1、专题五 写作 第一节 应用文写作 第二讲 美化词句，学会谋篇 一、学会用词准确得体亮眼单词和短语是文章最基本的组成单位。用词是否准确、出彩在一定程度上决定了作文能否得高分。高考英语写作评分标准也鼓励考生使用高级词汇，但使用高级词汇并不等于使用一些偏难、古怪的词汇，而是使用一些表意准确、形象生动、语法正确且符合以英语为母语的人的习惯表达方式的词汇。在使用词汇时，我们可以尝试如下方法。1无重复原则求雅变异写作时应尽量避免重复使用相同的词语，要用贴切多样的词语来展示自己的词汇水平。用词不同、表达方式迥异，也是词汇高级用法的体现。恰当地使用同义词不仅可以体现雅致的文风，还有利于增强段落的统一性和连贯性
2、。We were attracted by the beautiful scenery.There are differentkinds of fruit trees as well as different animals.We were attracted by the beautiful scenery.There are differentkinds of fruit trees as well as a variety of/various animals.(2020高考全国卷满分作文)2词义具体化原则生动贴切所谓词义具体化原则，是指写作中尽量避免使用意义宽泛、模糊的词，而要根据语境
3、使用具体生动的词。He is a volunteer in our community，during the epidemic ofCOVID19.He is a volunteer who works as a gate guard in ourcommunity，during the epidemic of COVID19.(2020高考全国卷满分作文)So good do they look that I think you could be interested in them.So attractive and alive do they look that I think you
4、could beinterested in them.(2017高考全国卷满分作文)3晚词优先原则新颖高级为了表现自己的语言功底，吸引阅卷老师的眼球，尽量用高年级阶段学到的词汇代替低年级阶段学到的词汇。Aimed to help us to know the importance of working，an activitythemed“Working is the most beautiful”was held last week.Aimed to help us to be aware of the importance of working，an activity themed“Work
5、ing is the most beautiful”was held lastweek.(2019高考北京卷满分作文)4短语优先原则凑词增色用短语代替单词不仅会使文章增加亮点，而且，如果关键时刻思维短路，用短语凑词是一个很好的选择。(1)形容词变短语的方法：of同根名词形容词对应短语very important of great importancevery usefulof great usevery valuableof great valuevery beneficialof great benefitvery helpfulof great helpThe race was very
6、beneficial to the participants，physically and mentally.Therefore，we all think highly of it，and expect more activities like this in the future.The race was of great benefit to the participants，physically and mentally.Therefore，we all think highly of it，and expect more activities like this in the futu
7、re.(2020新高考全国卷满分作文)(2)动词变短语的方法：同义短语替换动词对应短语think hold the view know/realizebe aware ofusemake use of/take advantage ofI like playing football in my spare time.Im fond of playing football in my spare time.Im interested in playing football in my spare time.Im crazy about playing football in my spare t
8、ime.Im addicted to playing football in my spare time.Hopefully you will consider my suggestion，and Im lookingforward to hearing from you.Hopefully you will take my suggestion into consideration，and Im looking forward to hearing from you.(2020高考上海卷满分作文)注意：并不是短语一定会比单词好，要根据具体情况，有时候贴切传神的单词要比短语更合适。例如：We
9、can look at this problem in many ways.We can view this problem in many ways.(view比look at更有内涵)很多考生作文裹足不前的一个重要原因是反复用初中学过的“第一反应词”，背了大量的靓词妙语而不用。建议大家在想到一个表达时，务必要想一想还有没有更好的表达方式，这就是我们 平 时 常 讲 的“头 脑 风 暴 法”，例 如：beautifulattractive/charming，difficulttough/challenging注意：高级词汇的使用一定要合理、得体，能够以完成表达任务为目的，简单地、不加分别地堆
10、砌所谓的高级词汇，不仅不能让你的作文增色添彩，而且还会令阅卷者心生厌恶。.用高级词汇替换加黑的低级词汇1He should have driven more slowly.He _ have driven more slowly.2Because of the good weather，our journey was comfortable._ the good weather，our journey was comfortable.is supposed toThanks to3Most of the students are shortsighted._ the students are
11、shortsighted.4The rain was heavy，and as a result the road was flooded.The rain was heavy，and _ the road was flooded.5Jack is very clever，who often thinks of new ideas.Jack is very clever，who often _ new ideas.The majority ofconsequentlycomes up with6After five hours nonstop work，we were all tired.Af
12、ter five hours nonstop work，we were all _7Some students think that they should save some of their pocket money for books.Some students think that they should _ some of their pocket money for books.worn outset aside8Im very glad to learn that you are coming in September.Im _ glad to learn that you ar
13、e coming in September.9Would you please help me to turn down the radio?Would you please _ to turn down the radio?more thando me a favor10During the mountainclimbing，please help each other and pay special attention to your safety._ the mountainclimbing，please help each other and pay special attention
14、 to your safety.In the course of.作文升级(2020山东滨州模拟)假定你是学校英语俱乐部主席李华，学校安排下周五下午举行隆重的毕业典礼。请你写一封邀请函，诚邀外教Nana出席并发表讲话。请根据下列内容完成写作任务：1活动的时间和地点；2活动的安排；3表示感谢。注意：1.词数80左右，开头及结尾已给出，不计入总词数；2可适当增加细节，以使行文连贯。Dear Nana，Im Li Hua，chairman of the English club._Yours sincerely，Li Hua【参考范文】Dear Nana，Im Li Hua，chairman of
15、the English club.Howarethingswith you lately？I want to invite you to attend our graduationceremony and give a speech at the conference.Were to hold the graduation ceremony from 1 to 3 pm.thisFridayontheplayground.First，wellholdtheflagraisingceremony，after which our principal will make a speech follo
16、wed byyours to encourage us to run after dreams.Furthermore，wonderfulperformancespreparedbyourselveswillbe on！Finally，amemorable photo of all the graduates together with all the staff will betaken.Please attend if youre free then.Thanks a lot!Yours sincerely，Li Hua【词汇升级】通过升级加黑词汇改写句子_ invite you to a
17、ttend our graduation ceremony and _ at the conference._，well hold the flagraising ceremony，after which our principal will make a speech followed by yours to _ Please _ if youre _ then.Id like todeliver a speechTo begin withinspire us to pursue dreamsmake itavailable二、学会写句简洁求异高级句式单一、缺乏生气的文章，哪怕无任何错误也不
18、可能得高分。考生在写作文时应多运用一些高级句式和复合句，并注意句式的灵活多变，让文章读起来抑扬顿挫，让深厚的语言功底得以体现，让写作拽起来！运用多样句式有以下几种方式。1无重复原则变异求新句式无重复是指在同一篇文章中，不要过多地使用同一种句式。例如，表达个人观点时，不要通篇都是“I think.”或“In myopinion.”；表达建议时，不要通篇都是“You should.”或者“Youd better.”。2长短句相间原则错落有致短句一般语气重，多在一个复杂的意思表达完成之后表示强调，富有力度；长句则适用于准确表达复杂的思想。运用长短句相间原则可以很好地发挥两种句子的优点。反之，如果只用
19、长句或短句，则会使行文显得过于单调。所以，在写作中应该是长句和短句交替使用。请看下面考生范文：Last Sunday morning I went to the park by bike.I was walking in the park when a couple stopped me and asked if I could help to take some photos of them.I offered my service willingly.With many thanks，they waved goodbye to me.However，a few minutes later，
20、I found they had dropped a black handbag on the bench where they had sat.Believing they must return to look for the handbag，I decided to wait for them，with the handbag in my hand.Soon，they hurried back and I returned the handbag to them.They thanked me again and again.What a great pleasure it was to
21、 help others out!文章长短句相间，本文用了三个长句，分别是when连接的并列句，其中含有一个if引导的宾语从句；where引导的定语从句；现在分词短语作状语。其余都是短句。文章张弛有度，错落有致。3高级句式原则在写作中，恰当地运用23个高级句式是获得高分的必备条件。下面为考生推荐几种能有效提升写作档次的王牌句式，供大家选择使用，希望大家能够对它们烂熟于心，在考场上能信手拈来。在考前备考过程中，要有意识地把背诵过的句式尝试运用到写作中去，碰到一个句子时，要想一想有没有更好的表达句式。如把两个简单句合为定语从句，把一般句变为强调句等，更要看一下能否套用学过的句型，如“not.unt
22、il.句型”“so.that.句型”等。学会用英语思维，养成用英语高级句式写作的习惯。(一)学会使用高级简单句1运用介词短语On arriving at the farm，we began with the area of fruit treesand then moved on to the vegetable field.(介词短语作状语)(2020高考全国卷满分作文)一到农场，我们就从果树区域开始采摘，然后转到菜地。2运用不定式短语I feel much honored to have the chance to make my voiceheard.(不定式短语作状语和定语)(2019
23、高考天津卷满分作文)我很荣幸有机会让大家倾听我的声音。3运用分词短语Using baskets and ladders，we first picked the ones that weremost beautiful in color，then those that were ripe and soft.(现在分词短语作状语)(2020高考全国卷满分作文)我们先用篮子和梯子挑选颜色最漂亮的，然后再挑选成熟柔软的。Compared with letters and public phones，mobile phones andthe Internet are faster and much mo
24、re convenient.(过去分词短语作状语)与信件和公用电话相比，手机和网络更快，也更方便。The Beijing Zoo，built in 1906，has a history of more than 100years.(过去分词短语作定语)北京动物园，建于1906年，有100多年的历史了。(二)学会使用高级复合句1as和which引导的非限制性定语从句定语从句有多种形式，引导词也有若干，但最容易掌握、最常运用的是as和which引导的非限制性定语从句。(1)表达“正如”这一含义时，我们常用as引导的非限制性定语从句，它常放在主句之前，有时也可放在主句之中或主句之后。常见的句式有：A
25、s we all know./As is known to all.众所周知As he pointed out.正如他所指出的那样As the famous saying goes.正如名言所说As we all know，our friends lend us a helping hand when we need help and they help us get through difficult situations.众所周知，当我们需要帮助时，我们的朋友会伸出援手，并且他们帮助我们度过困境。(2)which 引导的非限制性定语从句which 在引导非限制性定语从句时，可以指代某个单词
26、，也可以代指整个主句，在从句中可以作主语或宾语。Learning your keen interest in Chinese culture，I suggest you apply to Peking University，which is one of the best universities in China.(2018高考北京卷满分作文)得知你对中国文化有兴趣，我建议你申请北京大学，它是中国最好的大学之一。2what和that引导的名词性从句名词性从句包括主语从句、宾语从句、表语从句和同位语从句。其中what，that所引导的名词性从句是写作中常见的高级表达方式。what在名词性从句中
27、作主语、宾语、表语或定语，而that在从句中不作任何成分，只起连接作用。What you told me about your country broadened my horizons and aroused my interest in foreign culture.(主语从句)(2019高考浙江卷满分作文)你告诉我的关于你的国家的事情开阔了我的视野，激发了我对外国文化的兴趣。Through the activity,what I felt(主语从句)is that I am able toshoulder the responsibility and make us stronger
28、and moredetermined(表语从句)(2020高考天津卷满分作文)通过这次活动，我感觉到我能够承担起责任，使我们更加坚强和坚定。(三)学会使用特殊句式1强调句型强调句型的使用是为了突出强调句子的某一部分，它是一种比较容易掌握的高级表达方式。其构成：It is/was被强调部分that/who其他。Her friendliness and the sense of responsibility make me admire her.Its her friendliness and the sense of responsibility that makeme admire her.(
29、2020高考全国卷满分作文)2倒装句在写作中倒装句应用比较广泛，涉及的句型也比较多，包括部分倒装和全部倒装。常见的有：(1)“only状语”置于句首时，句子用部分倒装。People from all over the world can only in this way communicateeasily and effectively.Only in this way can people from all over the worldcommunicate easily and effectively.(2)none，neither，nor，not，never，hardly，little，
30、seldom等否定词，以及由no构成的否定短语，如at no time，by no means等置于句首时，句子用部分倒装。By the means of controlled release，I only need to deliver books to other participants.Books are not only shared but it can build up a bridge connecting readers from different parts of the world as well.By the means of controlled release，I
31、 only need to deliver books to other participants.Not only are books shared but it can build up a bridge connecting readers from different parts of the world as well.(3)在so/such.that.结构中，当so/such.位于句首时，其后的句子用部分倒装。I was so excited that I couldnt wait to try my hand at riding it.However，it was harder
32、than expected.So excited was I that I couldnt wait to try my hand at riding it.However，it was harder than expected.根据提示用高级句式升级下列句子1I realized the importance of English when I entered senior high school.(强调句)_2We can live a happy life only by this means.(倒装)_It was when I entered senior high school t
33、hat I realized the importance of English.Only by this means can we live a happy life.3He fell asleep.The lights were still on.(with复合结构)_4The environment will not improve until everybody takes care of it.(倒装)_He fell asleep with the lights still on.Not until everybody takes care of it will the envir
34、onment improve.5The girl is spoken highly of.Her composition was well written.(定语从句)_6After we had practiced playing basketball for almost two months，we strongly desired to be the winner.(分词短语作状语)_The girl whose composition was well written is spoken highly of.Having practiced playing basketball for
35、 almost two months，we strongly desired to be the winner.7Above all，we must take some measures to stop pollution.(被动语态)_8There are a lot of trees and flowers in our school and our school looks like a big garden.(with复合结构)_Above all，some measures must be taken to stop pollution.With a lot of trees and
36、 flowers in our school，our school looks like a big garden.按要求升级作文假定你是李华，你的朋友李芳向你询问你校新开设的iPad课程(iPad class)。请你给她写封回信，向她介绍iPad课程很受学生欢迎的原因，要点如下：1资源丰富；2促进交流；3利于环保。注意：1词数80左右；2可适当增加细节，以使行文连贯。【考生习作】Dear Li Fang，Im very glad to receive your last letter.In your letter youenquired about our newly opened iPad
37、 classes.The class is verypopular among the students，and the reasons are as follows.To begin with，everyone learns in a respective way.Students canrefer to their iPads for materials that suit their level and learning styleto meet their different needs.In addition，when they are connectedto the Interne
38、t，students can communicate with teachers and peersabout what they learn more conveniently，and it will contribute totheir progress.Lastly，we also consider that it is environmentallyfriendly to open iPad classes，for paper is no longer a necessity.Looking forward to your attending our iPad classes.Your
39、s sincerely，Li Hua【句式升级】1用非限制性定语从句升级句Im very glad to receive your last letter，_ 2用状语从句的省略和非限制性定语从句升级句In addition，_，students can communicate with teachers and peers about what they learn more conveniently，_in which you enquired about our newly opened iPad classeswhen connected to the Internetwhich wi
40、ll contribute to their progress3用it作形式宾语升级句Lastly，we also _，for paper is no longer a necessity.consider it environmentally friendly to open iPad classes三、学会谋篇赏心悦目高效近几年全国卷高考写作考查的基本上都是书信，一般为半开放提纲作文。在试题“注意”中有明确规定“可以适当增加细节，以使行文连贯”。对于这类作文，考生不能离开情景和要求自行立意、选材，随意发挥；但考生可以根据需要进行适当的发挥，因而有较大的灵活性。1最赏心悦目的布局3段结构高考
41、作文最好采用三段式，不仅在行文上符合总分总的逻辑结构，而且在视觉上更加美观，吸引阅卷老师的眼球。以2019年全国卷改编题为例：示例 假定你是李华，暑期在伦敦学习，得知当地美术馆要举办中国画展览。请写一封信申请做志愿者，内容包括：1写信目的；2.个人优势；3.能做的事情。注意：1.词数80左右；2可以适当增加细节，以使行文连贯；3结束语已为你写好。_Yours，Li Hua【考生佳作】Dear Sir/Madam，My name is Li Hua.Im a Chinese student who is taking asummer course in London now.Im glad to
42、 learn that your gallery willhold a Chinese painting exhibition.I would like to do some voluntarywork for the exhibition.So I am writing this letter asking to be avolunteer.I am good at English and familiar with Chinese paintings.I wouldlike to volunteer to help visitors，introduce Chinese paintings，
43、spreadChinese culture，and strengthen world cultural exchanges.My aim is tolet China go to the world and let the world understand China.I wouldappreciate it if you could agree to my request.Looking forward to your early reply.Yours，Li Hua2最有效的拓展成文法5大方法(1)列举具体的实例进行补充说明我要花一些时间和父母在一起。Ill spend some time
44、 staying with my parents.Ill spend some time staying with my parents，chatting withthem and doing some housework.我发现了一些不良行为。I found some bad behaviour.I found some bad behaviour.Some people scribbled on the wall；some played on the lawn and some threw rubbish everywhere.(2)增添相关信息的时间、地点等内容我要去购物。Im goin
45、g to do some shopping.Im going to do some shopping in the supermarket and wont be back until 5 oclock in the afternoon.(3)增添事件的原因、结果、条件、让步、手段、目的等内容我将参加一些社会活动。I will take part in some social activities.If possible，I will take part in some social activities so that I can know more about society.(条件，结果
46、)我需要好好休息，我要读点书。I need a good rest.Ill do some reading.I need a good rest because I do feel tired after the hard work of all these years.Ill do some reading for fun，as well as for knowledge.(原因，目的)(4)追加附加成分在要点基础上适当增加合乎逻辑的附加成分，如定语(从句)、状语(从句)、非谓语动词、独立主格结构等。不仅增加了词数，而且使表达更清晰、准确，主题更突出。我建议老师应该多选择英语电影。I sug
47、gest that the teacher should choose more English films.As a young student，I suggest that the teacher should choose more English films that appeal to us teenagers，thus making English learning more interesting.(5)结尾适当发挥，写出个人感受、评价、愿望、倡议等Although I was very tired this summer holiday，I felt very happy fo
48、r what I did.(个人感受)尽管这个暑假我很累，但是我为我做的感到高兴。I think such activities are necessary and meaningful.(评价)我认为这样的活动很有必要，也很有意义。I sincerely hope my advice can be helpful to you and that you can enjoy your new school life.(愿望)我衷心希望我的建议能够对你有所帮助，你能够享受你在新学校的生活。It is a duty for us students to protect our school env
49、ironment and make it clean.(倡议)作为学生，保护我们校园的环境并使之干净是我们的职责。3最有用的语篇黏合剂4类衔接过渡根据行文或段落需要，在句与句或段与段之间适当增加过渡词语，甚至过渡句，可以使文章浑然一体，同时还能充实文章。考生应掌握的连接性词语如下：(1)表示“首先”的词汇表示“首先”的词汇常用在主题段落的开头，用于开篇引出扩展句。常见的词汇有：first，firstly，first of all，to begin/startwith等。First of all，we must make full use of every 45minute lesson.To
50、begin with，smoking should be banned in public areas.(2)表示“其次”的词汇表示“其次”的词汇常用于承接主题句或第一个扩展句。常见的词汇有：second/secondly，besides，in addition，whats more，furthermore，moreover等。Secondly，we should get up early to memorize idioms and useful expressions.Whats more，good books can help us to develop good characters.
51、(3)表示“最后”的词汇表示“最后”的词汇常用于承接最后一个扩展句。常见的词汇有：last/lastly，last but not least，most importantly等。Last but not least，health is also very significant for us students.(4)表示“总之”的词汇表示“总之”的词汇常用于小结段落中上文的内容，引导最后一个扩展句或引导结尾句表示段落的结束。常见的词汇有：in short，in brief，in conclusion，in a/one word，to sum up，all in all，on the whol
52、e，in general等。In a word，success is important，and so is failure，because its the mother of success.(2020高考浙江卷应用文写作)假定你是李华，你校来自爱尔兰的外教Peter因病回国休假。请给他写一封电子邮件，内容包括：1询问近况；2分享班级最新消息；3表达祝愿。注意：1.词数80左右；2可适当增加细节，以使行文连贯。写作步骤第一步：细审题，列提纲文章结构要点首段：_；中段：_；尾段：_。询问Peter的近况告诉他班级发生的最新事情祝愿他健康，早日康复第二步：据提纲，扩句子要点一：询问近况We ha
53、ve been concerned about you.We have been concerned about you _(自从你请病假回国后)since you returned to your country for a sick leave要点二：班级最新消息During your absence，our class participated in an English oral competition.During your absence，our class participated in an English oral competition，_(在比赛中我们获得了第一名)in
54、which we came first要点三：表达祝愿We sincerely wish you a quick recovery.We sincerely wish you a quick recovery _(早点回到中国)and an early return to China第三步：巧衔接，终成篇Dear Peter，We have been concerned about you since you returned to yourcountry for a sick leave.Are you getting much better now?There is no need for
55、 you to worry about us.What you have todo is have a good rest and follow the doctors advice.During yourabsence，our class participated in an English oral competition，inwhich we came first.We all think its you that we should owe oursuccess to.We sincerely wish you a quick recovery and an early return toChina.Best wishes for you!Yours，Li Hua
