1、Part SixGrammar & Writing被动语态()；情态动词细读下列句子，体会被动语态的构成。1(2015湖南卷)I had a strong desire to reach in and play with the toy，but was held back thankfully by the shop window.2(2014四川卷)They are living with their parents for the moment because their own house is being rebuilt.3(2015福建卷)To my delight，I was ch
2、osen from hundreds of applicants to attend the opening ceremony.4(2015安徽卷)It is reported that a space station will be built on the moon in years to come.5(2016北京卷)The students have been working hard on their lessons and their efforts will be rewarded success in the end.6(2013北京卷)So what is the proce
3、dure?All the applicants are interviewed before a final decision is made by the authority.语态是动词一个语法范畴，是表示动词的主语和该动词所表示的动作之间关系的动词形式。英语动词有主动语态和被动语态两种。主动语态表示主语是谓语动作的执行者；被动语态表示主语是谓语动作的承受者。一、被动语态的特殊结构形式1情态动词的被动结构。其形式为：情态动词be过去分词。The baby should be taken good care of by the babysitter.这个孩子应该受到保姆的精心照顾。2有些动词可
4、以有两个宾语，在用于被动结构时，可以把主动结构中的一个宾语变为主语，另一个宾语仍然保留在谓语后面。通常变为主语的是间接宾语。His mother gave him a present for his birthday.He was given a present by his mother for his birthday.他的母亲给了他一个生日礼物。3当“动词宾语宾语补足语”结构变为被动语态时，将宾语变为被动结构中的主语，其余不动。Someone caught the boy smoking a cigarette.The boy was caught smoking a cigarette
5、.有人正好撞见这个男孩在抽烟。4在使役动词have，make，let以及感官动词see，watch，notice，hear，feel，observe等后面不定式作宾语补足语时，在主动结构中不定式to要省略，但变为被动结构时，要加to。Someone saw a stranger walk into the building.A stranger was seen to walk into the building.有人看见一个陌生人走进这幢大楼。5有些相当于及物动词的动词词组，如“动词介词”，“动词副词”等，也可以用于被动结构，但要把它们看作一个整体，不能分开。其中的介词或副词也不能省略。Th
6、is accident has been looked into.这起事故已经被调查。但含有“动词名词介词”(如make use of，pay attention to，take care of等)的主动句变为被动句时，有两种方法：一是把主动句的宾语变为被动句的主语；二是把固定动词词组中的名词变为被动句的主语。You should pay attention to your pronunciation.Your pronunciation should be paid attention to./Attention should be paid to your pronunciation.你应
7、注意你的发音。6“get过去分词”也可表示被动语态。He was knocked down by a car and got killed.他被一辆车撞死了。二、主动形式表示被动意义1英语中有很多动词如lock，open，sell，read，write，wash等，当它们被用作不及物动词来描述主语特征时，常用其主动形式表示被动意义，主语通常是物，后面常跟着一个副词。This kind of cloth washes well.这种布料很耐洗。2有些表示感受、感官的连系动词(feel，sound，taste，look等)在主系表结构中常以主动形式表示被动意义。Your reason sounds
8、 reasonable.你的理由听起来有道理。3在need，want，require等词的后面，动名词用主动形式表示被动意义，其含义相当于动词不定式的被动形式。The house needs repairing/to be repaired.这房子需要修理。4形容词worth后面跟动名词的主动形式表示被动含义，但不能跟动词不定式。The book is well worth reading.这本书很值得一读。5动词不定式在名词后面作定语，不定式和名词之间有动宾关系，又和句中另一名词或代词构成主谓关系时，不定式的主动形式表示被动含义。I have a lot of things to do th
9、is afternoon.(to do与things是动宾关系，与I是主谓关系)今天下午我有许多事情要做。6在“be性质形容词不定式”结构中，句子的主语是不定式的逻辑宾语，形容词说明不定式的特性，这时常用不定式的主动形式表示被动意义。这些形容词有easy，hard，difficult，impossible，pleasant，interesting等。This problem is difficult to work out.这个问题很难解决。.用括号内所给动词的适当形式填空1Books，pencils，ink and so on are sold(sell) in this store.2Co
10、me and sit down by the fire.Your hands feel(feel) so cold.3Outer space had not been explored(not explore) by people before 1957.4After school we went to the reading room to do some reading，only to be told that it was being decorated(decorate)5The first railway in the world was designed(design) in th
11、e last century.6Five units of this textbook had been studied(study) by the end of last month.7He usually gets paid(pay) by the hour.8Books of this kind sell(sell) well.9Look！A nice picture is being drawn(draw) by our teacher.10What do you think of the book?Oh，excellent.Its worth reading(read) a seco
12、nd time.11The flowers were so beautiful that they were sold(sell) out in no time.12In this forest，over 50% of the trees have been damaged(damage) so far.单句改错1I have a lot of homework to be done tonight.to be doneto do2Lei Feng remembered by all Chinese people.remembered前加is3The music is sounded beau
13、tiful.is soundedsounds4By who was this new educational CD ROM designed？whowhom5All of us were made laugh by what he said.laugh前加to细读下列句子，体会情态动词的用法。1(2016天津卷)It was really annoying; I couldnt get across the data bank you had recommended.2(2016浙江卷)George cant have gone too far.His coffee is still warm
14、.3(2015重庆卷)You must be Carol.You havent changed a bit after all these years.4(2015浙江卷)It was so noisy that we couldnt hear ourselves speak.5(2015北京卷)Cant you stay a little longer?Its getting late.I really must go now.My daughter is home alone.6(2015陕西卷)You may feel all the training a waste of time，b
15、ut Im a hundred percent sure later youll be grateful you did it.7(2015北京卷)Can I have a word with you? It wont take long.8(2014重庆卷)Ive ordered some pizza，so we neednt worry about cooking when we get home tired.9(2014四川卷)I still remember my happy childhood when my mother would take me to Disneyland at
16、 weekends.10(2014江西卷)Life is unpredictable; even the poorest might become the richest .11(2014江苏卷)It was sad to me that they，so poor themselves，should bring me food.12(2014陕西卷)My book，The House of Hales，is missing.Who could have taken it?一、have to/dont have to1have to意为“必须，不得不”，侧重指客观需要，可用于不同时态。You h
17、ave to clean the classroom before going home.回家前，你必须把教室打扫干净。2dont have to表示“不必，没有必要”，即客观上没有必要做某事。You dont have to come with me.你不必跟我一起去。易混辨析have to/must(1)have to强调客观需要，must则强调主观看法。(2)have to有时态、人称和数的变化，而must只有一种形式。(3)二者的否定形式的意义不同：dont have to表示“不必”，相当于dont need to，neednt；mustnt则表示“不允许，禁止”。His mothe
18、r was ill and he had to stay there to look after her.她母亲生病了，他只好待在那里照顾她。(客观需要)I must admit I dont like her.我必须承认我不喜欢她。(主观看法)You dont have to go there.你不必去那儿。You mustnt go there.你禁止去那儿。二、can/cant1表示能力，意为“能，会”。此时could是can的过去式。I can speak French，but I cant speak Japanese.我会说法语，但是不会说日语。They can use the c
19、omputer now，but they couldnt last year.他们现在会使用电脑，但他们去年不会。2表示请求或许可(在疑问句中表示“请求”，在陈述句中表示“许可”)，常译为“可以”。表示“请示”时，could不是can的过去式，只是用来表示更加委婉的语气。表示“许可”时，通常用can/may。Can you tell me how to get to the airport?你能告诉我怎样去机场吗？Could/Can I go home now？我现在可以回家吗？Yes，you can/may.是的，你可以。3表示对现在或过去情况的推测，意为“可能”，常用于否定句和疑问句中。T
20、hat cant be Mary.She is in New York now.那不可能是玛丽，她现在在纽约。Can what he said be true?他说的可能是真的吗？4用于肯定的陈述句中，表示理论上的可能性，也可以表示一时的情况。It can be very hot here.这里有时可能会很热。Even experienced teachers can make mistakes.即使有经验的教师有时也可能会出错。She can be very unpleasant.她有时可能会令人很讨厌。特别提醒 can表示理论上的可能性时，常译为“有时可能会”，并不涉及某件具体的事的发生，
21、要表达某件具体的事实际发生的可能性时，用may或might。Peter may go to the club with us tonight.彼得今晚可能和我们一起去俱乐部。(不用can)5用于疑问句、否定句或感叹句中，表示推测、惊异、怀疑或不相信等态度。This cant be done by him.这不可能是他做的。What can he be doing at this time?这个时候他可能在做什么呢？How can you be so foolish!你怎么能这么愚蠢！易混辨析cant/mustnt两个都可以表示禁止。但谈到个人决定时通常用mustnt，转述别人的决定时通常用ca
22、nt。You mustnt leave the classroom during the test.考试期间你们不得离开教室。(教师表达他的决定)We cant enter the museum without a ticket.没有门票我们不能进入博物馆。(权威人士制订了这个规则，我们在转述他们的决定)三、ought to/ought not to1ought to意为“应当，应该”，跟should的用法基本一样，没有人称、数和时态的变化。它可以表示：“有责任或义务”做某事，语气比较强；推测，意为“应该”，暗含很大的可能性。“建议”或“劝告”。We ought to stop polluti
23、ng the river.我们应该停止污染这条河。(义务)It is already twelve oclock.Lunch ought to be ready.现在已经是12点。午饭应该好了。(推测)You ought to read this book.Its very good.这本书很好。你应该读一读。(建议或劝告)2ought to后跟现在完成时，在肯定句中表示“过去本应该做某事而未做”；在否定句中表示“过去本不该做某事却做了”。You ought to have asked him earlier.你本应该早一点问他。You oughtnt to have told her the
24、 news，but you did.你本不该告诉她这个消息，但你却告诉她了。3ought to的否定形式为ought not to或oughtnt to，其一般疑问句的形式是将ought置于主语前。You ought not to play tricks on the disabled.你不应该捉弄残疾人。Ought I to leave tomorrow?我明天该动身吗？Yes，you ought to.对，你应该。4陈述句中含有情态动词ought to时，反意疑问句部分用“oughtnt/shouldnt 主语 ”。一般来说，两者可以换用，只是ought to的语气略强。另外，表示出于法令
25、规则、行为准则、道德责任等客观情况而“应该”做某事时，一般用ought to，ought to多反映客观情况；若用should则含有个人意见，强调主观看法。You are his father.You ought to take care of him.你是他父亲，你应该照顾他。We should be polite to others.我们应该礼貌待人。.选择填空：have to/can/ought to(包含其否定形式)1We ought to respect our teachers and parents.2You ought to have finished your work ye
26、sterday，because you must hand it in today.3You oughtnt to stay out so late.Your parents had been worrying about you.4Peter was very tired and he had to/ought to sit down and have a rest.5He doesnt have to do his homework now，for he is free tomorrow.6Paul can be really difficult to get along with at
27、times even though hes a nice person in general.7You dont have to run，for we have enough time to catch the train.8Sir，you oughtnt to/cant sit in this waiting room.It is for women and children only.9My sister met him at the theatre last night，so he cant have attended your lecture.10Isnt that your teac
28、her over there?No，it cant be him.Im sure he doesnt wear glasses.11May I take this seat?Yes，you can.12You ought to keep a firstaid box at home for any accident.13We enjoy good weather in January，but sometimes it can be terribly cold.14In some parts of the world，you have to boil the water before drink
29、ing it.结合have to/can/ought to的用法完成句子(包含其否定形式)1Im afraid Mr Wang cant see you(不能见你) now.Hes very busy.(see)2I have to attend(不得不参加) an important meeting tomorrow.(attend)3Shopping online can save much time as you dont have to go(不必去) to a shop or walk around crowded shopping centres.(go)4He ought to
30、have finished(本应该完成) the task in such a long time.(finish)5Mary oughtnt to have said(本不该说) the words，but she wanted to warn you against that dangerous man.(say)如何写叙事类记叙文记叙文就是以写人物的经历或事物的发展变化为主要内容的一种文体。记叙文包括六大要素：人物、时间、地点、事件的起因、经过和结果(即who，when，where，why，what，how)。写作时应从这六个方面入手，将题目所要求的全部要点交代清楚。一般情况下，将这六要
31、素中的人物、时间、地点作为文章的开头。事件的起因和经过常作为记叙文的主体部分，应该放在文章的中间。结果作为记叙文的结尾，常放在文章的最后。写作时应注意以下几点：1文章结构通常采用三段式。第一段引出话题；第二段讲述事件发生的经过；最后一段说明结果或发表感慨。2写作前应先定“时”，以此确定时态。报道、日记或故事类记叙文通常是记录过去发生的事情，多用一般过去时；叙述当前发生的事情、自然或社会现象则用一般现在时。3确定人称。一般采用第一人称或第三人称。4叙述要条理清晰，重点突出。可以按时间变化、空间转换或事件的发展过程为线索进行叙述；一般采用顺叙的方式，有时也可以根据实际需要采用倒叙、插叙等方式。5在
32、描述时间变化、空间转换、事件的发展过程时，要使用适当的过渡词，以使行文连贯，结构紧凑。常用句式1Somebody was doing.when.2Seeing this/Hearing this，I ran over to him as soon as possible.3Someone was about to do.when.4Somebody had just done.when.5Without hesitation/a word，we decided to do.6As soon as we got there，we started to do.7What surprised us
33、most was that.8Tired as we were，we learned what we couldnt learn in school.9No matter what she said，we didnt accept the gift.10Ill never forget the day when/which/because.典型例题假设你是李华，在美国探亲。2017年9月8日清晨，你目击了一起交通事故。请写一篇100词左右的短文描述当时所见的情况。要点如下：1(时间) 2017年9月8日清晨7点15分；2(地点) 公园路公园门前；3(经过) 我正沿公园路向东走，一辆汽车从第三街
34、道向右拐，驶入公园路时撞倒了一位过街的老人，汽车未停，沿公园路向西逃走；4汽车是黄色的，车牌号是AB36339，司机是一位女性。审题谋篇第一步明确要求该写作属于叙事类记叙文，所写的是你所目击的一起交通事故，要用第一人称来写。事故已经发生，故时态上要用一般过去时，为表达形象生动，也可以运用过去进行时。另外，在描述事故时，应该以时间的推移为线索，细节描述要生动，条理要清楚。第二步确定段落这篇写作可以分为三部分。第一段为事件导语，可以用简短的一句话引出话题。第二段为作文的重点，有条理的描述事件的经过。第三段简要收尾，告诉事件的结果。第三步提炼要点1on the other side of2make
35、a right turn3not.but4head west5the plate number6about two minutes later第四步扩点成句1我正沿着公园路向东散步，这时在街的另一面一位老人从公园走出来。(一般表达)I was walking to the east along Park Road.Just then，an old man came out from the park on the other side of the street.(句式升级1)I was walking along Park Road towards the east when an elde
36、rly man came out of the park on the other side of the street.(句式升级2)I was taking a walk along Park Road towards the east.Just then，out of the park came an elderly man on the other side of the street.2然后我看到一辆黄色的车沿着第三街道行驶，之后向右拐入了公园路。(一般表达)Then I saw a yellow car drive along Third Street and then it tu
37、rned right into Park Road.(句式升级1)Then a yellow car appeared in my eyes coming along Third Street, and then it turned right into Park Road.(句式升级2)Then a yellow car driving along Third Street came into my view.Afterwards, it made a right turn into Park Road.(句式升级3)Then I caught sight of a yellow car d
38、riving along Third Street and then turning right into Park Road.3这辆汽车行驶得如此快，以至于撞到了正在过马路的那位老人。(一般表达)The car drove very fast. It hit the old man when he was crossing the road.(句式升级1)The car drove at so fast a speed that it hit the old man (who was) crossing the road.(句式升级2)The car drove so fast that i
39、t hit the old man while he was crossing the road.范文示例I witnessed a car accident.It was 7：15 on the morning of September 8th,2017.I was walking along Park Road towards the east when an elderly man came out of the park on the other side of the street.Then I saw a yellow car drive up Third Street and m
40、ake a right turn into Park Road.The car drove so fast that it hit the man while he was crossing the road.He fell with a cry.The car didnt stop but drove off at great speed heading west.I noticed the driver was a young woman and the plate number was AB36339.About two minutes later I stopped a passing
41、 car and took the old man to the nearest hospital.At last he was saved.亮点点评本文作者对亲眼目睹的一场车祸进行了描述。写明全部要点，语言基本无误，表达地道，行文连贯。be doing sth. when.结构的使用体现了较高的语言运用能力；not.but的使用体现了良好的词汇使用能力；时间状语About two minutes later使过渡更加自然。假设你是红星中学高一(1)班的学生李华。请根据以下四幅图的先后顺序，介绍你和几位同学在“传承非物质文化遗产”活动期间参观毛猴艺术博物馆的完整过程，并以“Visiting t
42、he Museum of Hairy Monkeys”为题，给校刊“英语角”写一篇英文稿件。注意：1.词数100左右；2稿件的开头已给出，不计入总词数。提示词：毛猴 hairy monkeyVisiting the Museum of Hairy MonkeysLast week my classmates and I went to the museum of hairy monkeys for the activity of promoting intangible cultural heritage._参考范文Visiting the Museum of Hairy MonkeysLas
43、t week my classmates and I went to the museum of hairy monkeys for the activity of promoting intangible cultural heritage.We arrived at the museum at 8 oclock in the morning.Everyone was curious to know what hairy monkeys looked like and how they were made.First we followed an introduction.We learne
44、d the hairy monkey is a kind of folk handicraft of old Beijing and is now facing extinction.Then we looked at some typical handicrafts which looked a lot like monkeys.After that，we observed a craftsman making hairy monkeys，while someone took a photo of it with great interest.We were all attracted by his techniques and felt proud of the folk art.At last each of us bought a hairy monkey and left the museum happily.We hope that more artists will carry on and develop the folk art，a treasure unique to Beijing.
