1、Section Learning About Language（直接引语和间接引语）情境创设语法精讲教材链接（1）（教材P29） The expert said, “From the position of its dead body, the bear appeared to have starved and died.”The expert said that from the position of its dead body, the bear appeared to have starved and died.（2）（教材P29） The reporter asked, “Will
2、polar bears die out because of climate change?”The reporter asked whether polar bears would die out because of climate change.（3）（教材P29） The reporter asked, “How can we save polar bears from extinction?”The reporter asked how we could save polar bears from extinction.（4）（教材P29） “Lets work together t
3、o stop climate change,” the expert said.The expert advised us to work together to stop climate change.观察上面句子，每小题中的两个句子中，第一句是直接引语；第二句是间接引语。要点精析. 基本概念直接引用别人的原话，并把它放在引号内, 这叫直接引语；用自己的话来转述别人说的话，并且不能用引号，这叫间接引语。直接引语和间接引语之间可以相互转换。. 直接引语转换成间接引语时，需要注意以下变化。1.句子结构的变化（1）直接引语是陈述句，变为间接引语时由that引导宾语从句，that也可以省略。He s
4、aid, “My father never talks much about the war.”He said that his father never talked much about the war.She said, “Our bus will arrive in five minutes.”She said that their bus would arrive in five minutes.（2）直接引语是一般疑问句、选择疑问句或反意疑问句，变为间接引语时由if或whether引导宾语从句。大多数情况下if和whether可以互换，但后面有or （not）时，一般只用wheth
5、er。He asked me, “Do you like playing football?”He asked me if/whether I liked playing football.He asked, “Do you speak English or French？”He asked me whether I spoke English or French.“You have finished the homework, havent you?” my mother asked.My mother asked me whether I had finished the homework
6、 （or not）.（3）直接引语是特殊疑问句，变为间接引语时由相应的特殊疑问词引导宾语从句，从句用陈述句语序。He asked me, “What do you want to eat tonight?”He asked me what I wanted to eat that night.（4）直接引语是祈使句, 变为间接引语时用ask/tell/order sb. （not） to do sth. 句式。“Dont make any noise,” she said to the children.She told/ordered the children not to make any
7、 noise.“Make good use of your time,” he said.He told me to make good use of my time.2. 人称的变化直接引语变为间接引语时，人称的变化遵循以下原则。（1）一随主：直接引语的主语是第一人称，变为间接引语时要和主句的主语人称保持一致。She said, “I wont be frustrated.”She said that she wouldnt be frustrated.They said, “Well go there by bus.”They said they would go there by bus
8、.（2）二随宾：直接引语的主语是第二人称，变为间接引语时要与主句的宾语人称保持一致。如果主句没有宾语，也可用第一人称。He said to Lily, “You must make good use of the chance.”He told Lily that she must make good use of the chance.He said, “You must be careful when you cross the road.”He said that I must be careful when I crossed the road.（3）第三人称不更新：如果直接引语的主语
9、是第三人称，人称不变。The boss said, “Tom should attend the meeting.”The boss said that Tom should attend the meeting.His mother said to me, “He cant go to school.”His mother said to me that he couldnt go to school.3. 时态的变化（1）直接引语变间接引语时, 如果主句是过去的某种时态, 间接引语在时态方面要作相应的变动, 具体如下表：直接引语间接引语一般现在时一般过去时一般过去时过去完成时一般将来时过去
10、将来时现在进行时过去进行时现在完成时过去完成时过去进行时过去进行时（不变）过去完成时过去完成时（不变） The girl said, “Im sorry for being late for class.”The girl said that she was sorry for being late for class.He said, “Im writing a letter to send my greetings to Uncle John.”He said that he was writing a letter to send his greetings to Uncle John.
11、She said, “I have lost the pen my father bought.”She said that she had lost the pen her father bought.He said, “I had finished my homework before supper.”He said that he had finished his homework before supper.（2）直接引语是客观事实或真理，变成间接引语时，从句时态不变。The teacher said, “Light travels faster than sound.”The tea
12、cher said that light travels faster than sound.（3）直接引语变为间接引语时，如果主句是一般现在时或一般将来时，则从句的时态不变。He says, “I am not good at English.”He says that he is not good at English.She will say, “I will do it tomorrow.”She will say that she will do it the next day.（4）直接引语是一般过去时，且有明确的表示过去的时间状语，变为间接引语时，时态不变。My father s
13、aid to me, “The house was completely transformed in 2017.”My father told me that the house was completely transformed in 2017.4. 指示代词、时间状语、地点状语和动词的变化直接引语间接引语指示代词thisthat时间状语thesethosenowthentodaythat daytoninghtthat nightthis week/morningthat week/morningyesterdaythe day beforelast weekthe week befo
14、renext weekthe nesxt/following weektomorrowthe next day/the following dayagobefore地点状语herethere动词comegobringtake She said, “Ill come this evening.”She said that she would go that evening. He said, “Its ten oclock now.”He said that it was ten oclock then.He said, “It happened yesterday.”He said that
15、it happened the day before.He asked me, “Will you come to visit me?”He asked me whether I would go to visit him.实战演练. 将下列直接引语变为间接引语1.“I am having breakfast,” he said. He said that he was having breakfast. 2.Jenny said, “I have finished my homework.” J enny said that she had finished her homework. 3.
16、“You can come here before eight,” he said. He said that I could go there before eight. 4.“Did you read the book last week?” he said. He asked if/whether I had read the book the week before. 5.He asked me, “How will you get to the party?” He asked me how I would get to the party. 6.“Please open the w
17、indow,” the teacher said to Li Ming. The teacher asked Li Ming to open the window. 7.Sophie said, “Facts speak louder than words.” Sophie said that facts speak louder than words. 8.She said to me, “They want to decrease the amount of fat they eat.” She told me that they wanted to decrease the amount
18、 of fat they ate. 9.“You are a doctor, arent you?” he said. He asked (me) whether I was a doctor (or not). 10.He said, “Dont make so much noise, boys.” He told the boys not to make that much noise. . 完成句子1.“I havent seen my English teacher these days,” said Mary.Mary said that she hadnt seen her Eng
19、lish teacher those days.2.“How much have we spent on education this year?” she asked her husband.She asked her husband how much they had spent on education that year.3.“Do you know where she lives?” he asked.He asked whether/if I knew where she lived .4.“Dont forget to turn off the light,” said our
20、monitor.Our monitor told me not to forget to turn off the light.5.“Ill come and see you again this evening, Tom,” he said.He told Tom that he would go and see him again that evening.6.The teacher said, “Where there is a will, there is a way.”The teacher said that where there is a will, there is a wa
21、y.7.Mary said, “I came to this place again in 2000.”Mary said that she went to that place again in 2000.8.He said, “My washing machine is being repaired this week, so I have to wash my clothes by hand.”He said that his washing machine was being repaired that week, so he had to wash his clothes by ha
22、nd.9.Kurt asked, “John, what is your plan for personal growth?”Kurt asked John what his plan for personal growth was .10.“A parents meeting will be held in our class next week,” Li Hua said to his parents.Li Hua told his parents that a parents meeting would be held in their class the following/next
23、week. 语法填空1.Polar bears are undergoing hunger in a world 1. warmer (warm) than ever before.Polar bears live in the environment too cold for most animals. For most of the year, they live and hunt on Arctic sea ice. Nature has prepared 2. them (they) for the cold conditions. But nothing has prepared t
24、he bears for the danger 3. that/which threatens their only home.Polar bears world is melting. Studies show that polar ice 4. has been reduced (reduce) by 9.8% every 10 years since 1978. Now about 20,000 to 25,000 polar bears live in the Arctic. Polar bears depend 5. on/upon sea ice for their 6. surv
25、ival (survive). “Sea ice is more than just the platform that the bears walk over,” says Andrew Derocher, 7. a scientist who studies North American polar bear populations. “Without it, they cant exist.”8. Melting (melt) and refreezing of polar ice is natural. But in a warmer world, the cycle speeds up, and polar bears have less time 9. to hunt (hunt). Normally, they have three months in the spring when they gain more weight. The extra fat will be used when the bears are not 10. actively (active) hunting.
