1、20212022学年新课标外研版初中英语学习讲义八年级下学期Module 3课文知识点总结笔记Module 3 Journey to space语法：现在完成时（二）1.现在完成时与一般过去时的区别：（1）二者意义上的区别：现在完成时表示过去发生的某一动作对现在造成的影响或结果，强调现在的情况，它与现在有密切的关系。它不是从时间上就是从结果上和现在联系了起来，不能和表示过去的时间状语连用。一般过去时只表示过去的动作或状态，和现在不发生关系。（2）时间状语上不同：现在完成时的时间状语有：already, yet, still, ever, so far(到目前为止), recently, the
2、se days/weeks/years, since +时间点, for + 时间段, in the last/past (few years)等。一般过去时的时间状语有：yesterday 系列；last 系列；ago系列；in + 过去时间；及上下文暗示或其他一些特殊的时间状语Eg: (1) I have already seen the film. (强调我已经知道电影的内容) (2) I saw the film last week. (强调我看电影的动作)2. have been to 去过某地 （已经回来了）have gone to 去了某地 （还没有回来）have been in
3、 曾住在某地Eg: (1) I have been to Beijing twice. 我去过北京两次。(去了回来了)(2) He has gone to Beijing. 他去北京了（还没有回来）。(3) She has been in Beijing for 3 years. 她在北京住了三年。3. already, yet, ever, still在现在完成时中的区别：already“已经”用于肯定句中，与现在完成时连用，already不用于否定句中，但可用于疑问句中，表示期待对方做出明确或表示惊讶，此时already位于句末yet“已经”与现在完成时连用，用于否定句或疑问句中，位于句末
4、，可与not连用表示“还没有”ever“曾经”用于现在完成时中，用于否定句、疑问句、比较结构或带if的句子中still“至今还，现在仍然”用于肯定句中Eg: (1) I have already seen the film. (2) I havent finished reading this book yet. (3) Have you ever been there? (4) Tom is still here.注意：在含有already的句子中变一般疑问句时将already变为yet移到句尾Eg: I have already finished working.Have you fini
5、shed working yet?Unit 1 Has it arrived yet?1.journey to space = space travel 太空旅行2.scientist (n.) 科学家science (n.) 科学3.send back发回send sth. to+ 地点 把某物送到某地Eg: Lily sends the books to the school.send sb.sth. = send sth. to sb. 把某物送给某人Eg: I sent the postcard to him.= I sent him the postcard.4.be up to “
6、忙于；从事；正在做” 常用于口语中Eg: What are you up to? 你在忙些什么？be up to sb. 由某人决定Eg: Its up to you. 由你决定。5.make a model spaceship 制作飞机模型6.just “刚刚”用于现在完成时中，位于助动词之后，实义动词之前Eg: The train has just left.just now “刚才”用于一般过去时中，放在句末Eg: I saw him just now.7.Im not sure.我不确定 be sure of sth. 对某事有把握Eg: I am sure of this exam.
7、 我对这次考试有把握。be sure to do sth. 对做某事有信心Eg: I am sure to pass this exam. 我对通过这次考试有信心。8.no problem没问题9.the latest news 最新的新闻late (adj.) 晚的；迟的 (adv.) 晚；迟；最近地later (adj.)后来的；以后的 (adv.) 较晚地；以后latest(adj.) 最近的；最新的 (n.) 最新事物10.Thats why那就是的原因11.discover “发现”表示偶然或经过努力发现客观存在的事物、真理或错误。find “发现，找到”指对某种事物的寻找，强调找到
8、的结果，后接名词、复合结构或从句。invent “发明”指经过认识或实践创造出以前没有的东西Eg: (1)Gilbert discovered electricity.(2) Have you found your book?(3) Edison invented the electric light bulb.12.on Mars在火星上13.no one “没有人”不能与of 连用，只能表示没有人none “没有”能与of连用，即可指没有人也可指没有物14.far away (from) 远离Eg: My home is far away from my school.15.in orde
9、r to do sth.= in order that 从句 = so that 从句 “为了做某事”其否定形式为 in order not to do sth.Eg: In order to see it clearly, he climbed higher.= He climbed higher in order that he can see it clearly.= He climbed higher so that he can see it clearly.16.get information 得到消息information (Un.) “消息”通常指在阅读、观察、谈话或书信往来中
10、特别关注的消息、情报、资料等news (Un) “新闻”一般指通过广播、电视、报纸等新闻媒体向大众发布的社会各方面的最新消息message (Cn) “音信”一般指口头传递的或书写的“消息”Eg: (1) The spaceship will send back much information about other planets 太空飞船将会发回许多关于其它星球的消息。 (2) No news is good news. 没有消息就是好消息。 (3) Please take a message for me. 请替我传个消息。17. go online上网18.search for搜寻1
11、9. on todays news 在今天的新闻中Unit 2 We have not found life on any other planets yet.1.主语+ think + 宾语从句Eg: I think it is a good thing.(1) 当主句的谓语动词是think, believe, suppose等，且主句的主语是第一人称时，后面宾语从句的否定词要前移，即否定前移Eg:I dont think he will come with you. 我觉得他不会和你一起来。(2)含有否定前移的宾语从句复合句，变反意疑问句句时，附加问句的主谓语要与从句一致Eg: We do
12、nt think Tom is right, is he? 我们觉得汤姆不对，是不是？2.on earth “世界上；究竟”Eg: （1）He is the first on earth. 他是世界上第一个人。（2）What on earth did you do that for? 你究竟为什么那么做？（1）用于加强最高级 Eg: He runs fastest on earth. 他跑的最快。（2）跟在疑问词之后，加强疑问Eg: Why on earth did you tell a lie? 你究竟为什么说谎？（3）加强否定“一点也”Eg: No use on earth. 一点也没有用
13、。on earth “世界上”与in the world 同义on the earth“在地球上”3.hundreds of millions of 数亿的4.seven other planets 七大其它星球5.go around围绕转6.a small part of 的小部分7.billions of数十亿 ten billion 百亿8.many other + 可数名词复数 许多9.in the universe 在宇宙中10.light (Un)光 (Cn.) 灯(v.) 点 light the candles 点蜡烛11.have to不得不12.It is impossibl
14、e to imagine. 难以想象的。13. adj./ adv. + enough + to do sth. “足够可以做”否定形式： not + adj./ adv. + enough + to do sth. “不够；不可以做”Eg: He is strong enough to carry the big box.enough作adj.修饰n.时通常放在n. 前，enough作adv.修饰adj./adv./ v.时，放在所修饰词之后Eg: (1) I have enough money to live. 我有足够多的的钱生活。 (2) He walks fast enough. 他
15、走得足够快。14.alone (adj.) “独自的，单独的”作表语 (adv.) “单独地；独自地”表示客观一个人，作状语lonely(adj.) 可作表语和定语，表主观上“孤独的；寂寞的”Eg: He lives alone, but he doesnt feel lonely.15. in space在太空中16. communicate with 与交流17. solar system星系18. do surveys of 进行调查Unit 3Language in usee back to 返回2.watch TV programme 看电视节目3.finish (v.) 完成；结束
16、finish doingsth. 结束做某事4.as as 像；如同；和一样not so/as as 比不上Eg: Jack is not so/as clever as his elder sister.That car runs as fast as this car.5. for a long time 很长时间6.fly to飞到7.decide to do sth. 决定做某事8.space station太空站9.watch sb./ sth. doing sth. 看见某人/某物正在做某事watch sb./sth. do sth. 看到某人/某物做某事Eg: I watch t
17、hem playing games. We often watch them play football.10. be named after 被命名为范文：We sent the spaceship to Mars one year ago, and it has landed since several months ago. We have just received some messages from our spaceship to Mars several times. These messages show that there are peopleon Mars, and they lived there very happily. They didnt send us any messages, thats because they do not know how to do that, and they do not know how to visit us on the earth. So if we want to communicate with them, it will take a lot of time.
