1、专题一 阅读理解 第七讲 阅读素养必备/明段落的展开，理句间关系 在段落中，一般会有两个甚至多个扩展句对中心思想进行论证、解释，这也就是段落的展开。段落的展开模式多种多样。这里我们着重介绍常见的5种段落展开模式。(一)列举型列举法是比较常见的段落展开法。按此类方法展开的段落中，作者会先点明主题，提出论点，然后列举一系列的论据进行陈述或解释。列举的内容可以是一系列的事物、事件、理由或者一个问题的不同方面。列举的顺序可以是时间的先后、地理位置的远近或者内容的相对重要性等。The sentences in most wellwritten paragraphs may be analyzed int
2、o three general functions.First,there are paragraph introducers,which are sentences that establish the topic focus of the paragraph as a whole.(列举1)Second,there are paragraph developers,which present examples or details of various kinds that support the ideas set forth by the paragraph introducers.(
3、列举2)Third,there are paragraph terminators,which logically conclude the ideas discussed in the paragraph in a psychologically satisfying manner.(列举3)Not all pieces of writing will conform to this analysis;however,most successful paragraphs usually contain the same combination of these three sentence
4、types.(二)描述型段落也可以用描述的方法来展开。常见的描述法有三种：时间顺序、空间顺序和过程顺序。这三种模式使段落的层次体现了一定的次序关系。用这种模式展开段落，作者能够清楚连贯地交代事物的本末，读者可以容易地理解段落的主旨。1时间顺序这种方法主要是以事情发生的时间顺序或先后次序来展开段落，常出现在描述历史、时事、人物或事件的发展过程的文章中。描述顺序有“顺序”“倒序”和“插序”。Bill Gates stepped down as chief executive officer of Microsoft in January,2000.He remained as chairman a
5、nd created the position of chief software architect.In June,2006,Gates announced that he would be transitioning from fulltime work at Microsoft to parttime work,and fulltime work at the Bill&Melinda Gates Foundation.He gradually transferred his duties to Ray Ozzie,chief software architect,and Craig
6、Mundie,chief research and strategy officer.Gates last fulltime day at Microsoft was June 27,2008.He remains at Microsoft as nonexecutive chairman.(顺序)2空间顺序按照空间顺序展开的段落主要见于描述场所或空间、人或物的空间位置及其相互关系的文章中。It is a beautiful and quiet night.The moon is like a disc hanging in the dark sky,which casts its light
7、 on everything.Around the lake are some trees,their slender leaves blowing in the gentle wind.There must be some frogs in the middle of the lake,whose endless singing can be heard clearly.What an attractive night！(由上及下，从远到近)3过程顺序过程顺序法主要是描述做一件事情应该遵循的程序或步骤。这种段落展开的方法多见于培训手册、科技文章和操作说明书中。The ancient pyra
8、mids of Egypt continue to fascinate and amaze people nearly five thousand years after the Egyptians built them.Constructing each massive(巨大的)pyramid was difficult and dangerous labor,requiring thousands of workers and years of toil.First,heavy limestone(石灰岩)blocks were taken from quarries(采石场)locate
9、d near the Nile River.(步骤1)Then the blocks were transported by wooden boats to a point as close as possible to the intended building site of the pyramid.(步骤2)Next,the blocks were unloaded and slowly hauled to the actual site by means of sledges(重型运输雪橇)positioned atop wooded rollers(滚筒)(步骤3)As constr
10、uction proceeded,the Egyptians moved each successive(依次的)block into position using ramps(滑轨，斜坡)made of bricks of dried mud.(步骤4)Incredibly,the huge pyramids were completed without the aid of bulldozers(推土机),cranes(起重机),trucks,or other modernday construction equipment.Even so,the tallest pyramid rose
11、 higher than a fortystorey building!Equally remarkable,numerous pyramids still stand today,almost fifty centuries since their construction.(三)比较对比型比较对比法是将两个可比的项目进行比较以找出其相同点或进行对比以找出其不同点。比较或对比的方法有两种：一种方法叫整体法，即先讨论A的特点，再讨论B的特点，即A1，A2，A3；B1，B2，B3。另一种方法叫逐项法，即将A的特征与B的特征交替比较或对比，即A1，B1；A2，B2；A3，B3。1整体法 Laws
12、and ethics(伦理)are not quite the same.In general,laws are societys attempt to formalizereduce to written rulesthe general publics ideas about what is considered right and wrong conduct in various spheres of life.However,it is rarely possible for written laws to capture all of the subtle shadings that
13、 people include in the codes of ethics they use to govern their lives.Ethical concepts(伦理观),or moral principles(道德准则)like the people who believe in themare more complex than written rules of law.Ethical concepts are ideas about right or moral conduct,and they cannot always be expressed in the formal
14、 language of law or in rules.(A1，A2；B1，B2)2逐项法 To begin with，the amazing and breathtaking landscape and natural scenery only owned by the countryside may be the vital and decisive factor to keep the majority of rural people continuing living in the countryside without migrating to cities.As we all k
15、now，the modernization brings not only the civilization progress to us but also the unavoidable damage to the natural environment for human activities，which is especially active in the cities.Besides，in the countryside，people can also enjoy the deep human touch by chatting，by visiting each other now
16、and then，and by working out group by group，while the people in cities have no choice but to be a lonely commuter day after day，thus also making the relationship between them more and more estranged.In addition，people in the countryside may hardly go to the supermarket but their daily diet is relativ
17、ely healthy and secure for their food is green and their water is derived from the ground.In the meantime，the sudden outbreak of transmitted disease can sweep down the city easily but the countryside otherwise，for its relatively remote location and the infrequent exchange with the outside.(A1，B1；A2，
18、B2；A3，B3)(四)因果分析型因果分析法是通过分析事物发展的原因及其结果来说明段落的主题。无论是说明原因还是阐释结果，都有行文逻辑可寻。此种方法通常有两种模式：原因在前，结果在后；结果在前，原因在后。1原因在前，结果在后 According to statistics,China has one of the highesttraffic fatalities in the world,and alcoholrelated traffic fatalities hadbeen increasing and had very bad influence on the society.(原因)
19、Because of this,stricter punishment had been imposed on drunkdrivers,and stricter laws had been passed on drunk driving.(结果1)As a result of this,drunk driving and alcoholrelated traffic fatalitieshave been on the decline.(结果2)2结果在前，原因在后 During the past five years,the number of Americans killed annua
20、lly in car accidents has climbed to more than 55,000.(结果)This needless slaughter(屠杀)on streets and highways can be attributed to(归因于)three general causes.Mechanical failures,especially those related to faulty brakes and bald tires,account for a significant number of fatal(致命的)accidents.(原因1)Environm
21、ental conditions such as blind corners,narrow streets,heavy fog,intermittent(间歇的)rain or snow resulting in slippery roads also contribute to the accident statistics.(原因2)But without doubt the most frequently reported factors in car accidents are errors of human judgmentsall the way from such follies
22、 as excessive speed and drunk driving to such momentary lapses(失误)as failure to signal a turn or a change from one lane to another.(原因3)The man behind the wheel is often his own worst enemy.(五)综合型前面我们介绍了8种段落展开模式。然而在多数情况下，段落的展开方式多样而富于变化，常常是几种模式互相结合，互为补充，这种段落展开方式我们称之为“综合型”。Increasing your vocabulary c
23、an help you in a number of ways.(分门别类法)You discover that knowing synonyms,for example,will decrease the amount of repetition in your compositions and make them more enjoyable to read.(举例法)And if a teacher enjoys reading your paper,he may give you a better grade.Also,an increasing vocabulary will mak
24、e your own reading more enjoyable.You will find it much easier to follow the ideas in your history textbook and the newspaper when you do not have to continually run to the dictionary to look up an unknown word.You will become more eager to read and not as discouraged when you do come across an unkn
25、own word.As a result,you will read faster and more intelligently,become more knowledgeable,and hence better informed about the world around you.(因果分析法)My album collection reached the 300 mark,so no matter what mood I am in,I have a variety of pieces to choose from.In recent years I have found myself
26、 buying more and more blues albums.I dont know why,but I have simply been enjoying them.I can listen to the blues in the morning when my head is still a little foggy,and the voices come through like lighthouses leading the way.Or I can listen to them after a long day and let that simple rhythm put m
27、e to sleep.When Im feeling bad,I put one of these albums on and sponge up all the raw emotion expressed on it.(分门别类法)From there I can progress in energy levels,from slow blues(Robert Johnson)to inspired blues(Ray Charles)to faster and upbeat(乐观的)blues(Taj Mahal)(举例法)In this way the blues actually inspires me;it is like a catharsis of emotion(情感净化)(因果分析法)
