1、73 破译人类基因密码，守护人类生命健康2022年中考英语时文热点话题题型专练相关背景资料历时22年，超2亿个缺失的人类基因组首次破译钛媒体科普发布时间: 2022-04-01 10:40鲲鹏计划获奖作者研究完整人类基因组的DNA碱基，以字母A、T、C和G为代表（来源：NHGRI）历时22年，研究人员终于从头到尾破译了完整的人类基因组序列。钛媒体App 4月1日消息，据科技日报，全球顶级期刊Science（科学）杂志今天凌晨连发6篇论文报告，公布了人类基因组测序的最新进展：国家人类基因组研究中心(NHGRI)组成的端粒到端粒 (T2T) 联盟科学团队，通过新的技术研究出全球第一个完整的、无间隙
2、的人类基因组序列，首次揭示了高度相同的节段重复基因组区域及其在人类基因组中的变异。据中国科学报，人类基因组计划参与者、中国科学院北京基因组研究所研究员于军表示，假如把人类基因组序列比作一辆非常复杂的汽车，那么与20年前完成的人类基因组草图相比，完整的新序列相当于增添了更多零件。“我们看到了以前从未阅读过的章节，”本论文通讯作者，华盛顿大学霍华德-休斯医学研究所（HHMI）研究员Evan Eichler（艾希勒）表示，这是全行业的一件大事Science封面图一、阅读理解第1篇Smoking is harmful. But as soon as you give up the habit, eve
3、rything will be OK, right? Wrong.New research has found that even if you give up smoking, the damage it has done to your genes (基因) will stay there for a much longer time.In the research, a team of US scientists studied the blood of 16,000 people. Among them, some were smokers, some used to smoke, a
4、nd the rest were non-smokers. Scientists compared their genes and found that more than 7,000 genes of smokers had changed.The process (过程) that smoking makes changes to your genes is called “methlation”. It affects how your genes actwhether they are turned on or turned off.According to NBC News, bot
5、h heart disease and cancer are caused by genetic changes. Some people may have had the changes when they were born, but most people get them in their day-to-day lives while doing things like smoking.When you stop smoking, a lot of these genes will return to normal in five years. This means your body
6、 is trying to cure itself of the harmful effects of smoking. But the changes in some of the genes stay for longer. They can stay for as long as 30 years. Its almost like leaving a footprint on wet cement (水泥)it will always be there, even when youve walked away and when the cement becomes dry.Althoug
7、h the study results may make people unhappy, there is a bright side: the findings could help scientists invent medicine to treat genetic damage caused by smoking or find ways to tell which people have heart disease or cancer risks.People who have just stopped smoking or are planning to do so shouldn
8、t feel bad about their choice either, because “the sooner you can stop smoking, the better you will be”, suggested Stephanie at National Institute of Environment Health Science.1The function of Paragraph 1 is to _.Agive an exampleBmake an argumentCshow the main idea of the passageDintroduce the topi
9、c of the passage2Most genetic changes happen because of _.Aenvironmental pollutionBheart disease and cancerCpeoples bad living habitsDpeoples condition at birth3The underlined word “it” in Paragraph 6 refers to _.Athe cementBthe footprintCthe harmful effectDthe genetic change4Which of the following
10、statements is true?AThe findings are the fruit of more than three years research.BThe findings offer evidence that a damaged gene can heal itself.CThe findings have prevented more people from starting working.DThe findings help to find cures for genetic damage caused by smoking.【答案】1-4DCBD【短文分析】本文讲述
11、了一项研究发现即使戒烟，它对你的基因造成的损害也会持续更长的时间。这些发现可以帮助科学家发明药物来治疗吸烟造成的基因损伤，或者找到方法来判断哪些人有心脏病或癌症风险。【答案解析】【第1题】推理判断题。根据“But as soon as you give up the habit, everything will be OK, right? Wrong.”可知，本段是为了引出本篇文章的话题戒烟。故选D。【第2题】细节理解题。根据“Among them, some were smokers, some used to smoke, and the rest were non-smokers. Sc
12、ientists compared their genes and found that more than 7,000 genes of smokers had changed.”可知，人们的基因改变是因为有吸烟的习惯。故选C。【第3题】词义猜测题。根据“Its almost like leaving a footprint on wet cement (水泥)”可知，此处指的是湿水泥上的脚印。故选B。【第4题】细节理解题。根据“the findings could help scientists invent medicine to treat genetic damage caused
13、by smoking or find ways to tell which people have heart disease or cancer risks.”可知，这些发现可以帮助科学家发明药物来治疗吸烟造成的基因损伤，或者找到方法来判断哪些人有心脏病或癌症风险。故选D。第2篇Have you ever wondered why some people live long, but others dont? Many scientists have studied the secret of a long life for years. Thousands of studies suppo
14、rt the idea that a long life is influenced by two major things. Its no surprise that the gene (基因) is a major influence. Some peoples bodies simply have special advantages. They have parents and grandparents who lived long lives. Their parents have passed on these positive genes to them. Howard Frie
15、dman is a health scientist. With his research partner, he wrote a book about living a long life. He says genes explain about 1/3 of why people live to an old age. The other major influence is basic health care. Good food, clean water and medical care all help a lot. For example, a person getting vac
16、cines (疫苗) has a better chance of avoiding many serious diseases and staying healthy. People cannot change their genes. And its difficult to improve a whole communitys health care system. However, the new research results show there are things each of us can do to help improve how long we live. Many
17、 studies show that having a sense of purpose is important. For example, in Okinawa, Japan, plenty of people are over the age of 100. They have an idea called ikigai or life purpose. Scientists believe its one of the reasons why Okinawa has so many long - lived people.Staying active is the second imp
18、ortant personal quality (品质). Its not the same as doing difficult exercise. Instead, its the most important to remain active in a natural way, doing something you enjoy.Another quality is helping people. When researching the effects of love, scientists expected to find that people who felt loved wou
19、ld live longer. But this wasnt what they found. Feeling loved made people feel better. However, loving and caring for others did make people live longer. The final one is conscientiousness (尽责). Conscientious people plan for things and think about details. Of all the personal qualities, conscientiou
20、sness shows the strongest link (联系) to a long life. Some people believe being conscientious means living a boring life. However, the opposite is true. Scientists say that being conscientious and hard-working makes many wonderful chances.1Why does the writer mention Howard Friedmans book in Paragraph
21、 3?ATo introduce a really great health scientist to usBTo encourage us to read his book about living a long lifeCTo describe how parents pass on positive genes to childrenDTo show genes influence how long a person lives greatly2According to the passage, people can live longer by _. a. being activeb.
22、 feeling lovedc. getting vaccinesd. giving others a hande. having their life purposeAa c d eBa b c eCa b c dDa b d e3According to the passage, which of the following is TRUE?AOne third of the Japanese live over 100 yearsBOne can avoid all diseases if he gets vaccinesCConscientious people live an int
23、eresting lifeDDoing difficult exercise can help people live a longer life4What does the passage mainly talk about?AThe meaning of lifeBThe keys to a long lifeCThe importance of a long lifeDThe influence of health care on life【答案】1-4DACB【短文分析】本文介绍了长寿的秘密。【答案解析】【第1题】细节理解题。根据第三段最后两句“With his research pa
24、rtner, he wrote a book about living a long life. He says genes explain about 1/3 of why people live to an old age.”可知，这位科学家写了一本关于长寿的书。这是为了说明基因对人的寿命有很大的影响。故选D。【第2题】细节理解题。根据第四段中的“The other major influence is basic health care. Good food, clean water and medical care all help a lot. For example, a pers
25、on getting vaccines (疫苗) has a better chance of avoiding many serious diseases and staying healthy.”可知，另一个主要影响是基本医疗保健。好的食物，干净的水和医疗保健都很有帮助。例如，一个接种疫苗的人有更好的机会避免许多严重的疾病和保持健康。根据第六段“Many studies show that having a sense of purpose is important.”可知，许多研究表明，有目标感是很重要的。根据第七段“Staying active is the second import
26、ant personal quality (品质).”可知，保持活力是第二重要的个人品质。根据第八段“Another quality is helping people.”可知，另一个品质是帮助别人。故选A。【第3题】 细节理解题。根据最后一段中的“Some people believe being conscientious means living a boring life. However, the opposite is true.”可知，有些人认为尽责意味着过着无聊的生活。然而，情况恰恰相反。科学家们说，尽责和努力工作会创造许多极好的机会。所以，有责任心的人过着有趣的生活。故选C。
27、【第4题】主旨大意题。第一段中的“Have you ever wondered why some people live long, but others dont? Many scientists have studied the secret of a long life for years.”可知，你有没有想过为什么有些人活得长，而有些人却活不长？许多科学家多年来一直在研究长寿的秘密。后文也一直在讲长寿的秘密。故选B。第3篇We spend a lot of time sleeping at night and being active during the day. This is o
28、ur second nature. Thats because were under the control of the body clocks inside nearly every cell. Also, our mood, strength, hormone levels, body temperature, metabolism and even the risk of a heart attack are all changing all the time every day. Our body clocks, however, are not controlled by cogs
29、 and pendulums. Instead, its the gene activity over 24 hours that keeps our bodys time. Jeffrey Hall, Michael Rosbash and Michael Young from the USA found these genes. Dr. Michael Hastings, a circadian rhythm (昼夜节律) scientist in Cambridge, said more attention should be paid to this discovery. Nobody
30、 now doubts the importance of our body clocks. Ask someone who doesnt have a good habit of resting and working what goes wrong with his body clock. Those who always live in this way may take the risk of having a lot of diseases, from cancer to diabetes, but understanding how the bodys clock works is
31、 also unlocking new ideas, like taking medicines at the time of day when they will have the biggest influence on the body.1The following are changing every day EXCEPT _.Aour feelings.Bour body temperatureCour hormone levelsDour second nature2The real clock which differs from the body clock is usuall
32、y controlled by _.Athe gene activityBcogs and pendulumsCsome new ideasDcells of our body3The underlined word “diabetes” in the last paragraph probably means “_” in Chinese?A荷尔蒙B新陈代谢C糖尿病D癌细胞4What can we learn from the passage?ATheres a clock inside every cell of our body.BThree young man from the UK
33、found genes that control body activities.CGood living habits can keep our body clock working regularly.DSome people still dont believe the importance of our body clocks.5Whats the main idea of this passage?ADiscovering the secret of body clock.BImproving the condition of body clock.CAvoiding the ris
34、k of body clock.DComparing the body clock with the real clock.【答案】1-5DACCA【短文分析】本文是一篇说明文。文章主要介绍了科学家发现基因活动维持了人们体内的生物钟，而遵循生物钟进行作息对人体健康有着很重要的作用，并且理解生物钟的运作对药效在体内的发挥也很有作用。【答案解析】【第1题】细节理解题。根据第一段“Also, our mood, strength, hormone levels, body temperature, metabolism and even the risk of a heart attack are
35、all changing all the time every day.”可知，我们的情绪、力量、激素水平、体温、新陈代谢，甚至心脏病发作的风险每天都在不断变化，只有D选项不在以上的列举中，也就是说我们的第二天性并不是每天都在变化的。故选D。【第2题】推理判断题。根据第一段“Instead, its the gene activity over 24 hours that keeps our bodys time.”可知，维持人体作息的真正时钟是基因活动，也就是说这个真正的时钟是由基因活动控制的。故选A。【第3题】词句猜测题。根据最后一段“Those who always live in th
36、is way may take the risk of having a lot of diseases”可知，没有良好生活习惯的人会有患病的风险，而“from cancer to diabetes”是对患上的疾病的举例，所以“diabetes”应是疾病的名词，选项中只有C选项“糖尿病”为疾病名称。故选C。【第4题】推理判断题。根据最后一段“Those who always live in this way may take the risk of having a lot of diseases”可知，没有良好生活习惯的人会有患病的风险，那也就是说有良好生活习惯的人就少有患病的风险，也就是说
37、他们的身体是在有规律地工作，C选项符合文意。故选C。【第5题】主旨大意题。文章主要介绍了生物钟以及它的重要性，也就是在向我们“揭秘”生物钟，A选项与此中心大意最为接近。故选A。二、阅读填表Its long been a scientific dream: to give people a special vaccine (疫苗) before birth to prevent them from getting terrible illnesses. Gene editing (基因编辑) is one way to do this. Usually when you spell a word
38、 wrong, you can just correct it instead. Gene editing is similar, but instead of fixing words, gene editing rewrites DNA, which decides everything from our hair color to our intelligence.In an online video posted on Nov. 26, He Jiankui, a researcher at the Southern University of Science and Technolo
39、gy, said that he had succeeded in making the worlds first genetically edited babies. The babies are twin girls who were born in November. Their father had HIV. The twins genes were edited to avoid infecting (感染) the HIV virus.He said he chose to do this because HIV is widespread in China. But his ac
40、tions raised many questions. Although gene editing may help to prevent disease, correct genetic changes which can do harm to humans development, and change the activity of specific genes in plants, animals and humans. Many people are wondering if it is safe and ethical (道德的) to use it on humans.Some
41、 believe that gene editing could be useful to HIV patients. HIV is “a major and growing public health threat (威胁),” according to Harvard Medical School genetics professor George Church. Using gene editing for HIV is “justifiable (无可非议的),” Church told AP. But others think that gene editing is still i
42、n its experimental (实验的) stages and could lead to unexpected mutations (突变). It could result in genetic problems later in life, including the development of cancer, Julian Savulescu from the University of Oxford told BBC News. Besides, the Ministry of Science and Technology of China has worked with
43、other departments to investigate (调查) the project. In an open letter published on Nov. 27, 140 Chinese HIV/AIDS researchers described the research as “unethical”. They questioned the need for the project. Others fear that some way people might use gene editing technology to make “designer babies”. I
44、t would give parents the ability to choose everything from their babys eye colour to their intelligence.“You could find wealthy parents buying the latest upgrades (升级) for their children, which is considered not fair for most of us,” Marcy Darnovsky, director of the San Francisco Center for Genetics
45、, told BBC News.Are we ready for gene editing?MeaningsDifferent from editing words, which is just fixing words, gene editing is to rewrite DNAIt can decide our hair colour and intelligence.An exampleHe Jiankuis experiment:The worlds first genetically edited babies were _1_ made and they were born in
46、 November. To _2_ them from being infected by HIV virus, the researchers have edited the twins genes.ArgumentsThe reasons for the technologyTo protect babies from terrible disease.To correct _3_ genetic changes.To change the activity of specific genes in plants, animals and humans.Some doubts about
47、the technologyGene is still in its experimental stages, and it may _4_ some unexpected genetic changes.140 Chinese HIV/AIDS researchers thought _5_ the gene editing on humans could be “unethical”.It could be taken good advantages of making “designer babies” by the people of great wealth, most people
48、 may think it is unfair.【答案】1successfully2protect3harmful4cause5whether【短文分析】本文讲述了通过基因编辑可以决定从头发颜色到智力的一切东西。南方科技大学的研究员何建奎制造了世界上第一批基因编辑婴儿，目前这项技术的合理性引起了强烈的争论。【答案解析】【第1题】根据第二段中的“In an online video posted on Nov. 26, He Jiankui, a researcher at the Southern University of Science and Technology, said that
49、he had succeeded in making the worlds first genetically edited babies. The babies are twin girls who were born in November.”可知2018年11月，世界上第一批经过基因编辑的婴儿成功出生。分析句子可知，空格处修饰动词，应使用副词successfully，表示“成功地”符合语境。故填successfully。【第2题】根据第二段最后一句“The twins genes were edited to avoid infecting the HIV virus. ”可知研究人员为
50、了保护这对双胞胎免受艾滋病病毒感染，他们编辑了这对双胞胎的基因。所以，此处应使用及物动词protect，表示“保护”符合语境。故填 protect。【第3题】根据第三段中的“Although gene editing may help to prevent disease, correct genetic changes which can do harm to humans development, and change the activity of specific genes in plants, animals and humans.”可知， 尽管基因编辑可能有助于预防疾病，纠正对人
51、类发展有害的基因变化，并改变植物、动物和人类特定基因的活性。分析句子可知，此处应使用形容词，harmful表示“有害的”，形容词修饰名词作定语。故填harmful。【第4题】根据第五段第一句“But others think that gene editing is still in its experimental stages and could lead to unexpected mutations.”可知，但其他人认为基因编辑仍处于实验阶段，可能会“导致”意想不到的突变。所以，此处应使用及物动词cause，表示“导致，引起”符合语境。故填cause。【第5题】根据倒数第二段中的“In an open letter published on Nov. 27, 140 Chinese HIV/AIDS researchers described the research as unethical.”可知，在11月27日发布的一封公开信中，140名中国艾滋病研究人员称这项研究不道德。分析句子结构及语境可知，此句属于带有宾语从句的复合句，此处缺少连词，因研究人员对人类基因编辑是否道德表示疑问，所以，此处使用whether，表示 “是否”符合语境。故填whether。
