1、地球与宇宙奥秘探索.阅读理解AVenice is built on 118 small islands in the middle of the Venetian Lagoon of the Adriatic Sea in Northern Italy. The beautiful city experiences water surges (汹涌) from the rising tides at least four times a year, usually during winter.However, the 1.87meter tide that swept through the
2、city on November 12,2019, was one of the highest ever experienced, second only to the 1.94meter wave that flooded Venice in 1966. To make matters worse, it was followed by two water surges, both topping 1.5 meters on November 15 and 17. The rapid series of high tides covered over 80 percent of the c
3、ity of canals, causing widespread destruction to museums, homes and businesses.Though difficult, it is always important to find a hope in such events. In Venice, it has come in the form of the “Angels of the Salt” hundreds of young volunteers who came to the city. The young people from all over Ital
4、y were alerted (提醒注意) to the situation by Venice Calls, an organization consisting of 35 young students. Its spokesperson, Piero Risica, told CNN, “When we saw the historic flooding on Tuesday night, November 12, we immediately started to gather volunteers to help the city. The first day we were 200
5、, yesterday 550, and today more than 1,700.”Besides helping remove the flood waters from neighbourhoods, the volunteers were also removing the garbage on the street. Some volunteers came to Venices Music Conservatory, which suffered water damage. Because of the work of volunteers like Maria, who had
6、 been carefully using paper towel (纸巾) to absorb water from historic manuscripts (手稿) that were wet with salt water, many historic manuscripts in the Music Conservatory were rescued.Whats upsetting Venetians is that the disaster could have been avoided if the Moveable Barrier System had been in plac
7、e. This project to place moveable floodgates that would prevent the high tides has been under construction since 2003, and has already cost D|S5 billion. However, due to the cost overruns, and opposition from some people concerned about the projects impact on the weak canal ecosystem, it is nowhere
8、close to completion.语篇解读：本文是一篇记叙文。威尼斯遭遇了潮水入侵，对该城市造成了很大破坏。1What makes Venice struggle according to the text?AThe location of the city.BThe lack of enough city canals.CThe unpredictable weather in winter.DThe destruction of seasonal water surges.解析：选D细节理解题。根据第一段中的“The beautiful city .during winter.”和第
9、二段中的“causing widespread destruction to museums, homes and businesses”可知答案。2What can be inferred from Piero Risicas words?AVenice Calls can predict the flooding.BVenice Calls is active in fighting disasters.CVolunteers in Venice are brave and respectful.DVolunteers in Venice are shocked by the disast
10、er.解析：选B推理判断题。根据第三段中的“Venice Calls . we immediately started to gather volunteers to help the city”可知，在应对灾难面前，Venice Calls工作很积极。3What does the author mainly talk about in Paragraph 4?AWhat volunteers did to help the city.BHow volunteers saved the historic manuscripts.CWhy water surges were highly des
11、tructive in Venice.DWhat damage water surges caused to Venices Music Conservatory.解析：选A段落大意题。第四段主要讲述了水灾发生后志愿者所做的工作。4What is the authors attitude towards the Moveable Barrier System?ACritical.BRegretful.CConfused. DDoubtful.解析：选B观点态度题。根据最后一段中的“the disaster could have been avoided if the Moveable Barr
12、ier System had been in place”可知，作者对Moveable Barrier System没有投入使用感到惋惜。BWith outbreaks of infectious (感染性的) diseases making headlines around the world, scientists are under pressure to understand the drivers that influence the transmission of pathogens (病菌的传播) in order to better predict and control di
13、sease outbreaks.In the wilds of Botswana, a pathogen called M. mungi has a different way of infecting the banded mongoose (a small furry animal that kills snakes and rats). The pathogen spreads from animal to animal through scent (气味) marks. “Scent marks are deposited into the environment and contai
14、n smell signals that convey information from one mongoose to another，” explained Kathleen Alexander, a wildlife biologist, who led the new study.To conduct their experiment, Alexander and Carole Anne Nichols monitored the movements and communication of about 500 banded mongooses in protected park la
15、ndscapes, urban environments, and other places with varying characteristics in Botswana. In this way, researchers were able to gain insight into the manner in which land type and animal behavior interact to influence the spread of the pathogen. The result was a comprehensive data set of mongoose beh
16、avioral interactions across a range of landscape types.In hightraffic, predatorrich (食肉动物多的) environments, such as urban centers or national parks, the mongooses stayed constantly alerted (警觉的), devoting their energy to scanning the surrounding environment and preparing themselves for escaping. This
17、 super awareness likely kept them safe from danger, but it also greatly curtailed their contact with others, reducing the possibility that M. mungi would spread. “If youre running from a predator, youre not stopping to leave a message for other animals，” Nichols says. “Youre running for your life.”B
18、ut the opposite was true at tourism cabins, where predators are scarce and food, which is often left by human hands, is easy to find. Here, the mongooses spent a good amount of time marking scent, creating a lot of opportunities for the pathogen to spread.Previous studies by Alexander have pulled ba
19、ck the mask on how animal behavior shapes the spread of disease. These new findings, however, add another layer of difference to the spread of disease, stressing the role of environments.语篇解读：本文是一篇说明文。文章介绍了一项关于缟獴(banded mongoose)的研究揭示了环境会影响传染病的传播。5Whats the purpose of marking scent by banded mongoos
20、es?ATo track down snakes and rats.BTo better adapt to the environment.CTo share information with each other.DTo protect themselves from pathogens.解析：选C细节理解题。根据第二段中的“Scent marks .convey information from one mongoose to another.”可知，缟獴之间利用气味相互交流。6What did Alexander and Nichols do during the experiment?
21、AAnalyzed the spreading way of the pathogen.BMarked the characteristics of different land types.CCollected previous data about banded mongooses behavior.DObserved banded mongoose across a range of environments.解析：选D细节理解题。根据第三段第一句中的“. monitored the movements .and other places with varying characteris
22、tics in Botswana.”可知，Alexander和Nichols在不同环境下观察缟獴的行为。7What does the underlined word “curtailed” in Paragraph 4 mean?ADecreased. BExplained.CReplaced. DRepeated.解析：选A词义猜测题。根据第四段画线单词后的“. youre not stopping to leave a message for other animals”可知，这种状况会“减少”缟獴之间的接触。8Whats the finding of Alexander and Nich
23、olss new research?APredators can speed up the spread of diseases.BEnvironments can influence the spread of diseases.CAnimals can sense potential danger around them.DThe spread of diseases can shape animals behavior.解析：选B推理判断题。根据文章内容及最后一段的内容可知，缟獴在捕食者少的地方感染病菌的概率会大很多，因此，Alexander和Nichols新的研究表明生存环境会影响疾病
24、的传播。.阅读七选五Most of the earths freshwater sits underground. Tapping the groundwater has enabled farming in drier places. One example is the California Central Valley. _1_ Groundwater is what made this regions crop production so bountiful._2_ Natural waterways will begin to empty, which can hurt freshw
25、ater ecosystems, including surface water rivers and streams, which will begin to flow into the groundwater aquifer (含水层). It will harm what is living in rivers and streams. Scientists consider this a tipping point. Thats when small actions can begin having an unusually big impact.A new study has fou
26、nd that 15 to 21 percent of tapped watersheds have reached the tipping point. _3_ Farmers in these areas mainly use groundwater to water their crops. At current pumping rates, it is predicted that 42 to 79 percent of watersheds will reach tipping points by 2050. “Its really quite alarming，” says Ing
27、e de Graaf, a hydrologist (水文学者) who studies the distribution and circulation of the earths water. “Groundwater and surface water are closely linked. _4_”A healthy groundwater aquifer protects ecosystems against seasonal ups and downs in the availability of water. _5_ Moreover, it will maintain the
28、biodiversity in the area. In the long term, it will benefit the human beings.APumping much groundwater can be harmful.BThat provides stability for area plants and animals.CThe earths water is all connected to one big circle.DThats where about onefourth of the US food comes.EMost of those tapped rive
29、rs and streams are in dry regions.FHowever, much pumping at this rate creates a ticking time bomb.GIt means there will be a shortage of freshwater for human beings.语篇解读：本文是一篇说明文。主要介绍了过度使用地下水的危害。1选D设空位于段中，与上文存在指代关系。D选项中的That指代上文中的the California Central Valley。2选A设空位于段首，是本段主题句。下文围绕主题句展开叙述的。3选E设空位于段中，对
30、上文做进一步的解释说明。4选F设空位于段尾，与上文存在转折关系，强调过度使用地下水造成的隐患。5选B设空位于段中，与上文存在因果关系。良好的地下水含水层对地区动植物的稳定提供了保障。.短文改错Dear Sir，I am a student from the near school. Here I want to report the environmental situation for you. There used to many green trees and all kind of flowers in our school all the year round. The school
31、 looks like a beautiful garden and we had a clean studying environment. And everything has changed since your chemical factory was built a year before. Every day it produces lots of waste water and harm gases. The terrible pollution has been done great harm to our health. We all expect you factory can take measures to stop the pollution soon. Yours，Li Hua答案：第一句：nearnearby第二句：forto第三句：used to后加be; kindkinds第四句：lookslooked第五句：AndBut; beforeago第六句：harmharmful第七句：去掉been第八句：youyour
