirs
53、t importance in human historyAan；the Ban；不填 Cthe；the Dthe；不填6Mr Stock，who is in Mexico on ，runs small businessAbusiness；a Bbusiness；不填 Cthe business；a Dbusiness；不填7Fortunately he will go on holiday in place of BrownA不填；the B不填；不填 C不填；a Dthe；不填8Zhang Hua is a student at Athe University of Beijing Bth
54、e Beijing UniversityCBeijing University DUniversity of Beijing9Many people are still in habit of writing silly things in public placesAthe；the B不填；不填 Cthe；不填 D不填；the10Wouldnt it be wonderful world if all nations lived in peace with one another?Aa；不填 Bthe；不填 Ca；the Dthe；the11Your uncle must have X- r
55、ay examinationAa B不填 Cthe Dan12I remember he lives in south，so we shouldnt be walking to westAthe；the B不填；不填 C不填；the Dthe；不填13Where is ?Athe manager office Bthe office of the managerCthe managers office Dthe office of the managers14Five years ago her brother was university student of physicsAan；the
56、Ba；不填 Can；不填 Da；the15Do you know who invented telephone?No，but it is really most useful inventionAthe；the Ba；a Cthe；a Da；the16Summers in south of France are for most part dry and sunnyA不填；a Bthe；不填 C不填；不填 Dthe；the17The police have power to arrest bad people by 1awAthe；the B不填；the C不填；不填 Dthe；不填18Do
57、you like the novels?I dont like either of themPlease show me third oneAa Bthe C不填 Dan19Keep away from the cage. lion is fierce animalAThe；the BA；the CA；不填 Da；不填20Now the machine runs at double .Aa speed Bspeed Cthe speed Dfor speed21My mother is usually on duty in her office every few daysAthe；a B不填
58、；不填 C不填；a Da；不填22My brother likes to play football while my sister prefers to play violinA不填；a B不填；不填 Cthe；不填 Dthe；the23I came by sea and I had a 1ovely journey on Queen Elizabeth IIA不填；the Bthe；不填 C不填：不填 Dthe；the24Cleaning women in big cities usually get paid Aby a hour Bby an hour Cby the hour Dby
59、 hours25Im afraid I dare not speak in publicJust have tryAa；不填 B不填；a Cthe；a Dthe；the26Whats your elder sister?She is teacher and writerAthe；the Ba；不填 Ca；a Dthe；a27She plays violin fairly well and makes a living by teaching violinAthe；不填 B不填；不填 Ca；不填 Da；a28These two rooms are of sizeBut another two r
60、ooms are three times size of themAthe；the Ba；the Ca；a Dthe；a29He served in the army in when he was in A1940s；his twenties Bthe 1940s；the twentiesC1940s；his twenties Dthe 1940s；his twenties30This computer centre is larger than that one in the areaAone sixth Bfour ninths Cfifth four Dtwo third31Paper
61、produced every year is the worlds production of vehiclesAthe three times weight of Bthree times the weight ofCas three tirues heavy Dthree times as heavier as32The hero of the story is an artist in his Athirtieth Bthirty Cthirtys Dthirties33Mr Smith me to buy several eggs for the dinnerAasked；dozen
62、Bsuggested；dozens of Chad；dozen Dpersuaded；dozens34Tell me where you live，pleaseI live Ain 123，King Street Bat 123，King StreetCin King Street，123 Dat King Street，1233530 of the cattle thin，but the rest fatAare；are Bis；is Cis；are Dare；is冠词与数词1-5 ACDAB 6-10 ABCCA 11-15 DDCBC 16-20 DDADC 21-25 BAACB 26-30 BABDA31-35 BDABA
