1、专题限时集训(七)推理判断之文章出处、读者对象AAbout 1.5 billion people speak English around the world.But for more than 1.1 billion of them，English is their second languageoften with a noticeable accent.“Someones accent really reveals a lot about who they are and their identity.It will tell people what their native langu
2、age is and probably where they come from，” says Marc Pell，a communications professor at McGill University in Montreal.And according to Pell，one reaction to it can be a bias(偏见) against that person.Previous research that has been done elsewhere showed that people who have an accent tend to be trusted
3、 less，simply because they have an accent.But accents arent the only thing we listen for when we have to decide if we trust another person. Tone of voice also plays a role. Pell and his team wanted to know if people would trust a confident tone，even if it came from someone with an accent.The research
4、ers had Canadian English speakers listen to different versions of people saying neutral(无明显特性的) statements like “she has access to the building” while they were getting a brain scan in an MRI(磁共振成像) machine.Subjects heard someone say it with a confident tone with a Canadian English accent, an Austra
5、lian accent or a French accent.Participants also heard the sentence with the three accents spoken in a doubtful or neutral tone.The MRI scans showed that the participants had to use more brain power to decide if they could trust the statements said with the nonnative accents.When the study participa
6、nts heard the Australian or French accents，blood flow increased to the part of the brain that we use to process sound.They seemed to have to analyze that perhaps more carefully，or for a longer period of time to make this decision about whether they truly believed the speaker，especially when the spea
7、ker sounded doubtful.When asked，the participants reported not trusting either Australian or French accentsexcept when the statements were said confidently. It seems that confidence speaks for itself.【语篇解读】本文是一篇说明文。虽然人们会因一个人的口音而对他产生一定的偏见，但是只要他说话时很自信，也同样会赢得人们的信任。1What does the underlined word“it”in Pa
8、ragraph 2 refer to?AA persons accent. BA persons identity.CA persons hometown.DA persons native language.A考查代词指代。根据第二段内容可知，Marc Pell认为，人的口音能透露出一个人的身份和母语，还有可能揭示他来自哪里，人们可能会因一个人的口音而对他产生一定的偏见。由此可推知，it指的是“一个人的口音”。故正确答案为A。2What did Pells team want to know?AWhy some people trust others less.BWhich parts of
9、 the brain deal with sound.CWhat can cause a bias against nonnatives.DWhether a nonnatives confident tone can gain trust.D考查细节理解。根据第三段最后一句“Pell and his team wanted to know if people would trust a confident tone，even if it came from someone with an accent.”可知，Pell的团队想知道人们是否会信任带有口音的自信语调。故正确答案为D。3For t
10、he study participants，which of the following might demand the most brain power?AA Canadian speaking English in a friendly way.BA French person speaking English neutrally.CAn American speaking English confidently.DAn Australian speaking English doubtfully.D考查推理判断。根据第五段第一至三句“The MRI scans showed that
11、the participants had to use more brain power to decide if they could trust the statements said with the nonnative accents.They seemed to have to analyze that perhaps more carefully，or for a longer period of time to make this decision about whether they truly believed the speaker，especially when the
12、speaker sounded doubtful.”可知，当面临用迟疑的语气说出带口音的话语时，参与者需要耗费更多的脑力去判断其是否可信。由此可推知，在面对一位用迟疑的语气说英语的澳大利亚人时，人们需要耗费更多的脑力去判断其是否可信。故正确答案为D。4Where does this text most probably come from?AA research plan. BA health magazine.CAn academic journal.DA languagelearning guide.C考查文章出处。通读全文可知，本文主要介绍了一项研究成果，即虽然人们会因一个人的口音而对他
13、产生一定的偏见，但是只要他说话时很自信，也同样会赢得人们的信任。由此可推知，本文最有可能摘自一本学术杂志。故正确答案为C。BYoung trees dont just grow；they develop a personality and learn more about their environment and how they should best behave in it.They also help each other out whenever theres trouble.Personality，just as among people，varies among trees.S
14、ome are anxious，some bold.On the authors land，there are three oak trees growing close together.One of the oak trees always starts to shed its leaves two weeks earlier than the others.Since they all experience the same temperature，the same soil and the same length of day，such variables cant be the ex
15、planation.So whats happening？Well，this tree is simply more careful than the others.Whoever holds on to their leaves longer can do more photosynthesis(光合作用) and store more nutrients.However，the longer a tree keeps its leaves，the higher the risk of injury.Not only do trees make their own decisions，the
16、y also learn from their mistakes.A tree，for example，keeping its leaves too long during one year will never make this mistake again.This leads to several other conclusions：trees must notice the temperature and the length of the day and be able to save their experiences somewhere.Obviously，trees dont
17、have brains，but it is thought that in the sensitive tips of their roots they keep track of information and experiences.But trees arent only clever when it comes to caring for themselves.They also support each other whenever theres trouble by giving warnings and even taking care of sick and weak cons
18、pecifics with nutrients.For example，one time the author found a very old tree stump.Its insides had rotted a long time ago to topsoil.But the wood on the outside of the stump was still living.How was this possible？Well，the stump was nourished by its neighbors with nutrients from the root system，and
19、had been for at least 400 years!Why do trees do such a thing？Its simple：its better together.Trees need the forest；it protects them from storms，provides the right microclimate and warns them of attacks.【语篇解读】本文是一篇说明文。主要介绍了树的智慧。5Why does the author mention the three oak trees?ATo illustrate trees can
20、learn from experiences.BTo show trees can make independent decisions.CTo explain trees are quite supportive to each other.DTo prove trees have the same personalities as humans.B考查推理判断。根据第二段第四句可知，三棵橡树中，有一棵总比其他两棵先落叶；结合第三段第一句可知，树木能自己做决定；据此可推知，作者提及三棵橡树旨在说明树木可以自己做决定，故B项正确。6According to the text，which of
21、the following best describes general features of trees?AAnxious and bold.BSmart and adventurous.CHelpful and wellbehaved.DAdaptable and supportive.D考查推理判断。根据第三段第一句，并结合第三段内容可知，树木不仅能自己做决定，还能从自己的错误中吸取教训；据此可推知，树木适应能力强；根据第四段第一、二句可知，树木不仅善于照顾自己，当遇到困难时，它们会发出警告，相互支持，甚至照顾生病、虚弱的同类；据此可推知，树木之间互帮互助，故D项正确。7What do
22、es the underlined phrase“do such a thing” mean?AGive warnings.BOffer assistance.CDepend on others.DProvide nutrients.B考查词义猜测。根据第四段尾句可知，树桩是由它的邻居从根处给予营养来滋养的；结合第五段第一句“Why do trees do such a thing？”和第五段的内容可知，该处表示“为什么树木要互相帮助？”，故画线短语是指提供帮助，故B项正确。8Where does this text most probably come from?AA public lect
23、ure.BA science book.CAn experiment report.DA travel journal.B考查文章出处。通读全文可知，本文是一篇说明文，主要介绍了树的智慧：每棵树都有它不同的个性，遇到困难时它们也会互相帮助；研究发现，树不但能自己做决定，还能从自己的错误中吸取教训；据此可推知，本文最可能选自科学书籍，故B项正确。CWhore happier，men or women？Research shows its a complex question and that asking whether males or females are happier isnt rea
24、lly that helpful，because basically，happiness is different for women and men.Womens happiness has been declining for the past 30 years，according to recent statistics.And research shows that women are twice as likely to experience depression compared with men.Gender(性别) differences in depression are w
25、ell confirmed and studies have found that biological，psychological and social factors contribute to the difference.Early studies on gender and happiness found men and women were socialized to express different feelings.Women are more likely to express happiness，warmth and fear，which help with social
26、 bonding and appear more consistent with the traditional role as a primary caregiver，while men display more anger，pride and disrespect，which are more consistent with a protector and provider role.Recent research suggests that these differences are not just socially，but also genetically related.Studi
27、es have looked into these findings further and discovered that females use more areas of the brain containing mirror neurons(镜像神经元) than males when they process feelings.Mirror neurons allow us to experience the world from other peoples view，to understand their actions and intentions.This may explai
28、n why women can experience deeper sadness.Women tend to experience more negative feelings，such as more guilt，shame and to a lesser degree，embarrassment.Psychologically it seems men and women differ in the way they process and express feelings.With the exception of anger，women experience feelings mor
29、e strongly and share their feelings more openly with others.Studies have found in particular that women express more appreciationwhich has been linked to greater happiness.This supports the theory that womens happiness is more dependent on relationships than mens.【语篇解读】本文从社会、生理和心理三个方面介绍了男性和女性在幸福感上的差
30、异。9Which feeling are men more likely to show compared with women?AWarmth.BDepression.CHappiness.DDisrespect.D考查细节理解。根据第三段最后一句中的“while men display more anger, pride and disrespect”可知，男性表现更多的是生气、骄傲和无礼，故选D项。10What factors cause women to share feelings more openly?APsychological factors.BBiological fact
31、ors.CEducational factors.DSocial factors.A考查细节理解。根据最后一段的内容可知，本段从心理方面介绍了男性和女性在处理和表达感情方面的不同：与男性相比，女性更加公开地表露自己内心的情感，故选A项。11One can probably read the text from Aa science fictionBa culture brochureCa nursery guideDa health magazineD考查文章出处。根据本文内容可知，本文主要从社会、生理和心理三个方面分析了男性和女性在幸福感上的差异。由此可推知，本文有可能摘自一本健康杂志，故选D项。12What is the text mainly about?AMen and women differ in biology and psychology.BMen and women experience happiness differently.CSocial roles have a great effect on men and women.DWomens happiness has declined in the past years.B考查主旨大意。通读全文可知，本文从社会、生理和心理三个方面分析了男性和女性在幸福感上的差异，故B项最符合文意。
