1、2012高考英语语法金点拨：状语从句复习要点：掌握句法功能，记住连接词 语法意义：状语从句是复合句中的一种，整个从句作主句的状语，修饰主句中的谓语动词、形容词、或副词。置于句首时，状语从句后面一般要有逗号隔开；如果状语从句置于句尾，则从句前一般不用逗号。按照所作的状语和意义可分为时间、地点、原因、目的、结果、条件、让步、方式和比较等九种状语从句。具体如下：一 时间状语从句常用引导词：when, as, while, as soon as, while, before, after, since , till, until特殊引导词：the minute, the moment, the sec
2、ond, the instant, every time, each time, any time , the first time, the last time, the next time , immediately , directly, no sooner than, hardly when, scarcely when1 【区别】when, while和as的区别（1）when引导的从句的谓语动词可以是延续性的动词，又可以是瞬时动词。并且when有时表示“就在那时”。 When I lived in the countryside, I used to carry some wate
3、r for him.当的住在农村时，我常常为他担水。（延续性的动词） 突然beabouttodowhen.“就在那/这时，（突然）另外一个动作发生了，在这儿只能用when。 We were about to leave when he came in.我们就要离开，就在那时他进来了。（2）while引导的从句谓语动词一般是一段较长的时间或过程，故动词必须是延续性动词或状态。 主句谓语动词和从句谓语动词表示的动作或状态是同时发生或存在的；While my wife was reading the newspaper, I was watching TV. (同时发生) 一个动作在另一个动作持续过
4、程中的某一时刻发生。Hefellasleepwhilehewasdoinghishomework. while可用作并列连词，前后对比，而. Heisdiligentwhilehisbrotherisidle. while可以引导让步状语从句，译作“虽然”，“尽管”，只放句首。Whilehewasrefused,hedidntfeeldiscouraged. （3）as表示“当”， 引导的动作是延续性的动作 强调主句和从句的动作同时发生；用来说明某人同时一边,一边两种正在发展和变化的情况We always sing as we walk.我们总是边走边唱 as也可以强调“一先一后。例如： As
5、 we was going out, it began to snow.当我们出门时，开始下雪了。（as强调句中两个动作紧接着先后发生2 the minute, the moment, the second, the day，the instant, immediately , directly 等词引导的时间状语从句表示“一-就-” 相当于 as soon asHe says “hello”to me every time he sees me3 no sooner than, hardly when, scarcely when引导的从句若no sooner，hardly，scarcely
6、置于句首，句子要倒装，而且主句用过去完成时从句用过去时。He had no sooner arrived home than he was asked to start on another journey. 他刚到家,就被邀请开始另一旅程。 Hardly had I sat down when he stepped in.我刚坐下，他就进来了。4.由by the time“到-为止”引导的时间状语从句。注意时态的变化：在一般情况下，如果从句的谓语动词用一般过去时，主句的谓语动词用过去完成时；如果主句的谓语动词用一般现在时，主句的谓语动词用将来完成时。例如： By the time you c
7、ame back, I had finished this book.到你回来时，我已经写完这本书了。 5.由since引导的时间状语从句。一般情况下，从句谓语动词用一般过去时，而主句的谓语动词用现在完成时。注意句型It is/ has been 时间since从句的句型.I have been in Beijing since you left. 自从你离开以来，我一直在北京了。 It is four years since my sister lived in Beijing. 我妹妹不在北京住有四年了。 6.由till或until引导的时间状语从句。till和until一般情况下两者可以
8、互换，但是在强调句型中多用until。I didnt go to bed until（till） my father came back.直到我父亲回来我才上床睡觉。 It was not until the meeting was over that he began to teach me English.直到散会之后他才开始教我英语。7 .由before和after引导的时间状语从句。注意before引导的从句有时译成“就，才”。主句和从句之间的时间关系。当主句用将来时，从句总是用现在时；如果before引导的从句谓语用的是过去时，则主句动词多用过去完成时，这样以便体现动作发生的先后。A
9、fter表示主句动作发生在从句动作之后。主句和从句的动作的时间关系正好与before引导的从句相反。例如： It will be four days before they come back. 他们要过四天才能回来。 It was four days before they came back. 过了四天他们就回来了。My father had left for Canada just before the letter arrived.我父亲恰好在信到之前去加拿大了。 After you think it over, please let me know what you decide.你
10、仔细考虑过以后，告诉我你是怎样决定的。 After we had finished the work, we went home.完成工作之后，我们回家了。（从句用过去完成时，主句用一般过去时） 8特殊句句式比较1. It is / has been+ 一段时间 + since+ 从句 （过去时）从-以来多长时间了It is five years since we met last time.从我们上次见面已经五年了。It was + 一段时间 + since+ 从句 （过去完成时）从-以来多长时间了It was ten years since his grandfather had died
11、。他爷爷已经去世十年了。2. It will be + 一段时间+before+ 从句 （一般现在时）(要过-才-) It will be two years before I graduate from a high school. 再过两年我才能高中毕业It was + 一段时间+before+ 从句 （一般过去时）（过了-才-）It was a long time before I went to sleep again. 过了很长时间我才睡着。3 It is/ was + 具体时间(时间点) + when +从句 It was three oclock in the afternoon
12、 when they arrived in the mountain village. 他们到达那个山村的时候是下午三点钟4 It is / was + 被强调部分（时间状语）+ that + 其它 （强调句型） It is at three oclock in the afternoon that they arrived in the mountain village.就在下午三点中, 他们到达了那个山村二 地点状语从句常用引导词：where特殊引导词：wherever, anywhere, everywhere Generally, air will be heavily pollute
13、d where there are factories.一般来讲，工厂多的地方空气污染就严重 Wherever you go, you should work hard. 无论你去哪儿，你都应该努力工作Where there is a will , there is a way.有志者事竟成。(谚语) Wherever there is smoke , there is fire.无风不起浪。(谚语)三、条件状语从句（一）引导条件状语从句的连词有：if（如果），unless（除非；如果不），aslongas（除非；只要），supposing（假设），onconditionthat（条件是），i
14、ncase（如果）once （一旦）on condition that（在条件下）， providing， provided (that)， supposing， suppose (that) （假如， 假使）as long as (=so long as) 意为“只要”。If you ask him， he will help you. 如果你请求他,他会帮助你。He is sure to come unless he has some urgent business. 他一定会来， 除非他有急事。They are going to have a picnic if it doesnt ra
15、in next week.如果天不下雨,下星期他们要去野餐。YoucanusemybikeonconditionthatyoureturnitbyFriday. 你可以使用我的自行车，条件是你星期五以前还。Suppose/Supposing (that) he does not come, what shall we do? 他要是不来,我们该怎么办？You may use the book so long as you will return it on time. 只要你准时还， 你就可以借这本书。难点提示：用条件状语从句时要注意时态的正确使用,当主句是将来时的时候,从句要用一般现在时.（
16、二）条件状语的特殊用法1 条件状语从句在虚拟语气中的使用。 IfIweretoIshouldfirstofallgettheexpertstodiscusstheplan. 如果我真的想做这事，我首先会找专家们讨 论我的计划。If you had come a few minutes earlier, you would have met him. 要是你早来几分钟就碰到他了2条件状语从句中的省略。 Cometomorrowifpossible.可能的话，明天来。 IwillbuyaDVDsetifnecessary. 如果有必要的话，我就买DVD。四、让步状语从句让步状语从句表示：虽然，尽管
17、，即使等概念，由although（尽管）, though（尽管）, however（无论怎样）, whatever（无论什么）, whoever（无论谁）, whomever（无论谁）, whichever（无论哪个）, whenever（无论何时）, wherever（无论哪里）, whether（是否）, no matter (who, what, where, when, etc) （无论）, even if（即使）, even though（即使）等词引导。1 though, although表示“虽然，尽管”之意。这两个连词意思大致相同，在一般情况下可以互换使用。在口语中，thoug
18、h较常使用，although比though正式，二者都可与yet, still或nevertheless连用，但不能与but连用。Although/Though he is very old, (yet) he is quite strong. 他虽然年纪大了，身体还很健壮。值得注意的是，although引导的让步状语从句位于主句之前的情况较多， though引导的让步状语从句可位于主句之前或主句之后。例如：She passed the examination though she had not studied very hard. 她虽然不用功学习，考试却及格了。2 as, though表
19、示“虽然但是”，“尽管”之意。as引导的让步状语从句必须以部分倒装的形式出现，被倒装的部分可以是表语、状语或动词原形，though间或也用于这样的结构中，但although不可以这样用。例如：Object as you may, Ill go.= Though/Although you may object, Ill go. 纵使你反对，我也要去。Hard as/ though he works, he makes little progress.= Though he works hard, he makes little progress.尽管他学习很努力，但几乎没取得什么进步。Child
20、 as/though he was, he knew what was the right thing to do= Though he was a child, he knew what was the right thing to do.虽然他是一个孩子，但他知道该做什么。3 even if, even though 表示“即使”，“纵使”之意。although与though一样，意为虽然，不能与but连用. even though语气比although强烈,意为 即使，尽管even if引导的让步从句含有强烈的假定性，而even though引导让步状语从句时，是以从句的内容为先决条件的
21、，也就是说，说话人肯定了从句的事实。例如：Well make a trip even if/though the weather is bad. 即使天气不好，我们也要作一次旅行。Even if he is poor, she loves him.即使他很穷，但她还是爱他。Even though he is poor, she loves him.尽管他很穷，但她还是爱她。4 whether.or.表示“不论是否”，“不管是还是”之意。由这一个复合连词引导的让步状语从句旨在说明正反两个方面的可能性都不会影响主句的意向或结果。例如：Youll have to attend the ceremon
22、y whether youre free or busy. 不管你忙不忙，都要参加这个典礼。Whether you believe it or not, its true.无论你是否相信，这都是真的。5 “no matter+疑问词”或“疑问词-ever”的含义为“都；不管都”，它们引导的让步状语从句可以互换。No matter what happened, he would not mind. (=Whatever happened, he would not mind.)无论发生了什么，他都不会介意的。No matter who you are, you must keep the law
23、.(=Whoever you are, you must keep the law.不管你是谁，你都要遵纪守法。但“no matter+疑问词”结构只能引导让步状语从句，而“疑问词-ever”还可以引导名词性从句。例如：Whatever (=No matter what) you say, I wont believe you. (Whatever 引导让步状语从句)无论你说什么，我都不会相信你。Ill eat whatever (no matter what) you give me. (whatever引导宾语从句)你给我吃什么，我就吃什么。Whoever comes will be we
24、lcome. (Whoever 引导主语从句) 不管谁来都受到欢迎。6 有时while也可以引导让步状语从句，但一般要位于句首。例如：While I like the colour, I dont like the shape.我虽然喜欢那颜色，但不喜欢那形状。综上所述，我们可以看出，学习让步状语从句的关键是关联词的选用；其次，要注意的是由as引导的让步状语从句要用倒装语序。 7 However (=No matter how)+ adj/adv + 陈述句However (=No matter how) expensive it may be, Ill take it.无论它有多贵，我也要买
25、下它。五、 原因状语从句原因状语从句表原因引导原因状语从句的从属连词主要的有because, as, since, for，seeing (that), now (that), considering (that)，in that等1. because引导的原因状语从句一般放于主句之后， because表示直接原因， 语气最强， 最适合回答 why引导的疑问句。例如： I do it because I like it. 我做这件事是因为我喜欢。2. since引导的原因状语从句一般放于主句之前表示已知的、 显然的理由(通常被翻译成“既然”)， 较为正式， 语气比because弱。例如： Si
26、nce you are free today, you had better help me with my mathematics. 既然今天你休息， 你最好帮我补习数学。注意： seeing (that)， now (that)， considering (that)， in that这几个词汇与since引导的原因状语从句意思相近， 都表示“既然”。例如Seeing (that) he refused to help us, theres no reason that we should now help him. 他既然曾经拒绝帮助我们， 我们现在没有理由要来帮助他。 Now (tha
27、t) you are grown up, you should not rely on your parents. 既然你长大了， 就不应该依靠你的父母了。Considering (that) everybody is here, lets begin our discussion. 既然大家都到了， 我们就开始讨论吧。In that he is ill, he feels unable to do it. 因为有病， 他觉得做不了那件事。3. as 引导原因状语从句时表示附带说明的“双方已知的原因”， 语气比since弱， 较为正式， 位置较为灵活(常放于主句之前)。例如： As it is
28、 raining, youd better take a taxi. 既然在下雨， 你最好乘出租汽车。As you are tired, you had better rest. 既然累了， 你最好休息一下。4. for引导的原因状语从句并不说明主句行为发生的直接原因， 只提供一些辅助性的补充说明， for引导的原因状语从句只能放于主句之后并且必须用逗号将其与主句隔开。例如： He could not have seen me, for I was not there. 他不可能见过我， 因为我不在那里。 六、目的状语从句目的状语从句：从句部分是用以补充说明主句中谓语动词发生的目的的。引导目的
29、状语从句常用的连词有： that（以便），so that（以便）， in order that（为了；以便），Lest（免得；唯恐）， for fear that（生怕） in case(以免)等词引导；You must speak louder so that /in order that you can be heard by all.He wrote the name down for fear that(lest) he should forget it.Better take more clothes in case the weather is cold.I am telling
30、you that lest you should make a mistake.我告诉你这一点，以免你搞错。学习目的状语从句应注意以下两点：1 目的状语从句中常含有can, could, may, might, should等情态动词。I got up early so that I could catch the first bus.我起得很早，目的是为了赶上头班公共汽车。 【注意】in order that与in order to的区别：in order that+从句 in order to+动词原形 （ in order to后面加的那个不叫目的状语从句，叫目的状语）2如果表示“为了，
31、 以便”的目的状语从句的主语与主句的主语相同， 可用in order to或 so as to取代该目的状语从句，in order to可放在句首,句中, so as to +动词原形 不能放在句首,只能在句中.例句： He hurried through his work in order to catch the train. 他匆匆干完手中的活， 为的是能赶上火车。I came so early as to catch the first train. 我起得早， 以便能赶上头班火车。七、 结果状语1 结果状语从句表示结果， 通常位于主句之后。常用引导词：so that, so that
32、, such that,特殊引导词：such that, to the degree that, to the extent that, to such a degree that,He got up so early that he caught the first bus.Its such a good chance that we must not miss it.1. so that可以引导目的状语从句， 也可以引导结果状语从句He worried so that he couldnt sleep.他急得睡不着。(so that引导结果状语从句)It was very cold, so
33、 that the river froze.天气寒冷， 河水都结冰了。(so that引导结果状语从句) 2 表示“如此以致”的“so. that.”和“such. that.”均可引导结果状语从句，其中的such 是形容词， 修饰名词； so 是副词， 修饰形容词或副词， 具体的搭配形式是：(1)“soadj./adv.that”， “soadj.(a/an)n.that” He speaks so fast that no one can catch him. 他说话太快， 无人听得明白Our country has so much coal that she can export lar
34、ge quantities. 我们国家的煤炭非常丰富， 可以大量出口。(2)“such(a/an)(adj.)n.that”。 They are such fine teachers that we all hold them in great respect. 他们是非常好的老师，我们对他们极为尊敬。Hes such a good person that we mustnt blame him. 他是这样好的人， 我们不能怪他。It is such nice weather that I would like to go to the beach. 天气如此之好， 我想去海滩。 (so与表示
35、数量的代词many， few， much， little等连用已经形成固定搭配， 这些场合下不能换用such的对应结构表示) There are so many kinds of shoes in the store that I cant decide which to buy.八、 比较状语从句比较状语从句主要运用于形容词和副词的原级，比较级及最高级的句子之中1 原级(1). asas 和。一样Jack is as tall as Bob.捷克和汤姆一样高。(2) not so(as)as 和不一样She is not so(as)outgoing as her sister. 她不如她姐
36、姐外向。2比较级(1)morethan (更) This book is more instructive than that one. 这本书比那本书由教育意义。(2) the + 比较级+ 陈述句, the + 比较级+ 陈述句, 越-越-The more you study, the more knowledge you can get. 你学的知识越多，你的知识越丰富。(3) 比较级+ and + 比较级 越来越- We will make our country more and more powerful. 我们要使我们的国家越来越强大. Our life is becoming
37、richer and richer. 我们的生活越来越富裕.3最高级(1).The + 形容词最高级 in/ofThis book is the most interesting of the three.这本书是三本中最有趣的。This road is the busiest street in our city.这条路是我们城市最繁忙的街道。(2) one of the +(形容词最高级) +名词(复数).之一(用于最高级)Han Mei is one of the best students in our school. 韩梅是我们学校最好的学生之一4 特殊句型(1) A is to B
38、 what C is to D 如: Food is to men what oil is to machine. 食物之于人，犹如油之于机器。(2) 倍数表达法用英语表达“A 是 B 的 N 倍长（宽，高，大，重等）”，“A 比 B 长（宽，高，大，重等）N 倍” 或“A 的长度（宽度，高度，大小，重量等）是 B 的 N 倍”，可用下列几种句型。1.“A + be + 倍数 + as + 计量形容词原级 + as + B”。This tree is three times as tall as that one.这棵树是那棵树的三倍高。2.“A + be + 倍数 + 计量形容词比较级 +
39、than + B ”The dictionary is exactly five times more expensive than that one.这本字典比那本恰好贵5倍。3.“A + be + 倍数 + the + 计量名词 + of + B ”The new square is four times the size of the old one.新广场是未扩建时的四倍大。4.“The + 计量名词 + of + A + be + 倍数 + that + of + B ”The size of the new square is four times that of the old
40、one新扩建的广场为以前的四倍大。5 no more than只不过,仅仅(嫌少的意思) not more than不如,至多,不超过；(前者不如后者) no less than (不少于,多达) not less than (至少, 不少于)I have no more than two pens.我只有两支笔。Its no more than a mile to the shops.去商店不过一英里。Jack is not more diligent than John.捷克不如约翰勤奋。 There are not less than 300 people in the hall. 大厅
41、里至少有300人.The guide contains details of no less than 115 hiking route. 这本导游指南包括多达115条徒步旅行的详细介绍.九、 方式状语从句 常用引导词：as(正如), as if或as though(好像), how 特殊引导词：the way When in Rome, do as the Roman do. She behaved as if she were the boss. Sometimes we teach our children the way our parents have taught us.I rem
42、ember the whole thing as if it happened yesterday. 整个这件事我记得很清楚，就仿佛是昨天发生似的。1 as, (just) asso引导的方式状语从句通常位于主句后，但在(just) asso结构中位于句首，意思是正如，就像，例如：As water is to fish, so air is to man.我们离不开空气，犹如鱼儿离不开水。Just as we sweep our rooms, so we should sweep backward ideas from our minds.正如打扫房屋一样，我们也要扫除我们头脑中落后的东西。2
43、 as if, as though两者的意义和用法相同，引出的状语从句谓语多用虚拟语气，表示与事实相反，有时也用陈述语气，表示所说情况是事实或实现的可能性较大。汉译常作仿佛似的，好像似的，例如：They completely ignore these facts as if (as though) they never existed. 他们完全忽略了这些事实，就仿佛它不存在似的。(与事实相反，谓语用虚拟语气。)He looks as if (as though) he had been hit by lighting.他那样子就像被雷击了似的。(与事实相反，谓语用虚拟语气。)It looks as if the weather may pick up very soon.看来天气很快就会好起来。(实现的可能性较大，谓语用陈述语气。)3 说明：as if / as though也可以引导一个分词短语、不定式短语或无动词短语，例如：1.He stared at me as if seeing me for first time.他目不转睛地看着我，就像第一次看见我似的。2.He cleared his throat as if to say something.他清了清嗓子，像要说什么似的。
