1、第6讲Inventors and inventions 语法篇_1.掌握动词过去分词的用法和功能；2.能够熟练运用非谓语中的动词的过去分词。一. 概述：分词分为现在分词和过去分词。在句中作定语、状语、表语和宾语补足语。(一). 分词的作用：1、 作定语（1） 单个分词作定语，分词前置。如：The sleeping boy is my son.The excited people rushed into the building.A lost opportunity never returns.He is a retired worker.（2） 分词短语作定语，分词后置；分词修饰不定代词som
2、ething等要后置；个别分词如give，left等作定语也后置。如：The girl standing under the tree is my niece.The building built last year is our library.This is the question given.There is nothing interesting.（3） 过去分词作定语与其修饰的词是被动关系，相当于一个被动语态的定语从句。如：Most of the people invited to the party were famous scientists2、 作表语现在分词作表语多表示主语
3、具有的特征，过去分词作表语多指主语所处的状态。如：The film is touching.The glass is broken.She looked tired with cooking.He remained standing beside the table.3、 作宾语补足语分词和不定式一样，在一些感官动词或使役动词后作宾语补足语。如：I smell something burning.I heard him singing the song.I heard my name called.I cant make myself understood in English.I found
4、 my car missing.Ill have my watch repaired.我想把我的手表修一下。4、 作插入语其结构是固定的，意思上的主语并不是句子的主语。generally speaking 一般说来 talking of (speaking of) 说到strictly speaking 严格地说 judging from 从判断all things considered 从整体来看 taking all things into consideration 全面看来。如：Judging from his face, he must be ill.从他的脸色看，他一定是病了。Ge
5、nerally speaking, dogs can run faster than pigs.总的来说，狗比猪跑得快。(二). 分词的时态1、 与主语动词同时。如：Arriving there, they found the boy dead.刚一到那儿，他们就发现那男孩死了。2、 先于主语动词分词作时间状语，如果先于主动词的动作，且强调先后，要用having done。如：Having finished his homework, he went out for a walk.After he had finished his homework, he went out for a wal
6、k.做完作业，他出去散步。(三). 分词的语态1、 通常情况下，现在分词表示主动，过去分词表示被动。如：He is the man giving you/who gave you the book他就是给你书的那个人She is the girl stopped by/who was stopped by the car.她就是那个被车拦住的女孩。2、 不及物动词的过去分词表示动作已经发生。像：gone, fallen, retired, grown-up, escaped, faded, returned等词。如：a retired person 一个退休的人 a fallen ball 一
7、个落下来的球a burnt-out match 烧完了的火柴二. 现在分词和过去分词的区别：在语态上，现在分词表示主动意义，过去分词表示被动意义；在时间上，现在分词表示的动作往往正在进行或者与谓语动词同时发生，过去分词表示的动作已经完成或没有一定的时间性。如：falling leaves 正在下落的树叶 fallen leaves 已经落在地上的树叶1.（2019安徽卷）While waiting for the opportunity to get , Henry did his best to perform his duty.A. promoteB. promoted C. promot
8、ingD. to promote答案: B解析: 本题考察的非谓语动词的固定搭配“get+过去分词”，如“get burnt”被烫伤，get paid获得报酬；本句中的get promoted获得提拔。句义：在等待着背提拔的机会的时候，Herry全力以赴地尽好自己的责任。故B正确。2.（2019福建卷）For those with family members far away, the personal computer and the phone are important in staying_.A. connectedB.connecting C.to connectD.to be c
9、onnected答案: A解析: 系动词stay/get后面经常接过去分词转换的形容词，如get paid获得报酬。Get burnt被烫伤；本句中的stay connected保持联系。句义：对于那些家人在远方的人，电脑和电话在和家人保持联系方面是很重要的。故A正确。3.（2019四川卷）The manager was satisfied to see many new products _ after great effort.A. having developedB. to developC. developedD. develop答案: C解析: 此题考查的是过去分词developed
10、作感官动词see的宾语many new products的补足语，因为develop与宾语products间为被动关系，故使用过去分词。句意：经理很满意地看见在付出巨大努力之后看到很多新产品被研发出来。A项表示的是主动关系，B项不定式表示为了将要发生的事情。故C正确。4.（2019陕西卷）Back from his two-year medical service in Africa, Dr. Lee was very happy to see his mother_good care of at home.A. takingB. takenC. takeD. be taken答案: B解析:
11、 本句考察的是非谓语动词做宾语补足语的用法。句中动词take与his mother构成逻辑上的被动关系，所以使用过去分词表示被动。排除AC项，因为AC项都表示主动，D项不符合非谓语的结构。句义：.李博士很开心看到他的妈妈在家被照顾得很好。故B正确。5.（2019浙江卷 ）Annie Salmon, disabled, is attended throughout her school days by a nurse _ to guard her.A. to appointB.appointing C. appointedD. having appointed答案: C解析: 本句中的动词app
12、oint任命与前面的名词nurse之间构成逻辑上的被动关系，所以使用过去分词短语appointed to guard her做定语来修饰前面的名词nurse。句意：残疾的Annie Salmon整个上学期间都是由一名被指定帮助他的护士照顾的。ABD三项均表示的是主动关系。故C正确。基础演练1. Most of the people invited to the party were famous scientistsThe first textbook _ for teaching English as a foreign language came out in the 16th centu
13、ry.A. have written B. to be written C. being written D. written2. Whats the language _ in Germany?A. speaking B. spoken C. be spoken D. to speak3. Prices of daily goods _ through a computer can be lower than store prices.A. are bough B. bought C. been bought D. buying.4. When I got back home I saw a
14、 message pinned to the door _ “Sorry to miss you; will call later.”A . read B. reads C. to read D. reading5. _ some officials, Napoleon inspected his army.A . Followed B. Followed by C. Being followedD. Having been followedKey: 1-5 DBBDB巩固提高6. There was a terrible noise_ the sudden burst of light.A.
15、 followed B. following C. to be followed D. being followed7. _ , liquids can be changed into gases.A. Heating B. To be heated C. Heated D. Heat8. When_, the museum will be open to the public next year.A. completed B. completing C. being completed D. to be completed9. _ such heavy pollution already,
16、it may now be too late to clean up the river.A. Having suffered B. Suffering C. To suffer D. Suffered10. Im very_ with my own cooking. It looks nice and smells delicious.Mm, it does have a _ smell.A. pleasant; pleased B. pleased; pleased C. pleasant; pleasant D. pleased; pleasant11._ a reply, he dec
17、ided to write again.A. Not receiving B. Receiving not C. Not having received D. Having not received12. The managers discussed the plan that they would like to see _ the next year.A. carry out B. carrying out C. carried out D. to carry out13. The secretary worked late into the night, _ a long speech
18、for the president.A. to prepare B. preparing C. prepared D. was preparing14. _ in the early 20th century，the school keeps on inspiring childrens love of art.A. To found B. Founding C. Founded D. Having founded15. They might just have a place _ on the writing coursewhy dont you give it a try?A. leave
19、 B. left C. leaving D. to leaveKey: 6-10 BCAAD 10-15 CCBCB1. _ with Lei Feng, we still have a long way to go.A. Comparing B. Compared C. To compare D. Being compared2. I really like this song as it is often heard _everywhere in China.A. singing B. sung C. having sung D. to sing3. _ that the governme
20、nt can lead them out of the financial crisis, people are optimistic about the future of the country.A. Convincing B. Convinced C. To convince D. Having convinced4. I came into the classroom, _ my seat and sat down to read.A. finding B. to find C. found D. to be found5. _ to his work resulted in his
21、great success.A. Devoted B. Being devotedC. Devoting D. To devote6. The door _ tomorrow will get dry the day after tomorrow.A. painted B. to be paintedC. being painted D. to paint7. He could do nothing but _ what he had said.A. to take back B. to be taken backC. taking back D. take back8. I flew to
22、Paris this morning, my assistant _ me there this Friday.A. Joining B. to joinC. will join D. wants to join9. _ Australias relatively small population, its outstanding performance in the Olympic Games was really _.A. Supposing; amazing B. Comparing; amazedC. Considering; amazing D. Given; amazed10. I
23、m going through the composition he has just finished _ the possible mistakes in it.A. correct B. to correct C. having corrected D. corrected11. This is the very plan that Id like to see _ in the next two months.A. carry out B. to be carried out C. being carried out D. carried out12. On the bank of t
24、he river, we found him _ on a beach, with his eyes _ on a kite in the sky.A. seated; fixing B. sitting; fixing C. seated; fixed D. sitting; being fixed13. He sat calmly on the platform, _ to answer the question.A. prepare B. PreparingC. prepared D. to prepare14. Even the best writers sometimes find
25、themselves _ for words.A. lose B. lost C. to lose D. having lost15. Who should be responsible for the accident?The boss, not the workers. They just carried out the order as _. A. told B. being told C. Telling D. to be toldKey: 1-5 BBBCB 6-10 BDBCB 11-15 DCCBA_一. 单项选择1. The supermarketnext month will
26、 be the biggest one in the city. A. completedB. being completedC. to be completedD. having been completed2. Victims, in the news, who are infected with H7N9 have come up to 28. A. is reportedB. reportedC. reportingD. which reports3. Do you know that the meetingthis afternoon has been puttill next we
27、ek? A. to be held; offB. to be held; forwardC. held; offD. held; forward4. Im afraid that I cant attend Toms wedding partynext weekend. A. to be heldB. being heldC. heldD. is to be held5. The tall buildingin the center of this area will be used as a 5-star hotel. A. to builtB. buildingC. being built
28、D. having built6. A direct air routeChongqing and San Francisco is expected to open next month. A. linkingB. being linked C. link D. linked7. We, a discussion with the teacher, came to understand the problem better. A. holdingB. heldC. being heldD. having held8. The manager listened to the customers
29、 complaints attentively with great patience, to miss any point. A. not tryingB. trying notC. to try notD. not to try9. We hurried all the way to the airport, onlythat the flight had been cancelled because of the foggy weather. A. being toldB. to be toldC. having toldD. to have been told10. that the
30、government can lead them out of the financial crisis, people are optimistic about the future of the country. A. ConvincingB. ConvincedC. To convinceD. Having convincedKey: 1-5 CBAAC 6-10 ADBBB二. 完形填空阅读下面短文，从短文后所给各题的四个选项(A、B、C和D)中，选出可以填入空白处的最佳选项，并在答题卡上将该项涂黑。 What is in the drug that makes you sick or
31、 dead ? For example ,cocaine is harmful ,but what makes it harmful? I cant tell you all about drugs ,but I can 1 you think about them in this 2 way. Your body is a very complicated（复杂的） machine, 3 a lot of chemical machinery, all of which is finally turned 4 it all works together . Special chemicals
32、, which we call drugs ,can affect it in many different ways. Some drugs are 5 when your body has a problem, as with disease-causing bacteria. Then someone may give you aspirin to keep your temperature from going too 6 or some penicillin（青霉素） 7 it stops the growth of some kinds of bacteria. 8 ,all dr
33、ugs are really poison, 9 if you take too much ,so you must always use them 10 . Why do some people take drugs like cocaine ? For a little while they seem to make you feel better ,or happier .But 11 their effects have 12 ,your body has to pay an extra 13 to get back to normal. That makes you want to
34、get 14 of the drug .Drugs like cocaine have their special effects because they act as 15 for your nervous system. They cut off some of your nerve pathways and take away some of your senses and your 16 .They make you want always more . And just a little too much can even 17 nerves to your heart and s
35、top its beating .Many of us worry about the 18 around us and what pollution does to us .How about your internal（内在的） environment, and what goes on 19 you ? You control that all by yourself in what you put into your 20 . Most drugs are pollutants .You would not want pollutants in the air and water ar
36、ound you . Why would you want pollutants in your body ?1. A. makeB. causeC. helpD. let2. A. funnyB. differentC. simpleD. true3. A. justB. reallyC. especiallyD. sometimes4. A. as ifB. even ifC. whereD. so that5. A. powerfulB. helpfulC. painfulD. helpless6. A. highB. tallC. muchD. hot7. A. whenB. unti
37、lC. asD. before8. A. BesidesB. ThusC. HoweverD. Naturally9. A. at mostB. at leastC. at timesD. at first10. A. carefullyB. easilyC. carelesslyD. a lot 11. A. whereB. beforeC. afterD. until12. A. workedB. wornC. appearedD. lost13. A. numberB. quantityC. amountD. price14. A. some moreB. nothingC. a lit
38、tleD. a few15. A. guardsB. medicine C. chemicalsD. poisons16. A. worriesB. happinessC. freedomD. pride17. A. leadB. blockC. offerD. stick18. A. placesB. natureC. peopleD. environ19. A. insideB. aroundC. outsideD. next to20. A. heart B. headC. bodyD. MindKey: 1-5 CCBDB 6-10 ACCBA 11-15 CBDAD 16-20 AB
39、DAC 三. 阅读理解 As with many aspects of modern life, light pollution represents both a triumph of technology and a minor disaster. It disrupts a basic relationship that has evolved between humans and the natural world. Historians such as A. Roger Ekrich have noted how darkness influenced cultural and so
40、cial practices. The territory of intimacy and imagination, night can also carve out a refuge from the never-ending responsibilities of the day. I remember recently being in Times Square, and there was so much light that it just felt like we were in a domed stadium almost, looking up at something tot
41、ally artificial above us. When most Americans are living now in cities and suburbs where theyre getting anywhere from two dozen to four dozen stars instead of 2, 500, which is the number you could see on a normal night with no light pollution, its almost like why bother? I dont know if most people e
42、ven look up and notice the stars. And certainly way back, when a night sky was something that would tell you stories about your life, were way beyond that. I have very good friends in New Mexico. I said to him it must be amazing here at night and I asked, do you have stories associated with the cons
43、tellations for example? He said we have a whole legend filled with stories about how to live and what a good life is. Human culture in America is totally disconnected from that now. It would be one thing if all this light were doing good. But the fact is that its having an impact on all these creatu
44、res from birds to turtles to insects that cant do anything about it. Theyre at our mercy. There are so many things we could do to control it and to use it intelligently, that I like working with an issue that there are steps we can take immediately to address this problem. 1. It is implied in Para.
45、1 that night is when people. A. can avoid the life pressure temporarilyB. get rid of the disaster of technologyC. experience the influence of cultureD. can imagine social practices freely2. The example of light in Times Square proves that people cant. A. see 2, 500 stars on a normal nightB. learn ab
46、out their life from a night skyC. develop a relationship with nature at nightD. get anywhere without artificial light3. According to the writer, American culture. A. tells mainly about what a good life isB. is closely related to the constellationsC. lacks the stories about the night skyD. tends to tell people how to live4. What is the main idea of the passage? A. Light pollution needs dealing with right away. B. Night skies are polluted by artificial light. C. The Milky Way is never to be seen again. D. Species are endangered by light pollution. Key: ABCA
